Protection of dystrophic muscle cells using Idebenone correlates with the interplay between calcium, oxidative stress and inflammation.

There is strong cross-talk between abnormal intracellular calcium concentration, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an exacerbated inflammatory process in the dystrophic muscles of mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In this study, we investigated effects of Idebenone, a potent anti-oxidant, on oxidative stress markers, the anti-oxidant defence system, intracellular calcium concentrations and the inflammatory process in primary dystrophic muscle cells from mdx mice. Dystrophic muscle cells were treated with Idebenone (0.05 µM) for 24 h. The untreated mdx muscle cells were used as controls. The MTT assay showed that Idebenone did not have a cytotoxic effect on the dystrophic muscle cells. The Idebenone treatment was able to reduce the levels of oxidative stress markers, such as H2 O2 and 4-HNE, as well as decreasing intracellular calcium influx in the dystrophic muscle cells. Regarding Idebenone effects on the anti-oxidant defence system, an up-regulation of catalase levels, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in the dystrophic muscle cells. In addition, the Idebenone treatment was also associated with reduction in inflammatory molecules, such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in mdx muscle cells. These outcomes supported the use of Idebenone as a protective agent against oxidative stress and related signalling mechanisms involved in dystrophinopathies, such as DMD.

Cilostazol attenuates oxidative stress and apoptosis in the quadriceps muscle of the dystrophic mouse experimental model.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most severe and frequent form of muscular dystrophy. The mdx mouse is one of the most widely used experimental models to understand aspects of the biology of dystrophic skeletal muscles and the mechanisms of DMD. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are present in early stages of the disease in mdx mice. The high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes activation of apoptotic death regulatory proteins due to DNA damage and breakdown of nuclear and mitochondrial membranes. The quadriceps (QUA) muscle of the mdx mouse is a good tool to study oxidative events. Previous studies have demonstrated that cilostazol exerts an anti-oxidant effect by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of cilostazol to modulate oxidative stress and apoptosis in the QUA muscle of mdx mice. Fourteen-day-old mdx mice received cilostazol or saline for 14 days. C57BL/10 mice were used as a control. In the QUA muscle of mdx mice, cilostazol treatment decreased ROS production (-74%), the number of lipofuscin granules (-47%), lipid peroxidation (-11%), and the number of apoptotic cells (-66%). Thus cilostazol showed anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic action in the QUA muscle of mdx mice.

The development of a didactic model to facilitate the understanding of the components and anatomical relations of the middle ear / O desenvolvimento de um modelo didático para facilitar a compreensão dos componentes e das relações anatômicas da orelha média

The middle ear is important from an anatomical and clinical point of view, seeing that it contains and allows the passages of structures, in addition to establishing relations with other regions of the head. However, the middle ear is small and difficult to dissect, making difficult the study in cadavers and understanding. In this context, professors and students from Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná developed an anatomical model of the middle ear, showing its main bones, membranes, muscles and nerves. The model was developed with acrylic plates joined to form a cube, each side representing one of the middle ear's walls. The tympanic membrane and the secondary tympanic membrane were represented by an elastic fabric, which covered openings on the membranous wall and the labyrinthic wall, respectively. The auditory ossicles, the muscles and the nerves were made from polymer clay and positioned inside the cube, according to their characteristics and anatomical position in the middle ear. Furthermore, the auditory tube was represented by a plastic cone projecting from the carotid wall. The use of these low-cost anatomical models is an alternative to enable and improve learning. These initiatives favor the teaching of Human Anatomy, increasing understanding, the establishment of clinical correlations, and improving the academic education of health professionals (AU)

