Reproductive isolation between two sympatric bat-pollinated Bauhinia (Leguminosae).

Several barriers contribute to reproductive isolation between plant species, which can be classified as pre- or post-pollination. Understanding the strength of these barriers could clarify the factors that maintain reproductive isolation and thus species integrity. In this study, we quantified reproductive isolation between two bat-pollinated co-occurring Bauhinia species (B. acuruana and B. pentandra) with similar flower morphology. Over the course of 18 months, we assessed reproductive isolation between these two Bauhinia species by quantifying the individual strengths and absolute contributions of five pre- and post- pollination barriers. Our data showed that both species are completely isolated in their reproduction by a combination of several barriers. Although they co-occur in a few populations, we found a high degree of geographic isolation between them. And although their flowering periods overlap, there is a significant difference in flowering peaks. Both species have the same pollinating bats, but the interspecific transfer of pollen between the plant species may be reduced due to the different length of the flower stamens, resulting in different pollen deposition on the bats' bodies. We have documented complete incompatibility between taxa and conclude that pre- and post-pollination barriers are important factors in preventing gene flow, even in contact zones between these two species of Bauhinia. We highlight that our work is the first study to use methods to estimate the strength of reproductive isolation barriers between bat-pollinated species.

Rock n' Seeds: A database of seed functional traits and germination experiments from Brazilian rock outcrop vegetation.

Advancing functional ecology depends fundamentally on the availability of data on reproductive traits, including those from tropical plants, which have been historically underrepresented in global trait databases. Although some valuable databases have been created recently, they are mainly restricted to temperate areas and vegetative traits such as leaf and wood traits. Here, we present Rock n' Seeds, a database of seed functional traits and germination experiments from Brazilian rock outcrop vegetation, recognized as outstanding centers of diversity and endemism. Data were compiled through a systematic literature search, resulting in 103 publications from which seed functional traits were extracted. The database includes information on 16 functional traits for 383 taxa from 148 genera, 50 families, and 25 orders. These 16 traits include two dispersal, six production, four morphological, two biophysical, and two germination traits-the major axes of the seed ecological spectrum. The database also provides raw data for 48 germination experiments, for a total of 10,187 records for 281 taxa. Germination experiments in the database assessed the effect of a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors on germination and different dormancy-breaking treatments. Notably, 8255 of these records include daily germination counts. This input will facilitate synthesizing germination data and using this database for a myriad of ecological questions. Given the variety of seed traits and the extensive germination information made available by this database, we expect it to be a valuable resource advancing comparative functional ecology and guiding seed-based restoration and biodiversity conservation in tropical megadiverse ecosystems. There are no copyright restrictions on the data; please cite this paper when using the current data in publications; also the authors would appreciate notification of how the data are used in publications.

O avanço da ecologia funcional depende fundamentalmente da disponibilidade de dados sobre traços reprodutivos, incluindo dados de plantas tropicais, que têm sido historicamente subrepresentados em bancos de dados de traços funcionais globais. Embora alguns bancos de dados valiosos tenham sido criados recentemente, eles são restritos principalmente a áreas temperadas e a traços vegetativos, como traços de folhas e madeira. Neste artigo apresentamos Rock n' Seeds, um banco de dados de traços funcionais de sementes e experimentos de germinação de vegetações associadas a afloramentos rochosos do Brasil, os quais são reconhecidos como centros notáveis de diversidade e endemismo. Os dados foram compilados através de uma revisão sistemática na literatura, resultando em 103 publicações das quais foram extraídos os traços funcionais das sementes. O banco de dados inclui informações de 16 traços funcionais para 383 taxa de 148 gêneros, 50 famílias e 25 ordens. Estes dezesseis traços incluem dois traços de dispersão, seis de produção, quatro morfológicos, dois biofísicos e dois germinativos; os eixos principais do espectro ecológico da semente. O banco de dados também fornece os dados brutos para 48 experimentos de germinação para um total de 10.187 registros para 281 taxa. Os experimentos de germinação no banco de dados avaliaram o efeito de uma ampla gama de fatores abióticos e bióticos sobre a germinação e diferentes tratamentos de quebra de dormência. Particularmente, 8.255 desses registros incluem a contagem diária da germinação. Estas informações facilitarão a síntese de dados de germinação e a utilização deste banco de dados para uma grande variedade de questões ecológicas. Dada a variedade de traços das sementes e as amplas informações sobre germinação disponibilizadas por este banco de dados, esperamos que ele seja um recurso valioso para o avanço da ecologia funcional comparativa e para orientar a restauração baseada em sementes e a conservação da biodiversidade em ecossistemas tropicais megadiversos. Não há restrições de direitos autorais sobre os dados; favor citar este artigo ao utilizar os dados nas publicações e os autores agradeceriam uma notificação de como os dados são utilizados nas publicações.

