Neuromechanisms of simulation-based arthroscopic skills assessment: a fNIRS study.

BACKGROUND: The neural mechanisms underlying differences in the performance of simulated arthroscopic skills across various skill levels remain unclear. Our primary objective is to investigate the learning mechanisms of simulated arthroscopic skills using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHODS: We recruited 27 participants, divided into three groups: novices (n = 9), intermediates (n = 9), and experts (n = 9). Participants completed seven arthroscopic tasks on a simulator, including diagnostic navigation, triangulation, grasping stars, diagnostic exploration, meniscectomy, synovial membrane cleaning, and loose body removal. All tasks were videotaped and assessed via the simulator system and the Arthroscopic Surgical Skill Evaluation Tool (ASSET), while cortical activation data were collected using fNIRS. Simulator scores and ASSET scores were analyzed to identify different level of performance of all participants. Brain region activation and functional connectivity (FC) of different types of participants were analyzed from fNIRS data. RESULTS: Both the expert and intermediate groups scored significantly higher than the novice group (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in ASSET scores between experts and intermediates, experts and novices, and intermediates and novices (p = 0.0047, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001), with the trend being experts > intermediates > novices. The intermediate group exhibited significantly greater activation in the left primary motor cortex (LPMC) and left prefrontal cortex (LPFC) compared to the novice group (p = 0.0152, p = 0.0021). Compared to experts, the intermediate group demonstrated significantly increased FC between the presupplementary motor area (preSMA) and the right prefrontal cortex (RPFC; p < 0.001). Additionally, the intermediate group showed significantly increased FC between the preSMA and LPFC, RPFC and LPFC, and LPMC and LPFC compared to novices (p = 0.0077, p = 0.0285, p = 0.0446). CONCLUSION: Cortical activation and functional connectivity reveal varying levels of activation intensity in the PFC, PMC, and preSMA among novices, intermediates, and experts. The intermediate group exhibited the highest activation intensity.

Nonlinear upconverted thermal emission through difference frequency generation.

Thermal radiation management is of critical importance in energy, sensing, and heat transfer. According to Planck's law, objects at room temperature predominantly emit thermal radiation within the mid- and far-infrared bands. Here, we demonstrated the upconversion of the mid- and far-infrared thermal radiation emitted by second-order nonlinear material to the easily-detectable visible band through a difference frequency process. This nonlinear broad-spectrum upconversion is facilitated by the random quasi-phase-matching technique in the nanoparticle system. Furthermore, we show the temperature measurement of thermal spots using such nonlinear thermal radiation. This scheme paves the way for applications in thermal management and sensing.

Enhanced Frequency Conversion in Parity-Time Symmetry Line.

Non-Hermitian degeneracies reveal intriguing and nontrivial behaviors in open physical systems. Examples like parity-time (PT) symmetry breaking, topological encircling chirality, and enhanced sensing near an exceptional point (EP) are often associated with the abrupt nature of the phase transition around these degeneracies. Here we experimentally observe a cavity-enhanced second-harmonic frequency (SHG) conversion on a PT symmetry line, i.e., a set consisting of open-ended isofrequency or isoloss lines, both terminated at EPs on the Riemann surface in parameter space. The enhancement factor can reach as high as 300, depending on the crossing point whether in the symmetry or the broken phase of the PT line. Moreover, such enhancement of SHG enables sensitive distance sensing with a nanometer resolution. Our works may pave the way for practical applications in sensing, frequency conversion, and coherent wave control.

UV-enhanced photorefractive response rate in a thin-film lithium niobate microdisk.

The photorefractive (PR) effect plays a critical role in emerging photonic technologies, including dynamic volume holography and on-chip all-optical functionalities. Nevertheless, its slow response rate has posed a significant obstacle to its practical application. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the enhancement of the PR response rate in a high-Q thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) microdisk under UV light irradiation. At an irradiation intensity of 30 mW/cm2, the PR effect achieves a high response bandwidth of approximately 256 kHz. By employing this UV-assisted PR effect, we have achieved rapid laser-cavity locking and self-stabilization, where perturbations are automatically compensated. This technique paves the way toward real-time dynamic holography, editable photonic devices on a lithium niobate platform, and high-speed all-optical information processing.