A orelha média é importante do ponto de vista anatômico e clínico, pois contém e permite a passagem de estruturas, além de estabelecer relações com outras regiões da cabeça. Porém, a orelha média é pequena e dissecação, o que dificulta seu estudo em cadáveres e a compreensão por parte dos alunos. Nesse contexto, docentes e discentes da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná desenvolveram um modelo anatômico da cavidade timpânica, apresentando seus principais componentes membranáceos, ósseos, musculares e nervosos. Para a confecção da maquete, placas de acrílico transparente foram unidas formando um cubo, com cada placa representando uma das paredes da cavidade timpânica (exceto a parede tegmental). Tecidos elásticos foram colocados em orifícios feitos nas paredes membranácea e labiríntica para representação da membrana timpânica e da membrana timpânica secundária, respectivamente. Os ossículos da audição, músculos e nervos foram confeccionados em biscuit e posicionados no espaço interno do cubo, observando-se as características e a posição anatômica dessas estruturas na orelha média. A tuba auditiva foi representada pela colocação de um cone plástico projetando-se a partir da parede carótica. A confecção de modelos didáticos é uma alternativa de baixo custo para facilitar o ensino e a compreensão da Anatomia Humana. O aprendizado de conceitos básicos favorece o entendimento das correlações anatomoclínicas, melhorando a formação acadêmica dos profissionais de saúde (AU)

Photobiomodulation Therapy for Attenuating the Dystrophic Phenotype of Mdx Mice.

This study analyzed photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) effects on regenerative, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and angiogenic markers in the dystrophic skeletal muscle of mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), during the acute phase of dystrophy disease. The following groups were set up: Ctrl (control group of normal wild-type mice; C57BL/10); mdx (untreated mdx mice); mdxPred (mdx mice treated with prednisolone) and mdxLA (mdx mice treated with PBMT). The PBMT was carried out using an Aluminum Gallium Arsenide (AIGaAs; IBRAMED® laserpulse) diode, 830 nm wavelength, applied on the dystrophic quadriceps muscle. The mdxLA group showed a degenerative and regenerative area reduction simultaneously with a MyoD level increase, ROS production and inflammatory marker reduction and up-regulation in the VEGF factor. In addition, PBMT presented similar effects to prednisolone treatment in most of the parameters analyzed. In conclusion, our results indicate that PBMT in the parameters selected attenuated the dystrophic phenotype of mdx mice, improving skeletal muscle regeneration; reducing the oxidative stress and inflammatory process; and up-regulating the angiogenic marker.

Coenzyme Q10 supplementation acts as antioxidant on dystrophic muscle cells.

Increased oxidative stress is a frequent feature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). High reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, associated with altered enzyme antioxidant activity, have been reported in dystrophic patients and mdx mice, an experimental model of DMD. In this study, we investigated the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on oxidative stress marker levels and calcium concentration in primary cultures of dystrophic muscle cells from mdx mice. Primary cultures of skeletal muscle cells from C57BL/10 and mdx mice were treated with coenzyme Q10 (5 µM) for 24 h. The untreated mdx and C57BL/10 muscle cells were used as controls. The MTT and live/dead cell assays showed that CoQ10 presented no cytotoxic effect on normal and dystrophic muscle cells. Intracellular calcium concentration, H2O2 production, 4-HNE, and SOD-2 levels were higher in mdx muscle cells. No significant difference in the catalase, GPx, and Gr levels was found between experimental groups. This study demonstrated that CoQ10 treatment was able to reduce levels of oxidative stress markers, such as H2O2, acting as an antioxidant, as well as decreasing abnormal intracellular calcium influx in dystrophic muscles cells. This study demonstrated that CoQ10 treatment was able to reduce levels of oxidative stress markers, such as H2O2, acting as an antioxidant, as well as decreasing abnormal intracellular calcium influx in dystrophic muscles cells. Our findings also suggest that the decrease of oxidative stress reduces the need for upregulation of antioxidant pathways, such as SOD and GSH.

Tempol treatment shows phenotype improvement in mdx mice.

Considering potential Tempol effects on mdx muscle fibers, in this study we evaluated its effects on relevant dystrophic phenotypic characteristics, such as muscle degeneration, inflammatory process and angiogenesis, which as yet have not been investigated. Mdx mice were randomly assigned into three groups: mdxS, the control group receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of saline solution (100µL); mdxP, positive control group receiving prednisolone (1mg/kg) by oral gavage; and mdxT, treated group receiving i.p. injections of tempol (100 mg/kg). C57BL/10 mice were also used as controls. Tempol treatment promoted gain in muscle strength and reduced myonecrosis and inflammatory response in the dystrophic diaphragm (DIA) and biceps brachii (BB) muscles. No evidence of Tempol's beneficial performance on angiogenesis in DIA and BB mdx muscles was found. The findings presented here show that Tempol treatment improves dystrophic phenotype, supporting its use as a potential therapeutic strategy in DMD.