El avance de la ecología funcional depende fundamentalmente de la disponibilidad de datos sobre rasgos reproductivos-incluyendo los de las plantas tropicales-los cuales han estado poco representados en las bases de datos globales de rasgos. Aunque recientemente se han creado algunas bases de datos valiosas, estas se encuentran restringidas principalmente a las zonas templadas y a los rasgos vegetativos, como los de las hojas y la madera. En este artículo presentamos Rock n' Seeds, una base de datos de rasgos funcionales de semillas y experimentos de germinación de la vegetación asociada a afloramientos rocosos de Brasil, los cuales son destacados centros de diversidad y endemismo. Los datos se recopilaron mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática, que dio como resultado 103 publicaciones de las que se extrajeron los rasgos funcionales de las semillas. La base de datos incluye información de dieciséis rasgos funcionales para 383 taxones de 148 géneros, 50 familias y 25 órdenes. Estos rasgos incluyen dos rasgos de dispersión, seis de producción, cuatro morfológicos, dos biofísicos y dos de germinación; siendo estos los principales ejes del espectro ecológico de las semillas. La base de datos también proporciona los datos brutos de 48 experimentos de germinación, para un total de 10.187 registros de 281 taxones. Dichos experimentos de germinación evaluaron el efecto de una amplia gama de factores abióticos y bióticos sobre la germinación y de diferentes tratamientos para romper la dormancia. En particular, 8.255 de estos registros cuentan con conteos diarios de germinación. Esto facilitará la síntesis de los datos de germinación y el uso de esta base de datos para una gran diversidad de preguntas ecológicas. Dada la variedad de rasgos de las semillas y la amplia información sobre germinación que ofrece esta base de datos, esperamos que sea un recurso valioso para el avance de la ecología funcional comparativa y para orientar la restauración basada en semillas y la conservación de la biodiversidad en ecosistemas tropicales megadiversos. No hay restricciones de derechos de autor sobre los datos; se solicita citar este documento cuando se utilicen los datos en publicaciones y los autores agradecerán ser notificados sobre cómo se utilizan los datos en las publicaciones.

Malformación congénita de la vía aérea pulmonar: a propósito de un caso clínico / Congenital pulmonary airway malformation: a clinical case study / Malformação congênita das vias aéreas pulmonares: relato de caso

La malformación congénita de la vía aérea pulmonar (MVAP), antes llamada malformación adenomatoidea quística pulmonar, es una rara anormalidad del desarrollo de las vías respiratorias terminales. Las lesiones son de distribución y tamaños variables, usualmente unilaterales. El diagnóstico puede realizarse desde el período prenatal mediante ecografía gestacional, encontrándose, en ocasiones, graves repercusiones fetales. En los recién nacidos la enfermedad puede manifestarse con dificultad respiratoria aguda. En niños y adultos puede diagnosticarse ante infecciones pulmonares recurrentes u otras complicaciones. En pacientes sintomáticos está indicado el tratamiento quirúrgico para prevenir infecciones y la transformación neoplásica; sin embargo, sigue siendo controversial el tratamiento profiláctico frente al tratamiento expectante en pacientes asintomáticos. Se presenta el caso clínico de una lactante de 2 meses, que en el curso de una bronquiolitis se realizó una radiografía de tórax que evidenció una imagen radiolúcida del lóbulo medio. La tomografía computada visualizó gran imagen quística en pulmón derecho, que podría corresponder a una MVAP. Se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico coordinado. Se realizó una segmentectomía, confirmándose con anatomía patológica una MVAP tipo IV. Evolucionó favorablemente.

