Alginate oligosaccharide assimilation by gut microorganisms and the potential role in gut inflammation alleviation.

Dietary fiber metabolism by gut microorganisms plays important roles in host physiology and health. Alginate, the major dietary fiber of daily diet seaweeds, is drawing more attention because of multiple biological activities. To advance the understanding of alginate assimilation mechanism in the gut, we show the presence of unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides (uAOS)-specific alginate utilization loci (AUL) in human gut microbiome. As a representative example, a working model of the AUL from the gut microorganism Bacteroides clarus was reconstructed from biochemistry and transcriptome data. The fermentation of resulting monosaccharides through Entner-Doudoroff pathway tunes the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and amino acids. Furthermore, we show that uAOS feeding protects the mice against dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis probably by remodeling gut microbiota and metabolome. IMPORTANCE: Alginate has been included in traditional Chinese medicine and daily diet for centuries. Recently discovered biological activities suggested that alginate-derived alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) might be an active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, but how these AOS are metabolized in the gut and how it affects health need more information. The study on the working mechanism of alginate utilization loci (AUL) by the gut microorganism uncovers the role of unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides (uAOS) assimilation in tuning short-chain fatty acids and amino acids metabolism and demonstrates that uAOS metabolism by gut microorganisms results in a variation of cell metabolites, which potentially contributes to the physiology and health of gut.

[Effect of Twin-block in adolescents with mandibular retrusion and normal anterior overjet].

PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of modified fixed Twin-block on patients whose mandible was retruded and anterior overjet was normal. METHODS: Thirty-six adolescents with mandibular retrusion and normal anterior overjet were selected. The goal of occlusal reconstruction was to move the soft tissue pogonion forward to the zero meridian(0°). Fixed Twin-block combined with the mini-implants on the mandibular buccal shelf was used to promote mandibular growth. After 12 months, the appliances were removed step by step to observe the stability of the jaw relationship. Fixed orthodontic treatment was performed to achieve ideal occlusion and coordinated profile. SPSS 13.0 software package was used for Student's t test. RESULTS: The length of mandibular body increased significantly which facilitated the forward movement of the soft tissue pogonion, and the profile changed from convex to straight. Comparison of the results before and after Twin-block treatment showed that Co-Gn, SNB, U1-SN, U6-0°, U1-0°, U1-L1, anterior overbite, anterior overjet, Pog's-0°, L1-0° and lower anterior facial height changed significantly (P＜0.05). Comparison of the results before and after fixed orthodontic treatment showed that PP-MP, SN-MP, U6-0°, IMPA, L1-0°,U1-SN, U1-L1, anterior overbite and overjet changed significantly(P＜0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Modified fixed Twin-block combined with mini-implants on the mandibular buccal shelf can effectively stimulate the mandibular growth and improve the lateral profile of patients with mandibular retrusion and normal overjet.

[Clinical efficacy of the combination of miniscrew with clear aligner in controlling the roller coaster effect].

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical efficacy of miniscrew in controlling the roller coaster effect in long-distance space closure with clear aligner. METHODS: Sixteen adult patients with bimaxillary protrusion were selected. All cases were treated with clear aligner and their four first premolars were extracted. G6 was designed in all cases. In the experimental group, four miniscrews were inserted at the beginning of treatment to control the teeth in three dimensions; while in the control group, the miniscrews were not applied until obvious roller coaster effect appeared. Paired t test was used to analyze the data with Graphpad Prism 6.0 software package. RESULTS: All the extraction space was closed successfully and the lateral profile was improved significantly. The torque of the upper incisor was under well control and no roller coaster effect happened in the experimental group; while in the control group, the lingual inclination of the upper incisors and open bite of the posterior teeth developed(P＜0.05). After the miniscrews intrusion of the upper anterior teeth, the occlusion relationship improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Miniscrews effectively prevents and eliminates the roller coaster effect in the process of long-distance space closure with clear aligner.

Antiperspirant effects and mechanism investigation of Mulisan decoction in rats based on plasma metabolomics.