Sex influences diaphragm muscle response in exercised mdx mice.

Physical exercise promotes increased muscle damage in the mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Studies suggest that the estrogen level in females makes them less susceptible to muscle injuries. The aim of this study was to characterize the diaphragm (DIA) muscle response to physical exercise in male and female mdx mice. The animals were divided into four groups: female sedentary mdx; male sedentary mdx; female mdx submitted to exercise; and male mdx mice submitted to exercise. Blood samples were used to determine creatine kinase (CK). Regenerated muscle fibers were indicated by the presence of central nucleus and also inflammation areas were determined in DIA muscle sections. The alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) were determined by means of immunohistochemistry evaluation in the dystrophic DIA muscle. Male mdx animals submitted to exercise showed increased CK levels and inflammatory area. The quantification of regenerated fibers was higher in male animals, submitted or not to physical exercise. Greater alpha and beta ER expression was verified in the females submitted to exercise in the DIA muscle than in the other experimental groups. Therefore, estrogen may have contributed to the prevention of increased inflammatory process and DIA injury in females submitted to exercise.

Vitamin E treatment decreases muscle injury in mdx mice.

OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress, in addition to the absence of the dystrophin protein, has been considered an important regulator of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Vitamin E presents an important role as a potent antioxidant and in preserving the integrity of the cell membrane. In this study, we evaluated the effects of vitamin E therapy on some physiological pathways that can contribute to muscle injury in the diaphragm muscle of mdx mice (the experimental model of DMD) such as CK levels, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and the enzymatic antioxidant system. METHODS: Mdx mice (14 d old) received 40 mg vitamin E/kg daily by oral gavage for 14 d, followed by the removal of the diaphragm muscle. Control mdx mice and C57BL/10 mice received saline only for the same period and were used as controls. RESULTS: Vitamin E reduced the muscle fiber damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation process in the diaphragm muscle of mdx mice. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E improves skeletal muscle injury in mdx mice, promoting membrane repair and exhibiting antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. These vitamin E effects suggest that this antioxidant therapy may be a relevant approach for dystrophinopathies.

Dystrophic phenotype improvement in the diaphragm muscle of mdx mice by diacerhein.

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are striking features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy disease. Diacerhein is an anthraquinone, which exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Based on their actions, the present study evaluated the effects of diacerhein against myonecrosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the diaphragm muscle of mdx mice and compared these results to current treatment widely used in DMD patients, with a main focus on the impact of prednisone. The results demonstrated that diacerhein treatment prevented muscle damage indicated by a decrease in the IgG uptake by muscle fibers, lower CK levels in serum, reduction of fibers with central nuclei with a concomitant increase in fibers with peripheral nuclei. It also had an effect on the inflammatory process, decreasing the inflammatory area, macrophage staining and TNF-α and IL-1ß content. Regarding oxidative stress, diacerhein treatment was effective in reducing the ROS and lipid peroxidation in the diaphragm muscle from mdx mice. Compared to prednisone treatment, our findings demonstrated that diacerhein treatment improved the dystrophic phenotype in the diaphragm muscle of mdx mice similar to that of glucocorticoid therapy. In this respect, this work suggests that diacerhein has a potential use as an alternative drug in dystrophinopathy treatment and recommends that its anti-inflammatory and antioxidants properties in the dystrophic muscle should be better understood.

Anti-inflammatory therapies in TRAMP mice: delay in PCa progression.

The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and molecular biology as well as evaluate the immediate and late responses of prostatic cancer in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model after treatment with goniothalamin (GTN) and celecoxib. The treated mice received GTN (150 mg/kg, gavage) or celecoxib (10 mg/kg, gavage) from 8 to 12 weeks of age. They were killed at different ages: the immediate-response groups at 12 weeks and the late-response groups at 22 weeks. The ventral prostate was collected for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, TUNEL, and ELISA. Morphological analyses indicated that GTN treatment delayed the progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma, leading to a significant decrease of prostatic lesion frequency in both experimental period responses to this treatment, mainly high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Also, the celecoxib treatment showed a particular decrease in the proliferative processes (PCNA) in both the experimental periods. Despite celecoxib diminishing the COX2 and IGFR1 levels, GTN presented higher action spectrum considering the decrease of a greater molecular number involved in the proliferative and inflammatory processes in prostatic cancer. Goniothalamin attenuated the pro-inflammatory response in TRAMP prostatic microenvironment, delaying prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Celecoxib treatment was efficient in the regulation of COX2 in the TRAMP mice, mainly in the advanced disease grade. Finally, we concluded that inflammatory process control in early grades of PCa was crucial for the downregulation of the signaling pathways involved in the proliferative processes in advanced cancer grades.