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), formerly called pulmonary cystic adenomatoid malformation, is a rare developmental abnormality of the terminal airways. Lesions are of variable size and distribution, usually unilateral. The diagnosis can be made from the prenatal period by means of gestational ultrasound, occasionally causing serious fetal repercussions. In newborns, the disease may manifest itself through acute respiratory distress. In children and adults it can be diagnosed through recurrent lung infections or other complications. In symptomatic patients, surgical treatment is indicated to prevent infections and neoplastic transformation. However, prophylactic versus expectant management in asymptomatic patients remains controversial. We present the clinical case of a 2-month-old infant who, during the course of bronchiolitis underwent a chest X-ray that revealed a radiolucent image of the middle lobe. The computed tomography scan showed a large cystic image in the right lung, which could be linked to an CPAM. The surgical treatment was carried out and the segmentectomy confirmed a pathological type IV CPAM. The patient evolved favorably.

A malformação congênita das vias aéreas pulmonares (MVAP), anteriormente chamada de malformação adenomatoide cística pulmonar, é uma anormalidade rara do desenvolvimento das vias aéreas terminais. As lesões são de tamanho e distribuição variáveis, geralmente unilaterais. O diagnóstico pode ser feito desde o pré-natal por meio da ultrassonografia gestacional, podendo encontrar repercussões fetais graves. Em recém-nascidos, a doença pode se manifestar com dificuldade respiratória aguda. Em crianças e adultos, pode ser diagnosticada com infecções pulmonares recorrentes ou outras complicações. Em pacientes sintomáticos, o tratamento cirúrgico é indicado para prevenir infecções e transformações neoplásicas; no entanto, o tratamento profilático versus expectante em pacientes assintomáticos permanece controverso. Apresentamos o caso clínico de uma criança de 2 meses que foi submetida a radiografia de tórax durante bronquiolite, que revelou imagem radiotransparente do lobo médio. A tomografia computadorizada mostrou grande imagem cística em pulmão direito, que poderia corresponder a uma MVAP. O tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado e a segmentectomia confirmou um tipo IV de MVAP com patologia. A criança evoluiu favoravelmente.

Mixed pollination system and floral signals of Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae): insects and geitonogamy ensure high reproductive success.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Eriocaulaceae exhibit a great variety of floral traits associated with insect (e.g. nectariferous structures) and wind pollination (unisexual flowers, exposed sexual organs and small pollen grains), as well as the 'selfing syndrome' (small flowers, short distance between stigma and anthers, and temporal overlap of male and female phases). Paepalanthus bifidus, P. subtilis and P. tortilis are related species that differ in form, size and colour of floral structures. We aimed to investigate the pollination and reproductive biology of these three species. METHODS: We analysed the floral biology, floral visitors, pollinator behaviour, and the contribution of insects, wind and spontaneous geitonogamy to fruit set. We also evaluated the floral colour and scent of the species. Colour reflectance of capitula of each species was measured and plotted in models of insect vision. Floral scent samples were extracted and the compounds were compared to vegetative scent samples. KEY RESULTS: In all species, the staminate and pistillate flowers are arranged in alternating cycles with a temporal overlap between these phases. Ants were the most frequent floral visitors and were effective pollinators in P. bifidus and P. tortilis, while flies were occasional pollinators in P. tortilis. Floral visitors were not observed in P. subtilis. In all species, fruits were produced by spontaneous geitonogamy, with no evidence of wind pollination. According to the models of insect vision, the colours of the capitula of P. bifidus and P. subtilis are the most inconspicuous for ants and flies. We found no difference between the emission of volatiles of inflorescences and vegetative structures. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that ant pollination might be more widespread in Eriocaulaceae than currently assumed. Furthermore, for small monocarpic plants, mixed mating strategies are most favourable, by ensuring reproduction either by outcrossing when pollinators are abundant or by spontaneous geitonogamy when pollinations are scarce/absent.

ATLANTIC POLLINATION: a data set of flowers and interaction with nectar-feeding vertebrates from the Atlantic Forest.