CONTEXT: Mulisan decoction (MLS) is a classic formula of traditional Chinese medicine for treating hyperhidrosis. The mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antiperspirant effect and underlying mechanisms of MLS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty rats were divided into control, model, and three doses of MLS intervention groups (n = 10). Rats except for control group were induced diseases features of the applicable scope of MLS via i.p. reserpine (0.5 mg/kg/d) for 10 days. From day 11, MLS groups were administrated orally MLS at 0.6, 3, and 15 g/kg once a day for 14 days, respectively. After the last administration, sweating was induced in all rats via s.c. pilocarpine (25 mg/kg), the right hind foot of rats was stained, and sweat point numbers were observed. Rat serum was collected to detect IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Rat plasma was collected for endogenous metabolite analysis via UPLC-QE-Focus-MS. RESULTS: Rats treated with MLS presented a significant decrease in sweat point numbers (13.5%), increase in body weight (13.2%), and promotion in the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio via increasing IL-2 (38.3%), IFN-γ (20.1%), and TNF-α (22.0%) and decreasing IL-6 (24.7%) compared with the model group (p < 0.05). Plasma metabolomics disclosed 15 potential biomarkers related to model rats, of which two could be significantly reversed by MLS (p < 0.05). The involved pathways were pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and porphyrin metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: MLS demonstrated a good antiperspirant effect and metabolism improvement. These findings inspire more clinical study validation on immune improvement and antiperspirant effect.

[Consistency of the landmark identification on two types of cephalograms from cone-beam CT].

PURPOSE: To study the landmark consistency on two types of cephalograms reconstructed from the data of cone-beam CT(CBCT). METHODS: CBCT data of 56 patients without teeth missing were uploaded into Dolphin software and transferred to the cephalograms. In the control group, the right half projection was taken while in the experimental group, the images achieved after 6 individual projections were managed to achieve the synthesized cephalograms. One experienced orthodontists traced the 23 frequently-used landmarks and the consistency was compared by means of Hotelling T2 test with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The tracing of anterior nasal ridge, posterior nasal ridge, upper incisor root tip, lower incisor edge, lower incisor root tip and condyle showed significant difference(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The synthesized cephalograms in the experimental group show the anatomical structure more precisely which is more beneficial to landmark identification.

Biofuel and chemical production from carbon one industry flux gas by acetogenic bacteria.

Carbon one industry flux gas generated from fossil fuels, various industrial and domestic waste, as well as lignocellulosic biomass provides an innovative raw material to lead the sustainable development. Through the chemical and biological processing, the gas mixture composed of CO, CO2, and H2, also termed as syngas, is converted to biofuels and high-value chemicals. Here, the syngas fermentation process is elaborated to provide an overview. Sources of syngas are summarized and the influences of impurities on biological fermentation are exhibited. Acetogens and carboxydotrophs are the two main clusters of syngas utilizing microorganisms, their essential characters are presented, especially the energy metabolic scheme with CO, CO2, and H2. Synthetic biology techniques and microcompartment regulation are further discussed and proposed to create a high-efficiency cell factory. Moreover, the influencing factors in fermentation and products in carboxylic acids, alcohols, and others such like polyhydroxyalkanoate and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate are addressed. Biological fermentation from carbon one industry flux gas is a promising alternative, the latest scientific advances are expatiated hoping to inspire more creative transformation.

[Clinical study of the effect of fixed Twin-block on adolescent skeletal Class â ¡ malocclusion].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the retention ability of fixed Twin-block appliance and its clinical effect on adolescent skeletal ClassⅡmalocclusion. METHODS: Twenty-six skeletal ClassⅡdivision 1 adolescents (M:12, F: 14; age:11~13 years, average: 11.8 years) were chosen and fixed Twin-block appliance was used to guide the mandibular protrusion for one year. Before and after treatment, cephalometric films were taken to observe the skeletal, dental and soft tissue changes. Graphpad Prism 6.0 software was used for Student's t test. RESULTS: There was no loosening or destruction of the appliance during the treatment and the profile of all cases was improved significantly. The indexes that showed significant difference(P<0.05) included the mandibular length and position (Co-Gn, SNB, ANB, Pog-VL, Pos-VL) , the inclination and position of the maxillary incisors(U1-VL, U1-SN), the sagittal position of the mandibular dentition(L1-VL, L6-VL). The indexes that showed insignificant difference(P>0.05) included the mandibular plane(MP-SN), the length and position of the maxilla (SNA, A-VL) , the vertical position of the maxillary incisor(U1-HL), the position of the maxillary posterior teeth(U6-VL, U6-HL), the mandibular incisor inclination(IMPA) and the vertical position of the mandibular dentition(L6-MP,L1-MP). CONCLUSIONS: Fixed Twin-block appliance can enhance the mandibular anchorage, effectively promote the mandibular growth and improve the facial profile.