Validity of A Novel Simulator for Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) has steep learning curves and a high incidence of complications, but currently, efficient and economical training methods are lacking. This study aimed to validate a novel simulator for PTED. METHODS: The simulated PTED included puncturing and establishing the working channel (PEWC) and endoscopic discectomy, with the PEWC being the tested module. Eleven experts and 21 novices were included and introduced to the simulator and tasks; all participants completed the PEWC. Outcomes included: total operation time, number of fluoroscopy for positioning the working sheath, number of spinal risk region invasion, Global Rating Scale (GRS) and a modified GRS, etc. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare 2 groups. Spearman's correlation coefficient analyzed continuous variables. RESULTS: Experts outperformed novices in total operation time (P = 0.001), requiring fewer number of fluoroscopies for positioning the working sheath (P = 0.003). Additionally, experts had a lower number of spinal risk region invasions (P = 0.016) and higher scores on both the GRS (P < 0.001) and modified GRS (P < 0.001). PTED experience correlated with GRS scores (P = 0.001) and modified GRS (P < 0.001). The overall realism scored a median of 4 (3.75-5), and educational value had a median of 4 (range 3-5). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the validity of the novel simulator, revealing significant associations between PTED experience and performance metrics in a simulated PEWC setting. Furthermore, the PEWC module also offers a good realistic design and high education value according to experts.

Construction of Mn doped Cu7S4 nanozymes for synergistic tumor therapy in NIR-I/II bio-windows.

In photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) of cancer, poor performance of nanoagents severely impaired the therapeutic effect of cancer. To solve the problem, we proposed and constructed a novel Mn doped Cu7S4 phothermal nanoagent both in the first near-infrared (NIR-I) and the second near- infrared (NIR-II) windows in this work, which exhibited high photothermal conversion efficiency of 40.3% at 808 nm (NIR-I window) and 33.4% at 1064 nm (NIR-II window), as well as outstanding pH-sensitive catalytic performance (peroxidase-like catalytic activity and Fenton-like catalytic activities). The as-prepared Mn doped Cu7S4 could be used to load chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) after modified by folic acid. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that it could be used as nanoagent for chemodynamic therapy (CDT)/photothermal therapy (PTT)/ chemotherapy of cervical carcinoma. This study thus provided an NIR-I/NIR-II/pH responsive nanoagent for potential synergistic therapy of deep-seated tumors.

Erdheim-Chester disease with bilateral orbital masses and multi-systemic symptoms: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare histiocytic disorder characterized by multisystem xanthogranulomatous infiltration by lipid-laden histiocytes. We report two cases of ECD involving the orbit and describe their clinicopathologic factors, treatments, and prognosis. One was a rare case of ECD complicated with primary thrombocytosis. CASE PRESENTATION: This study describes two patients with bilateral orbital ECD. Both presented with proptosis and visual loss; imaging findings showed bilateral intraorbital masses. Both had different degrees of systemic symptoms (pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, ascites, and heart failure) before the ocular symptoms and did not find the cause before ophthalmic tumor resection and pathological biopsy. The diagnosis of ECD was confirmed after pathological biopsy and detection of BRAFV600E mutation. Patient 2 also with primary thrombocytosis and had a CALR mutation as well as the BRAFV600E mutation. Both patients were recommended to receive targeted therapy. Patient 1 refused targeted therapy for financial reasons and was discharged after local radiotherapy only. The patient had no light perception in either eye and no improvement in systemic symptoms. Patient 2 began targeted treatment after diagnosis and reached the discharge criteria 2 weeks later. He is in good condition at present, but unfortunately, his eyesight has not improved because of the irreversible damage to his visual function. CONCLUSION: ECD is easily misdiagnosed and missed because of its rarity and diverse clinical manifestations. Orbital involvement is common in ECD, and surgery is the most frequently employed approach. Despite the surgical resection is not curative, its significance lies in biopsy to establish diagnosis and/or surgical debulking to relieve mass effect, minimizing further impairment of visual function. Targeted therapy is the most effective treatment for patients with a positive BRAF mutation gene. Evaluation of a concomitant myeloid neoplasm is also critical before initiating targeted therapies for refractory ECD.