Beneficial cilostazol therapeutic effects in mdx dystrophic skeletal muscle.

This study evaluated the possible protective effects of cilostazol against myonecrosis in dystrophic diaphragm muscle in vivo, focusing on oxidative stress, the inflammatory response and angiogenesis. Young mdx mice, the experimental animal for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, received cilostazol for 14 days. A second group of mdx mice and a control group of C57BL/10 mice received a saline solution. In the mdx mice, cilostazol treatment was associated with reduced loss of muscle strength (-34.4%), decreased myonecrosis, reduced creatine kinase levels (-63.3%) and muscle fibres stained for immunoglobulin G in dystrophic diaphragm muscle (-81.1%), and a reduced inflammatory response, with a decreased inflammatory area (-22%), macrophage infiltration (-44.9%) and nuclear factor-κB (-24%) and tumour necrosis factor-α (-48%) content in dystrophic diaphragm muscle. Furthermore, cilostazol decreased oxidative stress and attenuated reactive oxygen species production (-74%) and lipid peroxidation (-17%) in dystrophic diaphragm muscle, and promoted the up-regulation of angiogenesis, increasing the number of microvessels (15%). In conclusion, the present results show that cilostazol has beneficial effects in dystrophic muscle. More research into the potential of cilostazol as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of dystrophinopathies is required.

Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in Dystrophin-Deficient Muscle Cells: Effects on Regeneration Capacity, Inflammation Response and Oxidative Stress.

The present study evaluated low-level laser therapy (LLLT) effects on some physiological pathways that may lead to muscle damage or regeneration capacity in dystrophin-deficient muscle cells of mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Primary cultures of mdx skeletal muscle cells were irradiated only one time with laser and analyzed after 24 and 48 hours. The LLLT parameter used was 830 nm wavelengths at 5 J/cm² fluence. The following groups were set up: Ctrl (untreated C57BL/10 primary muscle cells), mdx (untreated mdx primary muscle cells), mdx LA 24 (mdx primary muscle cells - LLLT irradiated and analyzed after 24 h), and mdx LA 48 (mdx primary muscle cells - LLLT irradiated and analyzed after 48 h). The mdx LA 24 and mdx LA 48 groups showed significant increase in cell proliferation, higher diameter in muscle cells and decreased MyoD levels compared to the mdx group. The mdx LA 48 group showed significant increase in Myosin Heavy Chain levels compared to the untreated mdx and mdx LA 24 groups. The mdx LA 24 and mdx LA 48 groups showed significant increase in [Ca2+]i. The mdx group showed significant increase in H2O2 production and 4-HNE levels compared to the Ctrl group and LLLT treatment reduced this increase. GSH levels and GPx, GR and SOD activities increased in the mdx group. Laser treatment reduced the GSH levels and GR and SOD activities in dystrophic muscle cells. The mdx group showed significant increase in the TNF-α and NF-κB levels, which in turn was reduced by the LLLT treatment. Together, these results suggest that the laser treatment improved regenerative capacity and decreased inflammatory response and oxidative stress in dystrophic muscle cells, indicating that LLLT could be a helpful alternative therapy to be associated with other treatment for dystrophinopathies.