Structural basis for the exolytic activity of polysaccharide lyase family 6 alginate lyase BcAlyPL6 from human gut microbe Bacteroides clarus.

Alginate is the structural polysaccharide of the cell wall of brown algae, which is an important carbon source for marine life. The depolymerization of alginate is dependent on alginate lyases. Recent studies showed that the alginate utilization ability had been obtained by human gut microbes. In contrast to the great number of studies on alginate lyases from marine/soil organisms, studies on alginate lyases from gut microbes are still limited. Here, the structure of a polysaccharide lyase family 6 (PL6) alginate lyase from human gut microbe Bacteroides clarus was solved by X-ray crystallography, which represents the cluster of two-domain PL6 alginate lyases from Bacteroidetes. Similar with the two-domain alginate lyase AlyGC originated from marine bacterium, both the N terminal domain (NTD) and C terminal domain (CTD) of BcAlyPL6 show right-handed parallel ß-helix fold. However, unlike AlyGC, which forms a homodimer, BcAlyPL6 functions as a monomer. Biochemical analysis indicates that the substrate binding affinity is mainly contributed by the NTD while the CTD of BcAlyPL6 is involved in the formation of -1 subsite, which is essential for substrate turnover rate. Furthermore, CTD is involved in shaping a closed catalytic pocket, and deletion of it leads to increased activity towards highly polymerized substrate. Structure comparison of PL6 family alginate lyases implies that the linkers of two-domain alginate lyases might have evolutionary relationship with the N/C terminal extension of single-domain lyases.

Haimufang decoction, a Chinese medicine formula for lung cancer, arrests cell cycle, stimulates apoptosis in NCI-H1975 cells, and induces M1 polarization in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality in the world and novel treatment strategies are still needed. Haimufang decoction (HMF) is a patented clinical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine for lung cancer treatment. HMF is composed of four herbs and has been applied clinically in advanced cancer patients. However, its therapeutic mechanisms are still unclear. This study aims to elucidate the possible mechanisms of HMF for the treatment of lung cancer. METHODS: 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay was applied for evaluating the proliferative effect of HMF in lung cancer cells and monocyte macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Flow cytometer was used to detect the effects of HMF on cell cycle and apoptosis, and western blotting was employed to explore the potential apoptotic mechanisms of HMF on lung cancer cells. For immunomodulatory effect, co-culture system was used to detect the activation of macrophage RAW264.7 cells when treated with HMF, and neutral red assay was used to measure the effect of HMF on the phagocytosis of the activated macrophages. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometer, and immunofluorescence staining method were employed for the investigation on the underlying mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect on RAW264.7 induced by HMF. RESULTS: HMF inhibited the proliferation, induced S phase cell cycle arrest, and stimulated apoptosis in lung cancer NCI-H1975 cells, while had negligible cytotoxicity on macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, HMF could activate macrophage RAW264.7 cells and promote the inhibition activity of RAW264.7 cells against lung cancer cells. And also, HMF activated macrophages and increased their phagocytic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. HMF increased the expression of macrophage activation marker CD40, the level of nitric oxide, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, as well as M1 macrophages cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, interleukin 12 p70, and interleukin 6. Further investigation showed that HMF induced M1 but not M2 phenotype polarization in RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS: HMF can mainly exert anticancer activity via (1) cytotoxicity to human lung cancer cells by proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction; and also via (2) immunomodulation via macrophage cells activation and M1 phenotype polarization induction.