Short-chain fatty acids ameliorate spinal cord injury recovery by regulating the balance of regulatory T cells and effector IL-17+ γδ T cells. / çŸ­é“¾è„‚è‚ªé ¸é€šè¿‡è°ƒèŠ‚è°ƒèŠ‚æ€§T细胞和IL-17+ γδ T细胞的平衡来改善脊髓损伤的恢复.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunctions. The gut microbiome has an important role in SCI, while short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are one of the main bioactive mediators of microbiota. In the present study, we explored the effects of oral administration of exogenous SCFAs on the recovery of locomotor function and tissue repair in SCI. Allen's method was utilized to establish an SCI model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The animals received water containing a mixture of 150 mmol/L SCFAs after SCI. After 21 d of treatment, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score increased, the regularity index improved, and the base of support (BOS) value declined. Spinal cord tissue inflammatory infiltration was alleviated, the spinal cord necrosis cavity was reduced, and the numbers of motor neurons and Nissl bodies were elevated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunohistochemistry assay revealed that the expression of interleukin (IL)|-10 increased and that of IL-17 decreased in the spinal cord. SCFAs promoted gut homeostasis, induced intestinal T cells to shift toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and promoted regulatory T (Treg) cells to secrete IL-10, affecting Treg cells and IL-17+ γδ T cells in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we observed that Treg cells migrated from the gut to the spinal cord region after SCI. The above findings confirm that SCFAs can regulate Treg cells in the gut and affect the balance of Treg and IL-17+ γδ T cells in the spinal cord, which inhibits the inflammatory response and promotes the motor function in SCI rats. Our findings suggest that there is a relationship among gut, spinal cord, and immune cells, and the "gut-spinal cord-immune" axis may be one of the mechanisms regulating neural repair after SCI.

Free-Standing Carbon Nanofiber Composite Networks Derived from Bacterial Cellulose and Polypyrrole for Ultrastable Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Carbon materials derived from bacterial cellulose have been studied in lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost and flexible characteristics. However, they still face many intractable problems such as low specific capacity and poor electrical conductivity. Herein, bacterial cellulose is used as the carrier and skeleton to creatively realize the composite of polypyrrole on its nanofiber surface. After carbonization treatment, three-dimensional carbon network composites with a porous structure and short-range ordered carbon are obtained for potassium-ion batteries. The introduction of nitrogen doping from polypyrrole can increase the electrical conductivity of carbon composites and provide abundant active sites, improving the comprehensive performance of anode materials. The carbonized bacterial cellulose@polypyrrole (C-BC@PPy) anode exhibits a high capacity of 248 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 50 mA g-1 and a capacity retention of 176 mA h g-1 even over 2000 cycles at 500 mA g-1. Combined with density functional theory calculations, these results indicate that the capacity of C-BC@PPy is contributed by N-doped and defect carbon composite materials as well as pseudocapacitance. This study provides a guideline for the development of novel bacterial cellulose composites in the energy storage field.

