Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Drug Delivery Agents for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Preface to Colorectal Cancer Citing Their Markers and Existing Theranostic Approaches.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the universally established cancers with a higher incidence rate. Novel progression toward cancer prevention and cancer care among countries in transition should be considered seriously for controlling CRC. Hence, several cutting edge technologies are ongoing for high performance cancer therapeutics over the past few decades. Several drug-delivery systems of the nanoregime are relatively new in this arena compared to the previous treatment modes such as chemo- or radiotherapy to mitigate cancer. Based on this background, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment possibilities, and theragnostic markers for CRC were revealed. Since the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the management of CRC has been less studied, the present review analyzes the preclinical studies on the application of carbon nanotubes for drug delivery and CRC therapy owing to their inherent properties. It also investigates the toxicity of CNTs on normal cells for safety testing and the clinical use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) for tumor localization. To conclude, this review recommends the clinical application of carbon-based nanomaterials further for the management of CRC in diagnosis and as carriers or therapeutic adjuvants.

1-Methylcyclopropene counteracts ethylene promotion of fruit softening and roles of MiERF2/8 and MiPG in postharvest mangoes.

Ethylene burst is an important sign of the initiation of postharvest mango ripening and softening is a typical characteristic of fruit ripening. However, the intrinsic link between ethylene release and fruit softening during ripening of postharvest mangoes is still not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ethylene and its action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on fruit softening and ripening and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Results showed that ethephon (ETH) promoted ethylene release and enhanced MDA content and activities of cell wall degrading enzymes, whereas 1-MCP treatment exhibited an opposite effect. Moreover, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that the transcription levels of genes involved in cell wall degradation (MiPG, Miß-GAL and MiPE), ethylene biosynthesis (MiACO1 and MiACS6) and ethylene response factor (MiERF8) were remarkably induced by ETH. Correlation analysis further revealed that the production of ethylene was significantly negatively correlated with firmness, but positively correlated with MDA content, activities of cell wall degrading enzymes and expressions of MiPG and Miß-GAL. Furthermore, yeast one hybrid (Y1H) assay showed that MiERF2 and MiERF8 could directly bind to the promotor of MiPG and then regulate its transcription. These findings suggest that ethylene production is closely associated with fruit softening, and MiERF2 and MiERF8 and MiPG may play crucial roles in regulation of ripening and softening of postharvest mangoes.