Sleep quality and cognitive impairment in older Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: evidence concerning the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive impairment is limited and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: to examine the association of sleep quality with memory impairment and poor cognitive function in a large sample of older Chinese. METHODS: 15,246 participants aged 50+ years of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study who attended the second physical examination from 2008 to 2012 were included. Sleep quality was assessed using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and cognitive performance was assessed using both Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Memory impairment was defined by DWRT score < 4 and poor cognitive function by MMSE score < 25. RESULTS: after adjusting for potential confounders, lower habitual sleep efficiency was associated with a higher risk of memory impairment and poor cognitive function with a dose-response pattern (both P for trend <0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval (CI)) for poor cognitive function in those with the sleep efficiency of 75-85%, 65-75% and <65%, versus ≥85%, was 1.31 (1.12-1.53), 1.41 (1.16-1.73) and 1.33 (1.09-1.63), respectively. No association of the global PSQI score with memory impairment or poor cognitive function was found. CONCLUSIONS: in older Chinese people, lower habitual sleep efficiency was associated with a higher risk of memory impairment and poorer cognitive function.

Tailoring pore structures with optimal mesopores to remarkably promote DNA adsorption guiding the growth of active Mn3(PO4)2 toward sensitive superoxide biomimetic enzyme sensors.

The great challenge in preparing a biomimetic enzyme sensor is to have sensitivity and selectivity equal to or better than its corresponding biological sensor. Porous electrodes possess a large surface area and are often used to greatly improve the sensor sensitivity. However, how to tailor the pore structure, especially the pore size distribution to further improve the sensitivity and selectivity of a biomimetic sensor, has not been investigated yet. The superoxide anion (O2˙-) plays essential roles in various biological processes and is of importance in clinical diagnosis and life science research. It is generally detected by the superoxide dismutase enzyme. Herein, we delicately tailor the pore structure of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by pyrolysis to obtain an optimal mesopore structure for strong adsorption of DNA, followed by guiding the growth of Mn3(PO4)2 as a biomimetic enzyme toward highly sensitive detection of O2˙-. The Mn3(PO4)2-DNA/CNF sensor achieves the best sensitivity among the reported O2˙- sensors while possessing good selectivity. The enhancement mechanism is also investigated, indicating that the mesopore ratio of CNFs plays an essential role in the high sensitivity and selectivity due to their strong adsorption of DNA for guiding the growth of a large amount of uniform sensing components, Mn3(PO4)2, toward high sensitivity and selectivity. The biomimetic sensor was further used to in situ monitor O2˙- released from human keratinocyte cells and human malignant melanoma cells under drug stimulation, showing high sensitivity to real-time quantitative detection of O2˙-. This work provides a highly sensitive in situ real-time biomimetic O2˙- sensor for applications in biological research and diagnosis, while shedding light on the enhancement mechanism of the pore structure, especially the pore size distribution of a porous electrode for high performance sensing processes.

[Combination of NITI cantilever arm and casting frame in correcting lingually inclined mandibular molar].

PURPOSE: To study the effect of NITI cantilever arm in correcting lingually inclined mandibular molar. METHODS: Sixteen patients whose single mandibular second molar was lingually inclined were chosen. The intra-mandibular anchorage was achieved by means of cast frame which connected the bilateral mandibular posterior teeth. The splint disoccluded the lingually inclined second molar with the antagonist. The cantilever arm of 0.018 inch×0.025 inch or 0.019 inch×0.025 inch NITI wire was used to provide buccal rotation moment and intrusion force. Graphpad Prism 6.0 software was applied for data analysis. RESULTS: All the lingually inclined second molars were uprighted, the axial change relative to the sagittal plane was 24°±1.2°(P<0.01).The change of the distance from the mesial lingual cusp of the lingually inclined second molar to the sagittal plane was 3 mm±0.8 mm (P<0.05). The anterior overbite was almost unchanged and the periodontal condition was healthy. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of casting frame with NITI cantilever arm can provide effective mechanics to correct lingually inclined mandibular molars.

[Application of double miniscrews for extraction of horizontally impacted wisdom tooth with high risk of injury to inferior alveolar nerve].