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of secondary ocular adnexal lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: To describe the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of secondary ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL), and emphasise the impact of timely biopsy and systemic evaluation on the diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: The data of patients with secondary OAL in our hospital from January 2010 to June 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 54 patients (30 men and 24 women) were included in the study. The mean age at presentation was 60 years (median 62 years; range 37-83 years). The main symptoms included ocular mass (74%), periorbital swelling (43%), and proptosis (39%). The main histopathological types were mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (30%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (28%), and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (18%). In particular, three patients exhibited different pathological types of ocular lymphoma compared to previously diagnosed systemic lymphoma. The most common site of ocular and systemic involvement was the orbit (85%) and lymph nodes (56%), respectively, and 25 (46%) patients had occult extraocular lesions. Additionally, the 5-year overall survival rate of the entire cohort was 56%, and significant differences were observed between the three main pathological types and stages of the disease (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Secondary OAL is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. That the disease is associated with a more aggressive pathological type is well established, indolent lymphoma is not uncommon. Furthermore, OAL and previously diagnosed systemic lymphoma may be pathologically distinct in some patients. Therefore, we recommend a prompt excision biopsy and a thorough systemic evaluation of patients with suspected OAL.

Changes in the gut microbiota of osteoporosis patients based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis (OP) has become a major public health issue, threatening the bone health of middle-aged and elderly people from all around the world. Changes in the gut microbiota (GM) are correlated with the maintenance of bone mass and bone quality. However, research results in this field remain highly controversial, and no systematic review or meta-analysis of the relationship between GM and OP has been conducted. This paper addresses this shortcoming, focusing on the difference in the GM abundance between OP patients and healthy controls based on previous 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing results, in order to provide new clinical reference information for future customized prevention and treatment options of OP. METHODS: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), we comprehensively searched the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). In addition, we applied the R programming language version 4.0.3 and Stata 15.1 software for data analysis. We also implemented the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), funnel plot analysis, sensitivity analysis, Egger's test, and Begg's test to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS: This research ultimately considered 12 studies, which included the fecal GM data of 2033 people (604 with OP and 1429 healthy controls). In the included research papers, it was observed that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus increased in the OP group, while the relative abundance for Bacteroides of Bacteroidetes increased (except for Ireland). Meanwhile, Firmicutes, Blautia, Alistipes, Megamonas, and Anaerostipes showed reduced relative abundance in Chinese studies. In the linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis, certain bacteria showed statistically significant results consistently across different studies. CONCLUSIONS: This observational meta-analysis revealed that changes in the GM were correlated with OP, and variations in some advantageous GM might involve regional differences.

High-efficient mineralization of formaldehyde by three-dimensional "PIZZA"-like bismuth molybdate-titania/diatomite composite.

The application of TiO2-based photocatalysts in air pollution control has attracted much attention thanks to their advantageous green and sustainable performance. However, how to improve the degradation efficiency under visible light is still challenging. Herein, we report a ternary three-dimensional "PIZZA"-like Bi2MoO6-TiO2/diatomite (BTD) composite with high-efficient mineralization and recycling performance towards gaseous formaldehyde (HCHO) under visible light. The high-efficient adsorption-photocatalysis collaborative system with intimate interface combination is successfully established among Bi2MoO6 (BMO), TiO2 and diatomite. The HCHO mineralization rate constant of BTD-1:2 composite is up to around 4.03 times and 2.18 times higher than those of bare BMO and binary Bi2MoO6-TiO2 composite, respectively. It is indicated that the introduction of diatomite increases active sites and plays the vital role in the improvement of photocatalysis. In addition, the photogenerated holes (h+) and hydroxyl radical (OH) are proved to be the main active species for HCHO mineralization. Furthermore, there is a competitive adsorption relationship between water (H2O) molecules and HCHO molecules, and both H2O molecules and oxygen (O2) molecules participated in the reaction of HCHO mineralization based on in-situ DRIFTs spectra analysis. Our work would give a new perspective on gaseous HCHO purification.

