[Analysis of methanogenic community of anaerobic granular sludge based on mcrA gene].

The methanogenic community in anaerobic granular sludge from a full-scale UASB treating avernectin wastewater was analyzed based on mcrA gene, compared to 16S rRNA gene. The results indicated that the diversity indices of methanogenic community, including Shannon diversity index, Margalef richness index and Berger-Parker dominance index, were no difference between mcrA gene-based and 16S rRNA gene-based PCR products analysis by DGGE, although their DGGE band patterns were different, implying that the diversity analysis of methanogenic community based on mcrA genes was consistent with 16S rRNA gene. The phylogenetic analysis of dominant methanogenic populations based on these two target genes also showed resemble and Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales were determined to be the main orders of methanogenic populations in anaerobic granular sludge. On the other hand, the difference in phylogenetic analysis suggested simultaneously some group-specific of the two target genes. The hybridization of methanogenic community in FISH analysis based on two target genes was almost identical except a little different hybridization areas. The average relative abundance of methanogenic community was 24.25% +/- 6. 47% detected by FISH based on mcrA gene, lower than that based on 16S rRNA gene (33.42% +/- 2.34%). Then it could be concluded that the analysis of methanogenic community based on mcrA gene and 16S rRNA gene exhibited high resemblance and mcrA gene could used to be target gene for methanogenic community, as an alternative of 16S rRNA gene.

[Bioaugmented treatment of atrazine by genetically engineered microorganism in different bioreactors].

Removal of atrazine was investigated when genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) was inoculated into membrane bioreactor (MBR) and hybrid bioreactor for bioaugmentation. The performances of atrazine removal in two bioreactors were explored. The variations of GEM density and atzA gene abundance in two bioreactors were also determined. The results indicated that removal activities of COD and ammonia nitrogen were inhibited a little by atrazine and recovered after bioaugmentation by inoculated GEM. The better removal performance of COD and ammonia nitrogen was obtained in MBR. The biological removal efficiency of atrazine was improved significantly when bioaugmented treatment by GEM was applied. The atrazine removal increased gradually and the average removal rates reached up to 38.94% in MBR and 29.36% in hybrid bioreactor in the later running period. After inoculated, GEM densities in two bioreactors decreased rapidly and then tended to be constant. The stable GEM densities in MBR, suspended sludge and adherent biofilm of hybrid bioreactor were 5 x 10(3) CFU/mL, 1.1 x 10(3) CFU/mL and 0.4 x 10(3) CFU/mL, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect azA gene in two bioreactors and the result indicated that the average relative abundances of atzA gene decreased initially and increased subsequently. The largest average relative abundance of atzA gene was obtained in MBR. The average relative abundance of atzA gene in adherent biofilm is larger than that in suspended sludge in the hybrid bioreactor. The horizontal transfer of atzA gene was the possible important reason responsible for high gene abundance.

[Analysis of methanogenic community of anaerobic granular sludge in a full-scale UASB treating avermectin wastewater].

Methanogens is considered to be important functional microbial population in anaerobic granular sludge. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to analyze methanogens of anaerobic granular sludge in a full-scale UASB treating avermectin wastewater. The results indicated that the distribution forms of methanogens, Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales were identical on the surface and inner face of granular sludge samples in different formation stages (with different diameters) , although the relative abundances of these methanogens were different. The relative abundances of methanogens on the inner face were larger than these on the surface of granular sludge samples. The relative abundances of Methanobacteriales were larger than these of Methanosarcinales. The relative abundances of methanogens in all granular sludge samples ranged from (25.50 +/- 8.63)% to (48.67 +/- 8.87)%. The maximum relative abundances of methanogens were obtained in mature granular sludge with diameter of 1.0-2.0 mm, (47.08 +/- 8.26)% on the surface and (48.67 +/- 8.87)% on the inner face, respectively. The avermectin residue in wastewater showed possible inhibition effect on methanogens. The maximum specific methanogenic activities of granular sludge samples ranged from 1.311 to 1.562 g/(g x d), varying as same as COD removal ratios and relative abundances of methanogens, implying the strong correlation of methanogens with bioactivity of granular sludge.