PURPOSE: To study the clinical effect of double miniscrews for extraction of horizontally impacted wisdom tooth adjacent to the inferior alveolar nerve canal. METHODS: Eight horizontally impacted wisdom teeth requiring extraction because of orthodontic treatment were proven to be adjacent to the inferior alveolar nerve canal by means of cone-beam CT scan. The treatment began with double miniscrews traction under the help of cantilever beam. After 6~9 months, they left the canal and then were extracted. RESULTS: After extraction, no patient developed lip numbness. CONCLUSIONS: Application of double miniscrews traction is an efficient and reliable method for extraction of horizontally impacted wisdom tooth that is adjacent to the inferior alveolar nerve canal.

[Role of corticotomy in assisting space closure with atrophic alveolar ridge].

PURPOSE: To study the effect of corticotomy in assisting space closure in cases whose alveolar ridge atrophy was obvious after extraction. METHODS: Twenty two cases whose canine's distal movement<0.2mm/m were selected, 12 accepted corticotomy and the other 12 were selected as the control group. All the spaces were closed with sliding mechanics under the help of microscrews. SPSS 13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: All the spaces were closed. The canine's movement speed in the experimental group was superior to the control group(P<0.05), and the canine's movement was almost bodily movement (P<0.05); there was no obvious gingiva fold after space closure (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the sulcus depth on the distal surface of the upper canine(P>0.05).

Processive Degradation of Crystalline Cellulose by a Multimodular Endoglucanase via a Wirewalking Mode.

Processive hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by cellulases is a critical step for lignocellulose deconstruction. The classic Trichoderma reesei exoglucanase TrCel7A, which has a closed active-site tunnel, starts each processive run by threading the tunnel with a cellulose chain. Loop regions are necessary for tunnel conformation, resulting in weak thermostability of fungal exoglucanases. However, endoglucanase CcCel9A, from the thermophilic bacterium Clostridium cellulosi, comprises a glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 9 module with an open cleft and five carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) and hydrolyzes crystalline cellulose processively. How CcCel9A and other similar GH9 enzymes bind to the smooth surface of crystalline cellulose to achieve processivity is still unknown. Our results demonstrate that the C-terminal CBM3b and three CBMX2s enhance productive adsorption to cellulose, while the CBM3c adjacent to the GH9 is tightly bound to 11 glucosyl units, thereby extending the catalytic cleft to 17 subsites, which facilitates decrystallization by forming a supramodular binding surface. In the open cleft, the strong interaction forces between substrate-binding subsites and glucosyl rings enable cleavage of the hydrogen bonds and extraction of a single cellulose chain. In addition, subsite -4 is capable of drawing the chain to its favored location. Cellotetraose is released from the open cleft as the initial product to achieve high processivity, which is further hydrolyzed to cellotriose, cellobiose and glucose by the catalytic cleft of the endoglucanase. On this basis, we propose a wirewalking mode for processive degradation of crystalline cellulose by an endoglucanase, which provides insights for rational design of industrial cellulases.

Substitution of one calcium-binding amino acid strengthens substrate binding in a thermophilic alginate lyase.

Ligand binding is sensitive to temperatures since noncovalent bonds between the binding site and ligand could be broken by heat. How metal ion-binding amino acids in alginate lyase evolve to achieve tight substrate binding in a hostile environment remains unknown. An endolytic alginate lyase AlgAT0 specifically cleaved the M-G glycosidic bond and released disaccharides as the main end product. Four conserved calcium-binding sites were predicted and the supplement of Ca2+ led to enhanced substrate binding and protein stability. Among the four conserved calcium-binding sites, one substitution of aspartate for glutamate in AlgAT0 was proved to stimulate Ca2+ affinity. This study suggested that substrate affinity of polysaccharide lyases could be improved by tight binding to Ca2+ via one amino acid substitution.

[Clinical study on upper molar mesial movement with miniscrews in the palatal suture and casting frame].

PURPOSE: To study the clinical effect of the upper first molar space closure by mesial traction of the second and the third molar with palatal miniscrew and casting frame. METHODS: Twelve cases with the upper first molar lost and only accepting regional orthodontic treatment were chosen. Two miniscrews were inserted beside the palatal suture, individual casting frames were manufactured to help stabilize the miniscrew and the upper premolars on the same side. The force was exerted on both the buccal and lingual side. Graphpad Prism 6.0 software was used for Student's t test. RESULTS: All the spaces were closed, the average mesial movement was 5.7 mm, the tipping of the second molar and the third molar was almost normal and the occlusion of other teeth kept intact. CONCLUSIONS: Miniscrew and casting frame can accomplish the effective mesial movement of the upper second and third molar to close the first molar space.

