Hydration study of homopolypeptides by (2)H NMR.

Deuteron T(1) and T(2) was studied as a function of hydration in homopolyglycine (PG) and homopolyproline (PP). Water deuteron relaxation rates in PG conform to a hydration model involving two types of primary hydration sites where water is directly bonded to the polymer. Once these sites are filled, additional water only bonds to water molecules at the primary sites and in so doing affect their dynamics. PP exhibits an anomalous T(1) and T(2) hydration dependence which has been interpreted in terms of a cooperative water molecule-PP molecule helical conformational rearrangement which occurs once a certain hydration level is reached. The proposal of a water-PP structure is tested using molecular dynamics simulations.

Quantitative density profiling with pure phase encoding and a dedicated 1D gradient.

A new centric scan imaging methodology for density profiling of materials with short transverse relaxation times is presented. This method is shown to be more robust than our previously reported centric scan pure phase encode methodologies. The method is particularly well suited to density imaging of low gyro-magnetic ratio non-proton nuclei through the use of a novel dedicated one-dimensional magnetic field gradient coil. The design and construction of this multi-layer, water cooled, gradient coil is presented. Although of large diameter (7.62 cm) to maximize sample cross section, the gradient coil has an efficiency of several times that offered by conventional designs (6 mT/m/A). The application of these ideas is illustrated with high resolution density-weighted proton (1H) images of hazelnut oil penetration into chocolate, and lithium ion (7Li) penetration into cement paste. The methods described in this paper provide a straightforward and reliable means for imaging a class of samples that, until now, have been very difficult to image.

Janet and Freud: revealing the roots of dynamic psychiatry.

OBJECTIVES: Interest in the work of Pierre Janet is presently undergoing a scholarly revival and, in the process, his contribution to dynamic psychiatry is increasingly being recognised. This article compares and contrasts Pierre Janet's early studies on hysteria and the neuroses with those of Freud. METHOD: The study surveys original works by Janet and Freud and contemporary scholarly exegeses. It particularly focuses on ideation and memory, consciousness and dissociation, psychological trauma, the self, therapeutic influence, and treatment by integration versus abreaction. RESULTS: Grounds are presented for either preferring Janet's notions to Freud's or for integrating them. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that a number of Janet's contributions to psychopathology and psychotherapy, particularly in the field of dissociative disorders, deserve further exploration and application.

A wonderful journey through skull and brains: the travels of Mr. Gage's tamping iron.

Phineas Gage was injured by his tamping iron nearly 140 years ago, and only one similar case has been reported since then. In this paper, the contemporary popular and medical responses to the news of Gage's accident are summarized. An attempt is made to evaluate the contribution of Harlow's treatment of Gage as well as the successive bearings which the case was thought to have on analyses of brain function, aphasia, and frontal lobe function.

Delboeuf and Janet as influences in Freud's treatment of Emmy von N.

An analysis is made of Freud's treatment of the patient known as Emmy von N. in which for the first time he used what he called "Breuer's technique of investigation under hypnosis." It is shown that the main component of Freud's therapy owed nothing to Breuer: the patient's traumatic memories were altered by direct suggestion under hypnosis. The abreaction which did take place seems to have resulted from Freud's expectation that it should occur. Two cases published by Delboeuf and Janet in late 1888 and early 1889 were treated by a then unusual method which analysis demonstrates to have been virtually identical to the technique used by Freud. Evidence is presented that the Delboeuf and Janet cases could have been known to Freud before he began his treatment of Emmy von N.

Beard's concept of neurasthenia and Freud's concept of the actual neuroses.

Beard's concept of neurasthenia and Freud's concept of the actual neuroses are described and evaluated critically. Despite differences in the content of their theories, especially in the role of sexual factors and sexual mechanisms, there are important formal and logical similarities. Both Beard and Freud incorrectly identified the causes of the neuroses being studied; both used inadequate methods of assessing the strengths of the causal factors; and the central theoretical concepts of both were equally vacuous. Freud adopted the same method of study as did Beard, but does not seem to have been influenced directly by him.