[Incidence and prognosis of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain: a national multi-center survey of 35 566 population].

Objective: This cross-sectional investigation aimed to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, prognosis, and related risk factors of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain in mainland China. Methods: Data of patients with SARS-CoV-2 from December 28, 2022, to February 21, 2023, were collected through online and offline questionnaires from 45 tertiary hospitals and one center for disease control and prevention in mainland China. The questionnaire included demographic information, previous health history, smoking and alcohol drinking, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, olfactory and gustatory function before and after infection, other symptoms after infection, as well as the duration and improvement of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The self-reported olfactory and gustatory functions of patients were evaluated using the Olfactory VAS scale and Gustatory VAS scale. Results: A total of 35 566 valid questionnaires were obtained, revealing a high incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (67.75%). Females(χ2=367.013, P<0.001) and young people(χ2=120.210, P<0.001) were more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Gender(OR=1.564, 95%CI: 1.487-1.645), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), oral health status (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.839-0.926), smoking history (OR=1.152, 95%CI=1.080-1.229), and drinking history (OR=0.854, 95%CI: 0.785-0.928) were correlated with the occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2(above P<0.001). 44.62% (4 391/9 840) of the patients who had not recovered their sense of smell and taste also suffered from nasal congestion, runny nose, and 32.62% (3 210/9 840) suffered from dry mouth and sore throat. The improvement of olfactory and taste functions was correlated with the persistence of accompanying symptoms(χ2=10.873, P=0.001). The average score of olfactory and taste VAS scale was 8.41 and 8.51 respectively before SARS-CoV-2 infection, but decreased to3.69 and 4.29 respectively after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and recovered to 5.83and 6.55 respectively at the time of the survey. The median duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions was 15 days and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% (121/24 096) of patients experiencing these dysfunctions for more than 28 days. The overall self-reported improvement rate of smell and taste dysfunctions was 59.16% (14 256/24 096). Gender(OR=0.893, 95%CI: 0.839-0.951), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), history of head and facial trauma(OR=1.180, 95%CI: 1.036-1.344, P=0.013), nose (OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.042-1.171, P=0.001) and oral (OR=1.162, 95%CI: 1.096-1.233) health status, smoking history(OR=0.765, 95%CI: 0.709-0.825), and the persistence of accompanying symptoms (OR=0.359, 95%CI: 0.332-0.388) were correlated with the recovery of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2 (above P<0.001 except for the indicated values). Conclusion: The incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain is high in mainland China, with females and young people more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Active and effective intervention measures may be required for cases that persist for a long time. The recovery of olfactory and taste functions is influenced by several factors, including gender, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, history of head and facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking history, and persistence of accompanying symptoms.

[Relationship between podocyte injury and macrophage infiltration in renal tissues of patients with lupus nephritis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the expression of nephrin and the infiltration of macrophages in renal tissues in patients with lupus nephritis (LN), and to provide the evidence of potential mechanism of podocyte injury in LN. METHODS: In the study, 60 patients who were first diagnosed with LN by pathology were selected including 38 active LN patients with r-SLEDAI≥4, and another 10 patients of normal renal tissue were excised as a normal control group. The renal tissue and podocyte injury were observed through light and transmission electron microscope. The expression of nephrin and the infiltration of macrophages (CD68+cells) in the renal tissue of the 60 LN patients and 10 normal cases were detected by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence method. Different statistical analysis methods were used to analyze the correlation between the variables. Variance analysis was used for comparison among the groups, while LSD test was used for comparison between every two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the variables. RESULTS: (1)Of all the LN patients, 24 h urinary protein [(3.94±1.76) vs. (1.56±0.68), P<0.05], erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [(79.83±6.3) vs. (40.1±10.5), P<0.05] and serum creatinine [(106.58±14.9) vs. (79.1±9.89), P<0.05] were significantly increased in active group than those in inactive group, while C3 [(0.34±0.12) vs. (0.78±0.11), P<0.05], C4 [(0.07±0.04) vs. (0.17±0.10), P<0.05 ] and eGFR [(62.42±5.16) vs. (81.33±4.53), P<0.05] were significantly decreased in active group. (2)Compared with the normal control group, the expression of nephrin in renal tissue of the LN patients was significantly decreased, and the expression of nephrin in the active patients was significantly lower than that in inactive group (P<0.05). (3)Compared with the normal control group, the number of infiltrated macrophages in the LN patients was significantly increased, especially in the active patients (P<0.05). Macrophages were mainly found in glomeruli. (4)There was a significant negative correlation between the expression of nephrin and macrophage infiltration in renal tissues of the LN patients (r=0.761, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Macrophage infiltration in renal tissues may be one of the potential mechanisms of podocyte injury in lupus nephritis.