Flowering plant species and their nectar-feeding vertebrates exemplify some of the most remarkable biotic interactions in the Neotropics. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, several species of birds (especially hummingbirds), bats, and non-flying mammals, as well as one lizard feed on nectar, often act as pollinators and contribute to seed output of flowering plants. We present a dataset containing information on flowering plants visited by nectar-feeding vertebrates and sampled at 166 localities in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This dataset provides information on 1902 unique interactions among 515 species of flowering plants and 129 species of potential vertebrate pollinators and the patterns of species diversity across latitudes. All plant-vertebrate interactions compiled were recorded through direct observations of visits, and no inferences of pollinators based on floral syndromes were included. We also provide information on the most common plant traits used to understand the interactions between flowers and nectar-feeding vertebrates: plant growth form, corolla length, rate of nectar production per hour in bagged flowers, nectar concentration, flower color and shape, time of anthesis, presence or absence of perceptible fragrance by human, and flowering phenology as well as the plant's threat status by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification. For the vertebrates, status of threat by IUCN classification, body mass, bill or rostrum size are provided. Information on the frequency of visits and pollen deposition on the vertebrate's body is provided from the original source when available. The highest number of unique interactions is recorded for birds (1771) followed by bats (110). For plants, Bromeliaceae contains the highest number of unique interactions (606), followed by Fabaceae (242) and Gesneriaceae (104). It is evident that there was geographical bias of the studies throughout the southeast of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and that most effort was directed to flower-hummingbird interactions. However, it reflects a worldwide tendency of more plants interacting with birds compared with other vertebrate species. The lack of similar protocols among studies to collect basic data limits the comparisons among areas and generalizations. Nevertheless, this dataset represents a notable effort to organize and highlight the importance of vertebrate pollinators in this hotspot of biodiversity on Earth and represents the data currently available. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or scientific events.

Stress, anxiety and depression among gastronomes: association with workplace mobbing and work-family interaction.

INTRODUCTION: The work in commercial restaurant kitchens is characterized by many labor´s demands and strict commands that can cause damage to the mental health of gastronomes. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of stress, anxiety, and depression among gastronomy workers and associate them with the presence of mobbing at work. Still, it sought to evaluate the work-family interference and test its mediating role in the relationship between mobbing and psychopathology indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an observational-analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, in which 160 gastronomes participated (59.4% women), with an average age of 30.81 years. All answered a Sociodemographic and Labor Data Questionnaire, Negative Acts at Work Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, and Work-Family Interaction Scale, whose data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: A positive association was found between bullying and indicators of stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as negative interference between work-family and family-work with the same indicators. It was also observed the mediating effect of negative interference from work in family, in the relationship between mobbing and indicators of stress, anxiety, and depression. CONCLUSION: It was concluded, therefore, that the experience of mobbing affects the family and intensifies the psychological illness in gastronomes.

Assédio moral na cozinha: prevalência em trabalhadores da gastronomia em restaurantes comerciais / Harassment in the kitchen: prevalence in gastronomy workers in commercial restaurants / Acoso moral en la cocina: prevalencia en trabajadores de la gastronomía en restaurantes comerciales

Há crescente interesse sobre o comportamento abusivo sofrido por trabalhadores nas cozinhas de restaurantes comerciais, uma vez que agressões físicas e verbais parecem ser comuns neste contexto laboral. Este estudo objetivou identificar a prevalência do assédio moral e descrever as características das situações em que ele ocorre entre trabalhadores da gastronomia. Participaram do estudo 160 indivíduos com graduação em gastronomia, sendo que 95 eram do sexo feminino (59,4%), com idade média de 30,81 anos (DP = 8,34). Os mesmos responderam ao Questionário Biossociodemográfico e Laboral e ao Questionário de Atos Negativos, cujos dados foram analisados descritivamente. Os resultados indicaram elevados índices de prevalência de assédio moral (63,1%) e de violência psicológica (33,8%), que alertam sobre a importância de divulgar informações sobre o assédio moral e seus prejuízos, visando a uma maneira mais saudável de gerenciar e trabalhar na cozinha.