Primary orbital ganglioneuroblastoma: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB) is a neoplasm that arises from the primitive cells of the sympathetic nervous system during childhood. The current case is very unique because of the initial primary tumor manifestation in the orbit and an adrenal tumor being observed later during follow-up. CASE PRESENTATION: A 2-year-old girl presented to the Ophthalmology Department of our hospital complaining of swelling of the left upper eyelid for approximately one month. Orbital computed tomography (CT) revealed a left orbital mass with bone destruction. Thoracic and abdominal CT indicated no abnormalities. The mass was surgically resected, and histopathological analysis confirmed it as GNB. During follow-up, abdominal CT detected an adrenal tumor with internal calcification, a calcified nodule on the left side of the abdominal aorta, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Accordingly, primary orbital GNB and metastatic adrenal GNB were the possible considerations. We removed the adrenal tumor, and the patient underwent chemotherapy. However, the patient died 18 months after the ophthalmic surgery. CONCLUSION: Primary orbital GNB in children is easily misdiagnosed because of its rare occurrence and atypical clinical findings. Imaging methods combined with histopathological examination contribute to the detection and diagnosis of primary and metastatic GNBs. Thus, timely surgery combined with adjuvant chemotherapy and long-term follow-up is essential for controlling the metastasis of GNB and improving the survival rate of patients.

Dual Oxidase System Genes Defects in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism.

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to analyze the distribution of dual oxidase (DUOX) system genes (containing DUOX2, DUOX1, DUOXA2, and DUOXA1) variants in children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and their phenotypes. METHODS: Target region sequencing technology was performed on DUOX system genes among 606 CH subjects covering all the exon and intron regions. Detailed clinical data were collected for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 95 suspected pathogenic variants were detected in the DUOX system genes, showing a 39.11% rate in variant carrying (237/606). DUOX2 had the highest rate in this study. There were statistical differences in maximum adjusted dose and current dose of levothyroxine between the DUOX system genes nonmutated group with the mutated group (both Ps < 0.001). The cases in the DUOX system genes mutated group were more likely to develop into transient CH (χ 2 = 23.155, P < 0.001) and more likely to manifested as goiter or gland-in-situ (χ 2 = 66.139, P < 0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference in clinical characteristics between DUOX system genes monoallelic and non-monoallelic. Although 20% of the variants affected the functional domain regions (EF hand, flavin adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding sites), there was no significant effect on the phenotype severity whether the variation is located in the functional domain regions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed the high variation rate of DUOX2 in the DUOX system genes among Chinese CH patients. The complex genotype-phenotype relationship of DUOX system genes broadened the understanding of CH phenotype spectrum.

The Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Fabricated by Laser Melting Deposition.

Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) titanium alloy parts were successfully fabricated by laser melting deposition (LMD) technology in this study. Proper normalizing temperatures were presented in detailed for bulk LMD specimens. Optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electronic universal testing machine were used to characterize the microstructures, phase compositions, the tensile properties and hardness of the TC4 alloy parts treated using different normalizing temperature. The experimental results showed that the as-fabricated LMD specimens' microstructures mainly consisted of α-Ti phase with a small amount of ß-Ti phase. After normalizing treatment, in the area of α-Ti phase, the recrystallized length and width of α-Ti phase both increased. When normalizing in the (α + ß) phase field, the elongated primary α-Ti phase in the as-deposited state was truncated due to the precipitation of ß-Ti phase and became a short rod-like primary α-Ti phase. In as-fabricated microstructure, the ß-Ti phase was precipitated between different short rod-shaped α-Ti phases distributed as basketweave. After normalizing treatment at 990 for two hours with subsequent air cooling, the TC4 titanium alloy had significant different microstructures from original sample produced by LMD. The normalizing treatment methods and temperature can be qualified as a prospective heat treatment of titanium alloy fabricating by laser melting deposition.