[Minimally invasive small incision direct anterior total hip arthroplasty in the lateral decubitus position: complications and early outcome].

Objective: To analyze the feasibility, perioperative complications and early outcomes of minimally invasive small incision in direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in lateral decubitus position. Methods: From January 2015 to January 2017, 212 patients (228 hips) received minimally invasive small incision (approximately 8 cm in length) direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in modified lateral decubitus position and approach. Sixteen cases underwent bilateral hip arthroplasty separately. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon in the Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital. Twenty-eight patients (28 hips) were set as the complicated case group. The rest 184 patients (200 hips) had no previous hip surgeries, severe deformity and limited motion of the hip, were set as the standard group, and were divided into the first 100 cases group and the second 100 cases group in sequence. The difference between the standard group and complicated case group were analyzed. Also we compared the difference between the first 100 cases and the second 100 cases. Perioperative complications, postoperative function and radiological evaluation were recorded and statistically analyzed. The t test was applied to compare the data between groups. Results: All the patients were followed-up for 13 to 25 months[(18±5) months]. Intraoperative complications and postoperative complications happened in 9 and 34 patients respectively. The anterior dislocation occurred in 2 cases. The standard group showed significant superior outcomes when compared with complicated case group in the surgical time[(42±19) vs (67±16) min, t=-2.628, P=0.027], blood loss[(222±94) vs (579±120) ml, t=-8.371, P=0.000], postoperative Harris hip score[90±5 vs 83±7, t=2.390, P=0.024]and the rate of surgical complication (15.0% vs 46.4%, χ(2)=15.854, P=0.000). The complication rate tended to decrease in the second 100 cases when compared with that in the first 100 cases (11.0% vs 19.0%, χ(2)=3.922, P=0.037). Meanwhile, the second 100 cases showed significant excellent outcomes when compared with the first 100 cases in the mean surgical time[(34±15) vs (48±10) min, t=4.217, P=0.002]and blood loss[(182±52) vs (254±40) ml, t=2.889, P=0.018]. Conclusions: It suggests that there is a learning curve with the minimally invasive small incision direct anterior approach total hip arthroplasty in lateral decubitus position. The risk of intraoperative femoral fractures is slightly high, especially for cases with osteoporosis, stiffness and limited range of movement. Surgeons in early learning curve period should grasp the surgical indications and master the technical points.

[The differences of myringoplasty performed in active and inactive nflammatory stage].

Objective:Through comparing of simple underlay myringoplasty performed in active and inactive inflammatory stage of the chronic otitis media, to explore how the tympanic cavity inflammation affect the outcome of the myringoplasty.Method：Forty-six ears were enrolled in active inflammation group (group A,n=46), and 52 ears were enrolled in inactive inflammation group (group B,n=52). All the patients had received the simple underlay technique myringoplasty. The following-up with otoscope and auditory test had been done in post-operative 12 months.Result:There was no statistic difference of gender and age between two groups. The graft taken-up rate of the group A was 87,0%, that of group B was 90,4%, and there was no statistic difference between two groups(P>0.05).There was no statistic difference of auditory threshold in pre-operative period(P>0.05) and the ABG closure in post-operative period(P>0.05)between two groups. The re-perforation rate of the tympanic membrane also has no difference between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion：There is no difference of the underlay technique myringoplasty between the active inflammatory stage and inactive inflammatory stage. The active inflammatory condition of the tympanic cavity is not the contraindication of the myringoplasty.

[Epidemiological investigation of allergic rhinitis in Ningxia].

