Application scenario-oriented molecule generation platform developed for drug discovery.

Design of molecules for candidate compound selection is one of the central challenges in drug discovery due to the complexity of chemical space and requirement of multi-parameter optimization. Here we present an application scenario-oriented platform (ID4Idea) for molecule generation in different scenarios of drug discovery. This platform utilizes both library or rule based and generative based algorithms (VAE, RNN, GAN, etc.), in combination with various AI learning types (pre-training, transfer learning, reinforcement learning, active learning, etc.) and input representations (1D SMILES, 2D graph, 3D shape, binding site, pharmacophore, etc.), to enable customized solutions for a given molecular design scenario. Besides the usual generation followed screening protocol, goal-directed molecule generation can also be conducted towards predefined goals, enhancing the efficiency of hit identification, lead finding, and lead optimization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ID4Idea platform through case studies, showcasing customized solutions for different design tasks using various input information, such as binding pockets, pharmacophores, and compound representations. In addition, remaining challenges are discussed to unlock the full potential of AI models in drug discovery and pave the way for the development of novel therapeutics.

DORN1 and GORK regulate stomatal closure in Arabidopsis mediated by volatile organic compound ethyl vinyl ketone.

Evk (ethyl vinyl ketone) is a signal substance for plant defense, but little is known about how evk mediates stomatal closure. Through stomatal biology experiments, we found that evk can mediate stomatal closure, and stomatal closure is weakened when DORN1 (DOES NOT RESPOND TO NUCLEOTIDES 1) and GORK (GATED OUTWARDLY-RECTIFYING K+ CHANNEL) are mutated. In addition, it was found by non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) that the K+ efflux mediated by evk was significantly weakened when DORN and GORK were mutated. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), firefly luciferase complementation imaging (LCI), and in vitro pull-down assays demonstrated that DORN1 and GORK could interact in vitro and in vivo. It was found by molecular docking that evk could combine with MRP (Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein), thus affecting ATP transport, promoting eATP (extracellular ATP) concentration increase and realizing downstream signal transduction. Through inoculation of botrytis cinerea, it was found that evk improved the antibacterial activity of Arabidopsis thaliana. As revealed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), the expression of defense related genes was enhanced by evk treatment. Evk is a potential green antibacterial drug.

Structural identification of vasodilator binding sites on the SUR2 subunit.

ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP), composed of Kir6 and SUR subunits, convert the metabolic status of the cell into electrical signals. Pharmacological activation of SUR2- containing KATP channels by class of small molecule drugs known as KATP openers leads to hyperpolarization of excitable cells and to vasodilation. Thus, KATP openers could be used to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, where these vasodilators bind to KATP and how they activate the channel remains elusive. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of SUR2A and SUR2B subunits in complex with Mg-nucleotides and P1075 or levcromakalim, two chemically distinct KATP openers that are specific to SUR2. Both P1075 and levcromakalim bind to a common site in the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the SUR2 subunit, which is between TMD1 and TMD2 and is embraced by TM10, TM11, TM12, TM14, and TM17. These KATP openers synergize with Mg-nucleotides to stabilize SUR2 in the NBD-dimerized occluded state to activate the channel.

HER2 transmembrane domain mutation: comprehensive characteristics and real-world evidence of treatment response in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: HER2 transmembrane domain (TMD) mutation has been reported as a rare driver mutation associated with advanced stage disease and a poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). We aimed to comprehensively profile the genetic landscape and treatment response information of HER2 TMD-mutant LUAD. METHODS: An in-house database of 7,812 LUAD patients was screened for mutation prevalence. A multi-center cohort of 16 HER2 V659E-mutant patients and an external cohort of 38 HER2-mutant patients from cBioPortal with overall survival (OS) data were analyzed. Eight patients from the in-house cohort were included in the real-world study of treatment response. Molecular docking simulation and binding affinity prediction were performed. RESULTS: In Chinese LUAD, the prevalence of HER2 TMD mutation was 0.18% (14/7,812), and 0.14% (11/7,812) for the HER2 V659E mutation. The most recurrent co-alteration was TP53 mutation (n=4, 25%) and HER2 amplification (n=2, 12.5%). TMD-mutant patients were diagnosed at more advance stages (P<0.001) and had poorer OS (median OS 10.0 vs. 61.6 months, HR =7.9, 95% CI: 1.0-61.0, P<0.001) than non-TMD mutations. The overall response rate of targeted therapy, chemo-based therapy, and immunotherapy was 57.1%, 22.2%, and 0%, respectively. We postulated to challenge the resistance of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with another with stronger binding energy to HER2 and supported the conclusion with a successful case. Additionally, we demonstrated a three-month response to the off-label use of pyrotinib in fifth-line therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Comapred with non-TMD mtuations, HER2 TMD mutation is a rare driver mutation with poorer prognosis in LUAD. Targeted therapy is the dominant choice for patients harboring this targetable mutation and longer OS could possibly be achieved through rechallenge with TKI of stronger binding affinity. Response to fifth-line pyrotinib was observed.

PMFF: Development of a Physics-Based Molecular Force Field for Protein Simulation and Ligand Docking.

The physics-based molecular force field (PMFF) was developed by integrating a set of potential energy functions in which each term in an intermolecular potential energy function is derived based on experimental values, such as the dipole moments, lattice energy, proton transfer energy, and X-ray crystal structures. The term "physics-based" is used to emphasize the idea that the experimental observables that are considered to be the most relevant to each term are used for the parameterization rather than parameterizing all observables together against the target value. PMFF uses MM3 intramolecular potential energy terms to describe intramolecular interactions and includes an implicit solvation model specifically developed for the PMFF. We evaluated the PMFF in three ways. We concluded that the PMFF provides reliable information based on the structure in a biological system and interprets the biological phenomena accurately by providing more accurate evidence of the biological phenomena.

Discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor of Dvl-CXXC5 interaction by computational approaches.

The Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway plays a significant role in the control of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. CXXC finger protein 5 (CXXC5) has been recently identified as a negative feedback regulator of osteoblast differentiation through a specific interaction with Dishevelled (Dvl) protein. It was reported that targeting the Dvl-CXXC5 interaction could be a novel anabolic therapeutic target for osteoporosis. In this study, complex structure of Dvl PDZ domain and CXXC5 peptide was simulated with molecular dynamics (MD). Based on the structural analysis of binding modes of MD-simulated Dvl PDZ domain with CXXC5 peptide and crystal Dvl PDZ domain with synthetic peptide-ligands, we generated two different pharmacophore models and applied pharmacophore-based virtual screening to discover potent inhibitors of the Dvl-CXXC5 interaction for the anabolic therapy of osteoporosis. Analysis of 16 compounds selected by means of a virtual screening protocol yielded four compounds that effectively disrupted the Dvl-CXXC5 interaction in the fluorescence polarization assay. Potential compounds were validated by fluorescence spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. We successfully identified a highly potent inhibitor, BMD4722, which directly binds to the Dvl PDZ domain and disrupts the Dvl-CXXC5 interaction. Overall, CXXC5-Dvl PDZ domain complex based pharmacophore combined with various traditional and simple computational methods is a promising approach for the development of modulators targeting the Dvl-CXXC5 interaction, and the potent inhibitor BMD4722 could serve as a starting point to discover or design more potent and specific the Dvl-CXXC5 interaction disruptors.

Incorporation of Hydrogen Bond Angle Dependency into the Generalized Solvation Free Energy Density Model.

To describe the physically realistic solvation free energy surface of a molecule in a solvent, a generalized version of the solvation free energy density (G-SFED) calculation method has been developed. In the G-SFED model, the contribution from the hydrogen bond (HB) between a solute and a solvent to the solvation free energy was calculated as the product of the acidity of the donor and the basicity of the acceptor of an HB pair. The acidity and basicity parameters of a solute were derived using the summation of acidities and basicities of the respective acidic and basic functional groups of the solute, and that of the solvent was experimentally determined. Although the contribution of HBs to the solvation free energy could be evenly distributed to grid points on the surface of a molecule, the G-SFED model was still inadequate to describe the angle dependency of the HB of a solute with a polarizable continuum solvent. To overcome this shortcoming of the G-SFED model, the contribution of HBs was formulated using the geometric parameters of the grid points described in the HB coordinate system of the solute. We propose an HB angle dependency incorporated into the G-SFED model, i.e., the G-SFED-HB model, where the angular-dependent acidity and basicity densities are defined and parametrized with experimental data. The G-SFED-HB model was then applied to calculate the solvation free energies of organic molecules in water, various alcohols and ethers, and the log P values of diverse organic molecules, including peptides and a protein. Both the G-SFED model and the G-SFED-HB model reproduced the experimental solvation free energies with similar accuracy, whereas the distributions of the SFED on the molecular surface calculated by the G-SFED and G-SFED-HB models were quite different, especially for molecules having HB donors or acceptors. Since the angle dependency of HBs was included in the G-SFED-HB model, the SFED distribution of the G-SFED-HB model is well described as compared to that of the G-SFED model.

Structural insight into the antiprion compound inhibition mechanism of native prion folding over misfolding.

Transition of a physiological folded prion (PrPC ) into a pathogenic misfolded prion (PrPSc ) causes lethal neurodegenerative disorders and prion diseases. Antiprion compounds have been developed to prevent this conversion; however, their mechanism of action remains unclear. Recently, we reported two antiprion compounds, BMD29 and BMD35, identified by in silico and in vitro screening. In this study, we used extensive explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations to investigate ligand-binding inhibition by antiprion compounds in prion folding over misfolding behavior at acidic pH. The two antiprion compounds and the previously reported GN8 compound resulted in a remarkably stabilized intermediate by binding to the hotspot region of PrPC , whereas free PrPC and the inactive compound BMD01 destabilized the structure of PrPC leading to the misfolded form. The results uncovered a secondary structural transition of free PrPC and transition suppression by the antiprion compounds. One of the major misfolding processes in PrPC , alternation of hydrophobic core residues, disruption of intramolecular interactions, and the increase in residue solvent exposure were significantly inhibited by both antiprion compounds. These findings provide insights into prion misfolding and inhibition by antiprion compounds.

Identification of small-molecule compounds targeting the dishevelled PDZ domain by virtual screening and binding studies.

The Dishevelled (Dvl) protein, which conveys signals from receptors to the downstream effectors, is a critical constituent of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Because the PDZ domain of Dvl protein functions through associations with a wide range of protein partners, Dvl protein involved in the Wnt signaling pathway has been considered to be therapeutic targets in cancers. In this study, we performed structure-based pharmacophore model of the Dvl PDZ domain to discover novel small-molecule binders and identified eight compounds with micromolar affinity. The most potent compound identified, BMD4702, efficiently bound to the Dvl PDZ domain with 11.2µM affinity and had a 0.186µM KD value according to surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. Combining both structural-kinetic relationship analyses and docking studies, we fourmulated that the ligand-binding site is composed of three H-bonds and three hydrophobic features. Thus, our approach led to the identification of potent binders of the Dvl PDZ domain and the findings provide novel insights into structure-based approaches to design high-affinity binders for the Dvl PDZ domain.