Reduction of Oxidative Damage and Inflammatory Response in the Diaphragm Muscle of mdx Mice Using Iron Chelator Deferoxamine.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes strongly contribute to pathogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Based on evidence that excess iron may increase oxidative stress and contribute to the inflammatory response, we investigated whether deferoxamine (DFX), a potent iron chelating agent, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in the diaphragm (DIA) muscle of mdx mice (an experimental model of DMD). Fourteen-day-old mdx mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of DFX at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, diluted in saline, for 14 days. C57BL/10 and control mdx mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline only, for 14 days. Grip strength was evaluated as a functional measure, and blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment of muscle fiber degeneration. In addition, the DIA muscle was removed and processed for histopathology and Western blotting analysis. In mdx mice, DFX reduced muscle damage and loss of muscle strength. DFX treatment also resulted in a significant reduction of dystrophic inflammatory processes, as indicated by decreases in the inflammatory area and in NF-κB levels. DFX significantly decreased oxidative damage, as shown by lower levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and a reduction in dihydroethidium staining in the DIA muscle of mdx mice. The results of the present study suggest that DFX may be useful in therapeutic strategies to ameliorate dystrophic muscle pathology, possibly via mechanisms involving oxidative and inflammatory pathways.

Immediate effects of upper thoracic manipulation on the skin surface temperature of the vertebral region in healthy women / Efeitos imediatos da manipulação torácica alta sobre a temperatura superficial cutânea da região vertebral em mulheres saudáveis / Los efectos inmediatos de la alta manipulación torácica de la temperatura superficial de la piel en la región vertebral en mujeres sanas

Manipulation of the spinal column is a manual therapeutic resource characterized by passive thrust of a given joint at a high velocity and low amplitude within the limits of anatomic integrity. The objective of the present study was to assess the immediate effects of upper thoracic manipulation on skin temperature in the vertebral region in healthy women. Thus, a randomized controlled blind trial was realized in the university community. Twenty-six healthy women were randomly allocated into an experimental group (n=13) and a placebo group (n=13). A single session of upper thoracic spine manipulation (segment T3) was performed. Infrared thermography was used to determine changes in skin temperature in the vertebral region. Images were taken prior to, immediately after and both five and 10 minutes after manipulation. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni test was used for inter and intragroup comparisons. The level of significance was set to 5%. No significant differences were found between the different evaluation times in either group (p>0.05). In the intergroup analysis, no statistically significant differences were found in any of the comparisons (p>0.05). Based on the method employed, thoracic spine manipulation of the T3 vertebral segment does not promote changes in skin surface temperature in the region manipulated in asymptomatic individuals.

A manipulação da coluna vertebral é um recurso da terapia manual caracterizado por um impulso passivo de alta velocidade e baixa amplitude dentro dos limites de integridade anatômica de uma articulação (thrust). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos imediatos da manipulação torácica alta sobre a temperatura superficial cutânea da região vertebral em mulheres saudáveis. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo clínico randomizado cego na comunidade universitária. Vinte e seis voluntárias saudáveis foram alocadas de forma randomizada em um grupo experimental (n=13) e um grupo placebo (n=13). Uma sessão de manipulação torácica alta (segmento T3) foi realizada. Foi empregada a termografia infravermelha para determinar alterações na temperatura cutânea na região vertebral. Imagens foram capturadas antes, imediatamente após, cinco e dez minutos após a manipulação. Foi usada análise de variância com medidas repetidas (dois critérios) seguida do teste de Bonferroni para as comparações inter e intragrupos. Adotou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa nas diferentes avaliações ao longo do tempo (p>0,05). Na análise intergrupos, não foi constatada diferença significativa nas comparações realizadas (p>0,05). Com base na metodologia empregada, a manipulação torácica do segmento vertebral T3 não promoveu alterações na temperatura superficial cutânea na região manipulada.

La manipulación de la espina dorsal es un recurso de terapia manual que se caracteriza por un impulso pasivo de alta velocidad y baja amplitud de los límites de integridad anatómica de una articulación (thrust). Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo evaluar los efectos inmediatos de la alta manipulación torácica de la temperatura superficial de la piel en la región vertebral en mujeres sanas. Para eso, se ha realizado un estudio clínico aleatorizado ciego en la comunidad universitaria. Veintiséis voluntarias han sido puestas de forma aleatorizada en un grupo experimental (n=13) y un grupo placebo (n=13). Ha sido realizada una sesión de manipulación torácica alta (segmento T3). Se ha empleado el término infrarrojo para determinar alteraciones en la temperatura de la piel en la región vertebral. Se han capturado imágenes antes, inmediatamente después, cinco y diez minutos tras la manipulación. Se ha hecho un análisis de los cambios con medidas repetidas (dos criterios) seguido de la prueba de Bonferroni para las comparaciones inter e intragrupal. Se ha adoptado un nivel de significancia de 5%. No ha sido encontrado diferencias significativas en las diferentes evaluaciones al largo del tiempo (p>0,05). En el análisis intergrupal, no ha sido constatado diferencias significativas en las comparaciones realizadas (p>0,05). Basándose en la metodología empleada, la manipulación torácica del segmento vertebral T3 no cambió la temperatura superficial de la piel en la región estudiada.