Great interest in abusive behavior suffered by workers in commercial restaurant kitchens was observed. In this work context, verbal and physical aggression seems to be common. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of moral harassment and describe the characteristics of the situations in which it occurs among gastronomy workers. Participants were 160 individuals undergraduate in gastronomy and 95 were female (59.4%), that have an average age of 30.81 years (SD = 8.34). The participants answered the Biosociodemographic and Labor Questionnaire and the Negative Acts Questionnaire, whose data were analyzed descriptively. The results indicated high prevalence rates of moral harassment (63.1%) and psychological violence (33.8%), which warn the importance of disclosing information about bullying and its harms, aiming at a healthier way to manage and work in the kitchen.

Una creciente preocupación por el comportamiento abusivo que sufren los trabajadores en las cocinas de restaurantes comerciales ha sido observada. Esta agresión puede ser verbal o física y parece ser común en este contexto laboral. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia del bullying y describir las características de las situaciones en las que ocurre entre los trabajadores de la gastronomía. Los participantes fueron 160 individuos con un título en gastronomía, de los cuales 95 eran mujeres (59.4%), con una edad promedio de 30.81 años (DE = 8.34). Los participantes respondieron el Cuestionario Biosociodemográfico y Laboral y el Cuestionario de Actos Negativos, cuyos datos fueron analizados descriptivamente. Los resultados indicaron altas tasas de prevalencia de acoso moral (63.1%) y violencia psicológica (33.8%), que advierten sobre la importancia de divulgar información sobre el acoso y sus daños, con el objetivo de una forma más saludable de manejar y trabajar en la cocina.

Determination of volatile compounds responsible for sensory characteristics from Brazilian extra virgin olive oil using HS-SPME/GC-MS direct method.

Producing of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) containing pleasant sensory notes depends on fruits quality and production process and is strongly associated with their classification that is based on aroma and sensory taste. Consolidated as an efficient method, the direct headspace solid phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME) was utilized to characterize the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile, which contributes to the aroma of olive oils from southwestern (Serra da Mantiqueira region) and southern (Campanha Gaúcha region) Brazil. In this work, the relationship between the VOCs and sensory characteristics has been established; 19 EVOO samples (12 from Campanha Gaúcha and 7 from Serra da Mantiqueira) were studied. Indeed, the main volatile compounds were analyzed and grouped by their classification as well stood up with the trained sensorial panel perceptions. Relevant correlation between artichoke notes and ripe EVOO and between herbaceous notes and green EVOO was found. Additional correlations were observed for C5 and C6 VOCs with green and fruit/floral notes. The results denote the high quality among the samples and imply that besides the genetic factor, ripe or green classification influenced the volatile composition. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: As the Brazilian olive oil production is increasing, knowing about different sensory characteristics and its correlation with the volatile compounds of extra virgin olive oil represents a good tool to improve the quality. Moreover, the application of direct SPME method was possible evidence in the differentiation of ripe and green olive oils, beyond the production region and in consonance with its sensory notes and characteristics.

Flowers up! The effect of floral height along the shoot axis on the fitness of bat-pollinated species.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bat-pollination is an important system in terms of occurrence and distribution, although it remains little studied. Thus, the role of particular flower traits in this interaction remains uncertain. Flower height along the shoot axis, associated with flower exposure, has often been deemed a key trait in this system, but its effect on fitness has not previously been assessed. We aimed to test its role and propose that taller flowers attain higher fitness due to a higher degree of accessibility and conspicuity to foraging bats. METHODS: We assessed the effect of floral height on bat visiting rates to individual flowers of Crescentia cujete (Bignoniaceae), a cauliflorous model bat-pollinated species with a marked gradient in flower height along the shoot axis. Additionally, we tested the effect of this variable on seed/ovule ratio measurements from seven other species from different families along a herb-tree gradient. Hypotheses were tested through mixed-effect linear models. KEY RESULTS: Bat visiting rates varied positively as a function of flower height in C. cujete, but significance was found only for the subset of flowers located on the trunk, closer to the ground. Similarly, seed/ovule ratios were positively correlated with flower height only for the three species with the shortest statures along the height gradient and shortest average floral heights. These results suggest that proximity to the ground, associated with herbaceous or bushy surrounding vegetation, may be an obstacle to the foraging of nectar-feeding bats, which in turn should explain the morphological convergence of inflorescence length and exposure strategies of short-statured bat-pollinated plants. CONCLUSIONS: Flower height has a species-specific effect on plant fitness. This study provides a novel numerical perspective to the role of an unexplored trait in bat-pollination, and has elucidated some aspects of the adaptive importance of flower height based on limitations imposed by ecologically complex pollinators.