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Ningxia and to analyze its related factors. Methods: From March to September of 2013, a multi-stage and cluster sampling method was used to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of AR in Ningxia Area (3 years and above). Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis (2009, Wuyishan) was used as the basis for the diagnosis of adult AR, while Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of pediatric allergic rhinitis (2010, Chongqing) was used as the basis for children. SPSS 16.0 software was used to complete the statistical analysis. Results: The total number of questionnaires was 6 000, and the number of effective questionnaire was 5 236, the recovery rate was 87.27%. With 684 cases diagnosed of AR, the prevalence of AR in Ningxia was 13.06% (684/5 236), including 13.40% (325/2 425) of males, 12.77% (359/2 811) of females. The difference was not statistically significant (χ(2)=0.456, P>0.05). There was significant difference in the prevalence between Hui and Han [14.35% (452/3 150) vs 11.12% (232/2 086), χ(2)=11.51, P<0.05]. According to ARIA criteria, persistent AR was 27.63% (189/684), intermittent AR was 72.37% (495/684). The month with highest incidence of AR in Ningxia Area was September, accounting for 71.78% (491/684). The prevalence of urban population was 14.54%, with the prevalence of rural population was 11.90%, and the difference was significant between urban and rural residents (χ(2)=7.90, P<0.05). The age group with highest prevalence rate was 21~30 years old. The main inhalation allergens were mugwort (68.42%), weeds (58.48%) and ragweed (55.56%). The main dietary allergens were wheat flour (14.33%), peanut (13.74%) and walnut kernel (11.99%). The most common complication was allergic conjunctivitis [82.02% (561/684)]. Conclusion: The epidemiology of AR in Ningxia Area is preliminarily understood, which will provide the epidemiological evidence for the prevention and treatment of AR and the formulation of public health policy.

[Efficacy analysis of psychological intervention on the basis of medication for the treatment of moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis].

Objective:To observe the effect of psychological intervention on the basis of drug therapy for moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis.Method:Sixty patients with moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis were randomly divided into two groups: control group and study group. The control group was only given pure drug therapy. The study group was given drug treatment and psychological intervention. Both groups were treated for 12 weeks. Before and after the treatment, the patients were graded by SAS, SDS and RQLQ to assess their anxiety and depression, as well as changes in the quality of life. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed.Result:After the treatment, the SAS and SDS scores of the control group and the study group were lower than those scores before treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The SAS and SDS scores were lower in the study group than in the control group after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).After the treatment, the scores of RQLQ in the control group and the study group were lower than those scores before treatment. and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment with two regimens, the scores of the sleep, the non-nose/eye symptoms, and the emotion were lower in the study group than those scores in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion:To improve the mental disorder and the quality of life of the moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis patients, on the basis of drug treatment along with psychological intervention is more effective than using medical treatment.

[To observe the effect of "Fangfenggubenkeli" on IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ cytokines in PBMC supernatant of allergic rhinitis patients with lung depression and spleen efficiency].

Objective:To observe the effect of "Fangfenggubenkeli" on IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ cytokines in PBMC supernatant of allergic rhinitis' patients with lung depression and spleen deficiency.Method:One hundred patients were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group of 50 cases, was given to ancient side of the "Fangfenggubenkeli". The control group of 50 patients, was given to cetirizine hydrochloride, oral treatment. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ in the two groups were measured before and after treatment of 1 month. The changes of the laboratory indexes were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Result:The levels of IL-4 in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < 0.01), and the levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher than those before treatment (P < 0.01), there was a statistically significant difference.Conclusion:The mechanism of "Fangfenggubenkeli" in patients with allergic rhinitis with lung depression may be related to the IFN-γ level, lower IL-4 level. Thereby Fangfenggubenkeli would improved the Th1/Th2 imbalance state as a whole.

[Clinical features of multiple myeloma patients with renal insufficiency as the initial clinical manifestation].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical features of multiple myeloma (MM) with renal insufficiency as the initial manifestation, and to improve the level of clinical diagnosis of MM, and reducing misdiagnosis of this disease. METHODS: To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 140 patients with MM, who were admitted in our Department of Nephrology and Hematology. They were diagnosed as MM by bone marrow aspiration biopsy. The patients were divided into renal insufficiency group and normal renal function group, based on the criterion of serum creatinine >177 µmol/L. The two groups were statistically analyzed byt test, rank sum test,χ(2) test and binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 55.7% of the patients in the renal insufficiency group presented low level of three immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA, IgM), while in the normal-renal function group, 54.3% of patients mainly presented IgG subtype, showing statistically significant differences between the two groups (P<0.001). Univariate analysis showed that IgM level (<0.4 g/L), hemoglobin, white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), total protein, globulin, uric acid, corrected serum calcium, proteinuria and hematuria were statistically significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05 for all). Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that lower level of IgM (OR=19.992, 95%CI: 1.327-301.202), hemoglobin, uric acid, ESR, serum total protein, proteinuria and hematuria are independent risk factors for the development of renal insufficiency in MM patients (P<0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Low level of IgM (<0.4 g/L) is an important clinical characteristics of MM patients with renal insufficiency as the initial clinical manifestation. For middle-aged and elderly patients, who present as low levels of three IgG classes (IgG, IgA, IgM) or low level of IgM, multiple myeloma should be excluded, so as to reduce the misdiagnosis.