Comparative study of Low-level laser therapy and microcurrent on the healing of skin burns in rats / Estudo comparativo da laserterapia de baixa intensidade e microcorrente no reparo tecidual de queimaduras em ratos

This study investigated and compared the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and microcurrent in the burn healing process in Wistar rats. We conducted a randomized controlled study with 30 rats divided into 3 groups (n = 10); control group (CG), laser group (LG) and microcurrent group (MG). After thermal damage, 10 applications of 660 nm diode laser were performed in GL and 10 applications of 60 Hz microcurrent (160 µA) in MG. The semi-quantitative histological analysis was done using scores (0­3), in sections stained by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome. The results indicated a significant improvement in the fibroblasts proliferation, collagen fibers deposition, neoangiogenesis, and cutaneous appendages regeneration in MG and LG. When microcurrent and LLLT were compared, no difference was detected, except the regeneration and formation of new cutaneous appendages, observed in MG. Despite the similar effects, GM showed faster tissue repair with the formation of skin appendages.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar e comparar os efeitos da laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LTBI) e microcorrente no processo de reparo de queimadura em ratos Wistar. Foi realizado um estudo randomizado controlado com 30 ratos divididos em 3 grupos (n = 10); grupo controle (GC), grupo laser (GL) e grupo microcorrente (GM). Após lesão térmica, 10 aplicações de laser InGaAlP de 660 nm foram submetidas ao GL e 10 aplicações de microcorrente de 60 Hz (160 µA) ao GM. Foi realizada análise semi-quantificativa dos dados histológicos através de escores (0-3), em cortes corados por hematoxilina e eosina e tricrômico de Masson. Os resultados indicaram que houve melhora significativa na proliferação de fibroblastos, deposição de fibras colágenas, neoangiogênese e regeneração de apêndices cutâneos no GM e GL. Quando a microcorrente e a LTBI foram comparados, não houve diferença, exceto na regeneração e formação de apêndices cutâneos, observada no GM. O laser e a microcorrente produziram melhora no reparo tecidual de queimaduras em ratos. Embora possua efeitos semelhantes, o GM apresentou reparação tecidual mais rápida com o aparecimento de apêndices cutâneos.

Laserterapia e microcorrente na cicatrização de queimadura em ratos. Terapias associadas ou isoladas? / Low-level laser therapy and micro current in burn wound healing in rats. Associated or isolated therapy? / Laserterapia y microcorriente en la cicatrización de quemaduras en ratas. ¿Terapias asociadas o aisladas?

Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar se há diferenças entre as terapias associadas e isoladas do laser e microcorrentes no reparo de lesão por queimadura em ratos. Um total de 40 animais foi dividido aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: grupo controle (GC); grupo microcorrente (GM), grupo laser (GL) e grupo laser/microcorrente (GLM), tratados com laser associado a microcorrentes. Após lesões térmicas induzidas no dorso do animal, foi realizado um total de dez dias de tratamento. Amostras do tecido foram coletadas para estudo histopatológico semiquantitativo com Hematoxilina Eosina e Tricrômico de Masson. Foram utilizados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e post-hoc de Dunn. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para a produção de fibroblastos (p=0,0003), colágeno (p=0,0153), neoangiogênese (p=0,0031) e anexos cutâneos (p=0,0004). Na análise histológica semiquantitativa, o GLM apresentou valores menores nos parâmetros histológicos de presença de colágeno, número de fibroblastos e anexos cutâneos (p<0,05) em relação às terapias isoladas, exceto para a neoangiogênese, cujos valores da terapia associada foram semelhantes aos grupos de terapia com modalidade única. Apesar do laser e da microcorrente separadamente terem efeitos benéficos para a cicatrização tecidual, a associação das modalidades parece ter diminuído a ação de reparo. No entanto, sugere-se que a associação destes recursos parece diminuir os efeitos do tratamento quando se comparam os grupos de modalidade única.