Subtle Chemical Variations with Strong Ecological Significance: Stereoselective Responses of Male Orchid Bees to Stereoisomers of Carvone Epoxide.

Different enantiomers of chiral compounds within floral perfumes usually trigger distinct responses in insects; however, this has frequently been neglected in studies investigating semiochemicals in plant-pollinator interactions. Approximately 1000 neotropical plants produce floral perfumes as the only reward for pollinators, i.e. male euglossine bees. The chiral compound carvone epoxide is a key component of the scent bouquet of many perfume-rewarding plants that are pollinated by males of Eulaema. Here, we tested the biological activity of the four carvone epoxide stereoisomers to four Eulaema species occurring in the Atlantic Rainforest of NE-Brazil. We determined the stereochemistry of carvone epoxide in the floral scent of several Catasetum species, tested whether the antennae of bees respond differentially to these stereoisomers and investigated if there is a behavioural preference for any of the stereoisomers. We found that 1) Catasetum species emit only the (-)-trans-stereoisomer of carvone epoxide, 2) for E. atleticana and E. niveofasciata antennal responses to the (-)-trans-carvone epoxide were significantly stronger than those to (-)-cis-carvone epoxide, 3) the strength and pattern of antennal responses to all 4 stereoisomers (separately tested) did not differ among Eulaema species, and 4) there were significant differences in attractiveness of the four stereoisomers to the bees species with the (-)-trans-stereoisomer being particularly attractive. We assume (-)-trans-carvone epoxide to be the dominant isomer in perfume-rewarding plants pollinated by Eulaema. The universal occurrence of carvone epoxide in Catasetum species pollinated by Eulaema, suggests that this compound has evolved in perfume-rewarding as a specific attractant for Eulaema bees as pollinators.

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study.

Background and Aims: Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods: The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results: Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions: Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades.

Prevenção do assédio moral no trabalho na visão de servidores público do judiciário / Prevention of moral harassment at work in the view of public servants of the judiciary

O assédio moral (AM) no trabalho é um fenômeno em expansão, devido às práticas associadas aos modos de gestão atuais. Destacam-se também os prejuízos na saúde das vítimas de AM, justificando a importância de combatê-lo. Investigou-se, na visão dos servidores públicos do judiciário, o que pode auxiliar na prevenção do assédio moral no trabalho. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com delineamento exploratório. Foram participantes da pesquisa 15 servidores de uma Instituição do Poder Judiciário na Região Sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas. Os dados foram analisados a partir da análise de conteúdo, classificando as intervenções voltadas para a prevenção do AM em três níveis: nível 1 para indivíduos envolvidos diretamente; nível 2 para grupos de trabalho; nível 3 com foco na organização e gestão do trabalho. Os resultados indicaram a necessidade de intervenções abrangentes voltadas para o fortalecimento da comunicação, apoio e cooperação no trabalho, criação de canais de escuta e de apoio psicológico, treinamento/desenvolvimento de gestores e intervenções direcionadas para uma cultura mais democrática e não violenta na organização pública estudada. Estes achados foram discutidos à luz da abordagem da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, a qual destaca que o espaço para diálogo, o reconhecimento e a cooperação são elementos essenciais para a construção de um coletivo de trabalho e para a saúde mental. Conclui-se que, diante da multidimensionalidade do AM no trabalho, são necessárias diversificadas intervenções em prol da sua prevenção e promoção de um contexto de trabalho mais saudável.(AU)