Protective effects of irbesartan and benazepril against vaginal vascular remodeling and fibrosis in female spontaneously hypertensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the potential beneficial effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) benazepril and the angiotensin II receptor 1 blocker (ARB) irbesartan on vaginal vascular remodeling and fibrosis in female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS: Twelve-week-old female SHRs were treated with irbesartan or benazepril for 12 weeks. Vaginal renin angiotensin system (RAS) components were detected by polymerase chain reaction and western blot and vaginal α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and collagen III (Col III) were analyzed by western blot. Vaginal tissue sections were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical analysis of α-SMA and Col III. RESULTS: Irbesartan and benazepril had different impacts on vaginal RAS components. Both agents decreased vaginal α-SMA and Col III and increased eNOS expression in SHR. The wall/lumen thickness ratio of vaginal arterioles was similarly decreased following irbesartan and benazepril treatment. Both drugs also decreased collagen deposition in SHRs. There was no difference in vaginal vascular remodeling or fibrosis between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Irbesartan and benazepril have different effects on vaginal RAS expression but similar positive effects against vaginal vascular remodeling and fibrosis.

Interfacial modification by multifunctional octocrylene for high efficiency and stable planar perovskite solar cells.

Interfacial modification of the perovskite surface with octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate, OCT) is capable of enhancing humidity stability and passivating the defects of perovskite films. In this study, octocrylene can be attached to the surface of the perovskite, and the carbonyl group (C[double bond, length as m-dash]O) in octocrylene achieved excellent passivation through the Lewis base electron passivation of Pb2+ ions. By increasing the concentration of the octocrylene/IPA solution, the modified device exhibited an optimal PCE of 20.54% and a steady state output PCE of 19.75%. This study shows that the introduction of octocrylene in the preparation of perovskite could effectively enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells.

Involvement of Estrogen Receptor-α in the Activation of Nrf2-Antioxidative Signaling Pathways by Silibinin in Pancreatic ß-Cells.

Silibinin exhibits antidiabetic potential by preserving the mass and function of pancreatic ß-cells through up-regulation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expression. However, the underlying protective mechanism of silibinin in pancreatic ß-cells is still unclear. In the current study, we sought to determine whether ERα acts as the target of silibinin for the modulation of antioxidative response in pancreatic ß-cells under high glucose and high fat conditions. Our in vivo study revealed that a 4-week oral administration of silibinin (100 mg/kg/day) decreased fasting blood glucose with a concurrent increase in levels of serum insulin in high-fat diet/streptozotocin- induced type 2 diabetic rats. Moreover, expression of ERα, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in pancreatic ß-cells in pancreatic islets was increased by silibinin treatment. Accordingly, silibinin (10 µM) elevated viability, insulin biosynthesis, and insulin secretion of high glucose/palmitate-treated INS-1 cells accompanied by increased expression of ERα, Nrf2, and HO-1 as well as decreased reactive oxygen species production in vitro. Treatment using an ERα antagonist (MPP) in INS-1 cells or silencing ERα expression in INS-1 and NIT-1 cells with siRNA abolished the protective effects of silibinin. Our study suggests that silibinin activates the Nrf2-antioxidative pathways in pancreatic ß-cells through regulation of ERα expression.

Spinosin Inhibits Aß1-42 Production and Aggregation via Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.

The present research work primarily investigated whether spinosin has the potential of improving the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) driven by ß-amyloid (Aß) overproduction through impacting the procession of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Wild type mouse Neuro-2a cells (N2a/WT) and N2a stably expressing human APP695 (N2a/APP695) cells were treated with spinosin for 24 h. The levels of APP protein and secreted enzymes closely related to APP procession were examined by western blot analysis. Oxidative stress related proteins, such as nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were detected by immunofluorescence assay and western blot analysis, respectively. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was analyzed by flow cytometry, the levels of Aß1-42 were determined by ELISA kit, and Thioflavin T (ThT) assay was used to detect the effect of spinosin on Aß1-42 aggregation. The results showed that ROS induced the expression of ADAM10 and reduced the expression of BACE1, while spinosin inhibited ROS production by activating Nrf2 and up-regulating the expression of HO-1. Additionally, spinosin reduced Aß1-42 production by impacting the procession of APP. In addition, spinosin inhibited the aggregation of Aß1-42. In conclusion, spinosin reduced Aß1-42 production by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in N2a/WT and N2a/ APP695 cells. Therefore, spinosin is expected to be a promising treatment of AD.