This study aimed to investigate if there are differences between the associated and isolated therapies from the laser and micro current on healing of burn wound healing in rats. A total of 40 male rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control group (CG), micro current group (MG), laser group (LG) and laser/micro current group (LMG), treated with associated laser and micro current. Thermal damage was done on the back of the animal and a total of ten days therapy was performed. After treatment samples were taken from the lesions to perform semi quantitative histopathological study using Hematoxylin Eosin and Masson Trichrome. The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Test were used for statistical analyses. We observed a significant difference between groups for production of fibroblasts (p=0.0003), collagen (p=0.0153), neoangiogenesis (p=0.0031) and skin annexes (p=0.0004). In semi-quantitative histological analysis, the LMG showed lower values in presence of collagen, fibroblasts and number of skin appendages, only for neoangiogenesis, the associated therapy showed similar values to single modality therapy groups. Laser and microcurrent have beneficial effects on tissue healing. However, it is suggested that the association of these two therapies reduces the effectiveness of the treatment when compared to single mode treatment.

Este estudio tiene el objetivo de investigar si hay diferencias entre las terapias asociadas y aisladas del láser y microcorrientes en la reparación de lesión por quemadura en ratas. Un total de 40 animales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos: grupo control (GC), grupo microcorriente (GM), grupo láser (GL) y grupo láser/microcorriente (GLM), tratados con láser asociado a microcorrientes. Después de inducidas las lesiones térmicas en el dorso del animal, fueron realizados en total diez días de tratamiento. Las muestras de tejido fueron recolectadas para el estudio histopatológico semicuantitativo usando Hematoxilina Eosina y Tricómico de Masson. Fueron utilizados los tests de Kruskal-Wallis y post-hoc de Dunn's. Hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos para la producción de fibroblastos (p=0,0003), colágeno (p=0,0153), neoangiogénesis (p=0,0031) y anexos cutáneos (p=0,0004). En el análisis histológico semicuantitativo, el GLM presentó valores menores en los parámetros histológicos de presencia de colágeno, número de fibroblastos y anexos cutáneos (p<0,05) en relación a las terapias aisladas, excepto para la neoangiogénesis, cuyos valores de la terapia asociada fueron semejantes a los grupos de terapia con modalidad única. A pesar de que el láser y la microcorriente de forma aislada tienen efectos benéficos para la cicatrización del tejido, la asociación de las modalidades parece haber disminuido la acción de la reparación. El láser y las microcorrientes son efectivos en acelerar el proceso de reparación del tejido. Sin embargo, se sugiere que la asociación de estos recursos parece disminuir los efectos del tratamiento cuando son comparados con los grupos de modalidad única.

Immediate effects of bilateral grade III mobilization of the talocrural joint on the balance of elderly women.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate effects of a single treatment session of bilateral grade III mobilization of the talocrural joint on the balance of elderly women. METHODS: Thirty-two elderly women (age, 65-80 years) with low physical activity levels completed balance evaluation using baropodometry, the Functional Reach Test and the Timed Up and Go Test, and plantar flexion and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), before and immediately after the mobilization (n = 16) or sham (n = 16). Each subject was submitted to a total of twelve 30-second grade III mobilizations, 6 for each ankle, in a single treatment session. RESULTS: No significant difference was found for intragroup and intergroup comparisons in the balance of elderly women during the following evaluations: Functional Reach Test (P = .851), Timed Up and Go Test (P = .653), anteroposterior oscillation with eyes opened (P = .333) and with eyes closed (P = .652), and mediolateral oscillation with eyes opened (P = .486) and with eyes closed (P = .602). In addition, no significant difference was observed in right (P = .881) and left (P = .060) plantar flexion ROM and in right (P = .540) and left (P = .341) dorsiflexion ROM. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that a single session of bilateral grade III mobilization of the talocrural joint does not immediately improve balance and ROM in elderly women with low physical activity levels.