Structural insights into the substrate specificity of a glycoside hydrolase family 5 lichenase from Caldicellulosiruptor sp. F32.

Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5 is one of the largest GH families with various GH activities including lichenase, but the structural basis of the GH5 lichenase activity is still unknown. A novel thermostable lichenase F32EG5 belonging to GH5 was identified from an extremely thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor sp. F32. F32EG5 is a bi-functional cellulose and a lichenan-degrading enzyme, and exhibited a high activity on ß-1,3-1,4-glucan but side activity on cellulose. Thin-layer chromatography and NMR analyses indicated that F32EG5 cleaved the ß-1,4 linkage or the ß-1,3 linkage while a 4-O-substitued glucose residue linked to a glucose residue through a ß-1,3 linkage, which is completely different from extensively studied GH16 lichenase that catalyses strict endo-hydrolysis of the ß-1,4-glycosidic linkage adjacent to a 3-O-substitued glucose residue in the mixed-linked ß-glucans. The crystal structure of F32EG5 was determined to 2.8 Šresolution, and the crystal structure of the complex of F32EG5 E193Q mutant and cellotetraose was determined to 1.7 Šresolution, which revealed that the exit subsites of substrate-binding sites contribute to both thermostability and substrate specificity of F32EG5. The sugar chain showed a sharp bend in the complex structure, suggesting that a substrate cleft fitting to the bent sugar chains in lichenan is a common feature of GH5 lichenases. The mechanism of thermostability and substrate selectivity of F32EG5 was further demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulation and site-directed mutagenesis. These results provide biochemical and structural insights into thermostability and substrate selectivity of GH5 lichenases, which have potential in industrial processes.

[Clinical study of premolar extrusion with subgingival decayed defect by one-couple orthodontic NiTi auxiliary arch].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of one-couple orthodontic NiTi auxiliary arch on the premolar extrusion which had subgingival decayed defect. METHODS: A total of 30 cases with subgingival decayed defects over 2 mm under the proximal gingival margin were chosen including 18 first premolars and 12 second premolars. The first and second molars on the same side were connected steadily and the one-couple orthodontic force system was designed. The NiTi segmental arch was used to extrude the teeth. Student's t test was performed with SPSS 8.0 software package. RESULTS: All the defect margins were 1mm over the gingival margins and the extrusion distance was 2.6~4.1 mm. After extrusion, the crown-root ratio was 1.24±0.30, the depth of the gingival sulcus was 1.87±0.28 mm. There was no significant difference before and after treatment in the angle between the axis of the extruded teeth and that of the first molar (P>0.05). The anchorage teeth kept almost the same relationship with the opposite. CONCLUSION: One-couple orthodontic NiTi auxiliary arch could extrude the premolars with subgingival decayed defects effectively and precisely. The designed force system had little effect on the anchorage teeth.

Nanostructured cobalt phosphates as excellent biomimetic enzymes to sensitively detect superoxide anions released from living cells.

Monitoring superoxide anion radicals in living cells has been attracting much academic and industrial interest due to the dual roles of the radicals. Herein, we synthesized a novel nanostructured cobalt phosphate nanorods (Co3(PO4)2 NRs) with tunable pore structure using a simple and effective micro-emulsion method and explored their potential utilization in the electrochemical sensing of superoxide anions. As an analytical and sensing platform, the nanoscale biomimetic enzymes Co3(PO4)2 NRs exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards superoxide anion (O2•-) with a low detection limit (2.25nM), wide linear range (5.76-5396nM), and long-term stability. Further, the nanoscale biomimetic enzyme could be efficiently applied in situ to electrochemically detect O2•- released from human malignant melanoma cells and normal keratinocyte, showing excellent real time quantitative detection capability. This material open up exciting opportunities for implementing biomimetic enzymes in nanoscale transition metal phosphates and designing enzyme-free biosensors with much higher sensitivity and durability in health and disease analysis than those of natural one.