[Effects of nasal cavity ventilational function at low temperature plasma ablation and lateral fracture in treatment for nasal spetum deviation with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis].

Objective:To observe the outward flow of low temperature plasma ablation combined inferior turbinate fracture treatment for chronic hypertrophic rhinitis nasal ventilation function. Method:NR6 nasal resistance meter and A1 nasal sound reflection instrument were used to test 40 patients of Hypertrophic rhinitis nasal septum deviation merger before and after operation for one year, recording the nasal airway resistance,0 to 5 cm nasal cavity volume and the nasal minimum cross-sectional area, combine visual analog scale to analyze the changing parameter value, and to analyze the test values between the correlation. Result:Postoperative patients of NCV, NMCA, NS value was higher than that of preoperative, VAS, NAR value compared with preoperative lower (P<0.05); Postoperative VAS was negatively correlated with NCV, NMCA, NS (r=0.472, 0.698, 0.586, P<0.05); VAS was positively related with NAR (r=0.877, P<0.05); Postoperative NAR was negatively correlated with NCV, NMCA and NS (r=-0.464, -0.870, -0.707, P<0.05); there was a positive correlation between postoperative NS and NCV, NMCA (r=0.442, 0.741, P<0.05). Conclusion:On the deflection of nasal septum (lighter, smaller scale, the part of the deflection of a back with no obvious compressive deformation and lateral deflection of inferior turbinate) in patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis, low temperature plasma ablation combined offshoring inferior turbinate fracture surgery can effectively improve the nasal ventilation function, there is a good correlation between postoperative test values.

[Curative observation on allergic rhinitis treated by intranasal corticosteroids combined with nasal irrigation].

Objective: To observe the effect of normal saline with intranasal corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis(AR).Method:Two hundred and seventy-three outpatients with severe persistent allergic rhinitis were participated in this study.All patients were randomly divided into three groups, and were treated for 12 weeks using three different therapies, respectively. Symptom assessment of each patient were performed before treatment, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after treatment, respectively. The content of symptom assessment includes visual analogue scale, rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire, symptoms scores and endoscopy examination scores.Result:Efficacy of intranasal corticosteroids combined with normal saline nasal irrigation in the treatment of AR is better than that of intranasal corticosteroids only, and is almost equivalent to intranasal corticosteroids combined with antihistamines.Conclusion:Long-term application of intranasal corticosteroids in combination with normal saline irrigation can effectively control and mitigate symptoms of severe persistent AR patients, and improve the patient's quality of life. This combination therapy is a better choice for the patient who is not satisfied with the single use of intranasal corticosteroids.

[The relationship between IL-4 and trace elements in patients with allergic rhinitis of hui and han populations in Ningxia].

Objective: To examine the relationship between trace elements and IL-4 in patients with allergic rhinitis(AR).Method:According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 260 cases in AR group(130 hui cases, 130 han cases),and 260 cases in normal control group(130 hui cases, 130 han cases) were recruited in this study. The concentrations of IL-4 were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), the contents of Zn, Mn, Ni, Se and Fe were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES), and the correlation between the trace elements and IL-4 were also analyzed.Result:IL-4 levels in serum of both hui and han AR patients were higher than those in control group(P <0.05). Contents of serum Zn and Se in hui AR patients were lower than those in control group(P <0.05), Ni content was higher than that in control group(P <0.05);Zn level in serum of han AR cases was lower than that in control group,Ni content was higher than that in control group (P <0.05).The serum IL-4 level in AR group was positively correlated with Ni(P <0.01,r=0.671), and negatively correlated with Zn(P <0.01, r=-0.819).Conclusion:We demonstrated that there are significant correlations between IL-4 and Zn,Ni in the serum of patients with AR in Ningxia hui and han population. It indicates that trace elements are involved in the occurrence and development of AR, and may as a therauptic target of AR.

[Clinical application of iodine solution staining in the diagnosis of early laryngeal cancer with electronic endoscope].

Objective:To discuss the feasibility and clinical application value of the laryngeal iodine staining under the electronic fiber laryngoscope.Method:Will meet the inclusion criteria of 90 patients, randomly divided into three groups, set to a, b, c group.a ,all patients in the a group were examined by electronic fiber mirror, NBI mode and 0.5% Lugol liquid iodine staining method in three ways. b, all patients in the b group were examined by electronic fiber mirror, NBI mode and 1.0% Lugol liquid iodine staining method in three ways. c,all patients in the c group were examined by electronic fiber mirror, NBI mode and 1.5% Lugol liquid iodine staining method in three ways. The location and range of positive lesions were recorded in each person of the three groups, positive lesions were biopsy, if the positive lesion is repeated, the site can only take a biopsy. As a diagnostic gold standard, the results of the other tests were compared with the results of other tests. And to observe the color of iodine in the throat, all patients were followed up for 24 hours in the presence of dyspnea, severe pain in the throat and other symptoms, and 24 hours after the examination again electronic fiber optic examination. Biopsy was performed in all patients, as gold standard. Using chi square test, inspection standardP <0.05.Result:As the solution of the iodine concentration increased, the rate of the laryngeal was cancer gradually increased. Ninety people take part in the experiment, no one has serious complications. All the patients have no significant inflammation on the mucous membrane of the throat and the subglottic airway afer 24 hours, by the electronic fiber laryngoscope. 1% and the following concentration of Lugol solution for iodine staining, sensitivity to the diagnosis of early laryngeal cancer was higher than that of electronic fiber,the two methods were compared, and the statistical analysis was performed(P >0.05). No statistical significance. There was no significant difference in the diagnosis of early laryngeal cancer. Contrast between iodine stain with 1.5% Lugol solution and electronic fiber sus pension, after statistical calculation(P <0.05);both are statistically significant, and the difference is significant.Comparison of iodine stain with 1.5% Lugol solution and NBI examination, make statistical analysis,P >0.05, there was no significant difference between the both.Conclusion:The 1.5% and below the concentration of the iodine staining under the electronic fiber laryngoscope can be safely applied to inspect the throat, and 1.5% Lugol iodine solution in the diagnosis of laryngeal cancer in the early stage of laryngeal cancer is better than using electronic, and has a certain value in clinical application.

[The analysis of the allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps].

Objective:To study the influence of allergen,sIgE,total IgE in allergic rhinitis and chronic rhniosinusitis with nasal polyps.Method:Fifty patients with allergic rhinitis and fifty patients with both allergic rhinitis and nasal polyp were involved in this study.Average dense of sIgE and total IgE in serum were dectected. Result:The kinds of allergens between the two groups were siginificantly diffierent;there was no siginificantly diffierence on sIgE average dense(P>0.05);total IgE dense was higher in allergic rhinitis and chronic rhniosinusitis with nasal polyps patients(P>0.05).Conclusion:AR with nasal polyps in patients was high proportion of food allergies and allergic reactions strength was high than the AR.

Comparison of calycosin and irbesartan for their impact on renin angiotensin system in human umbilical vein endothelial cell.

AIM: The aim of this paper was to compare the efficacy of in vitro calycosin and irbesartan for the treatment of angiotensin II (AngII)-induced renin angiotensin system (RAS) disorder in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: Cultured HUVECs were randomly divided into several groups: control, AngII 1×10-6 mol) alone, Ang II (1×10-6 mol) plus calycosin (0.1, 1, 10 mg/L) and Ang II (1×10-6 mol) plus Irbesartan (10 µmol). Morphology of vascular endothelial cells was studied by using a light microscope with hematoxylin and eosin double staining. Changes in both protein and gene expression of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were detected by immunohistochemistry analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques, respectively. RESULTS: In comparison to control, AngII significantly promoted both protein and gene expressions of ACE while inhibited those of ACE2 in HUVECs. Interestingly, Calycosin was able to inhibit the effect of AngII in a concentration dependent manner, and its effect at concentration of 35 µmol was equal to that of positive control Irbesartan (10µmol). CONCLUSION: Calycosin from Radix Astragali from Gansu province could protect HUVECs from AngII induced RAS disorder by downregulation of ACE expression and increased ACE2 expression, which is similar to irbesartan. These results suggest that calycosin may be a promising candidate for treatment of endothelial dysfunction.

Intramedullary pressure changes in proximal femur before and after treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Evaluation of the development of the femoral head.

Thirty-four hips were observed radiographically to see the development of the femoral head. The intramedullary pressure was measured in the proximal femur before and after treatment of congenital dislocation of the hips. The intramedullary pressure in the avascular femoral head decreased more obviously than that in the normal head after treatment. A term of "IMP subtraction value" was put forward as an objective index for evaluating the development of the femoral head after treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.

Intramedullary pressure in the proximal femur before and after treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip in children.

Intramedullary pressure in the proximal femur was measured before and after treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. The intramedullary pressure before treatment was higher than that of the control group, and after treatment it was lower as a whole; in the close reduction group the pressure decreased as compared with the operation group. In 8 hips, stress test yielded negative results. These findings suggested the characteristics of arterial blockage may be that the potential cause of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.