Moral Harassment (AM) at work is an expanding phenomenon, due to the practices associated with current modes of management. It is also worth noting the damage to the health of the victims of AM, that justifies the importance of combating it. It was investigated, in the view of the public servants of the judiciary, what may aid in the prevention of bullying at work. This is a qualitative study with an exploratory design. Fifteen employees of an Institution of the Judiciary Power in the Southern Region of Brazil were participants in the survey. The data were collected through interviews. The data were analyzed from the content analysis, classifying the interventions aimed at the prevention of the AM in three levels: level 1 for individuals directly involved; level 2 forwork groups; level 3 with focus on the organization and management of work. The results pointed to the need of comprehensive interventions aimed at strengthening communication, support and cooperation at work, creation of listening channels and psychological support, training /development of managers and interventions aimed at a more democratic and non-violent culturein the public organization studied. These findings were discussed under the approach of Psychodynamics of Work which emphasizes that the space for dialogue, the recognition and cooperation are essential elements for the construction of a collective of work and for mental health. It is concluded that, in view of the multidimensional nature of MA at work, diverse interventions are necessary in order to prevent and promote a healthier work environment.(AU)

THE EFFECT OF GARCINIA CAMBOGIA AS COADJUVANT IN THE WEIGHT LOSS PROCESS.

INTRODUCTION: due to the significant increase in the obesity rate in recent years, public health has been facing in many countries of the world, one of the major problems caused by this disease. Because of this, natural products arise, herbal, to assist in the treatment of obesity due to their safer effects. Among these, stands out the extract obtained from dried fruits of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), which has been studied and used as a natural supplement for weight loss. OBJECTIVE: to investigate the GC administration as a coadjuvant factor in the treatment of obesity regarding to its effectiveness, way of action, recommended daily amount, side effects and contraindications, as a way of food and nutritional security for the population. METHODOLOGY: literature review. There were consulted the database of LILACS-BIREME data, SciELO and MEDLINE and there were selected scientific articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, between the period of 2007 and 2014 that conducted studies involving the administration of the GC as a way of treatment for obesity. The descriptors used for research articles in the databases were the following: Garcinia Cambogia in Portuguese, and in English the terms used were "Garcinia Cambogia", "weight loss and obesity", and "Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA)"; this last one is not a descriptor indexed in Decs, but given the importance of this term for the search, it was adopted as a keyword. Thirty-four articles were identified, but only 21 were related to the objectives of this study. The first analysis of the articles was conducted by the title and then by the summary. In addition, 17 references were included because of their relevance to the study. RESULTS: in some analyzed works, there was observed that the GC showed positive effects on weight loss process, appetite reduction, body fat percentage, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose levels, lipogenesis process, while others had no effect. CONCLUSION: studies suggest positive results about the effectiveness of the GC on the weight loss process. However, the ideal dosage has not been well established yet. There is little evidence of adverse effects and signs of protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. Therefore, it becomes necessary to carry out further studies to confirm the efficacy of this phytotherapy in the weight loss process.

Introducción: debido al aumento significativo de la tasa de obesidad en los últimos años, la salud pública se ha enfrentado en muchos países del mundo a los principales problemas causados por esta enfermedad. Debido a ello, surgen productos naturales, a base de hierbas, para ayudar en el tratamiento de la obesidad debido a sus efectos más seguros. Entre estos productos destaca el extracto obtenido a partir de frutas secas de Garcinia Cambogia (GC), que se ha estudiado y utilizado como un suplemento natural para la pérdida de peso. Objetivo: investigar la administración de GC como un factor coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la obesidad en cuanto a su eficacia, la forma de acción, la cantidad diaria recomendada, los efectos secundarios y las contraindicaciones, para su uso como un suplemento alimentario natural en la pérdida de peso. Metodología: revisión de la literatura. Se consultaron las bases de datos LILACS-BIREME, SciELO y MEDLINE, y se seleccionaron los artículos científicos publicados en inglés, portugués y español, entre el período de 2007 y 2014, llevando a cabo estudios sobre la administración de la GC como una forma de tratamiento de la obesidad. Los descriptores utilizados para los artículos de investigación fueron: en portugúes Cambogia Garcinia, y en inglés "Garcinia Cambogia", "pérdida de peso y obesidad", y "ácido hidroxicítrico (HCA)"; este último no es un descriptor indexado en Decs, pero dada la importancia de este término para la búsqueda, se adoptó como una palabra clave. Se identificaron treinta y cuatro artículos, pero solo 21 estaban relacionados con los objetivos de este estudio. El primer análisis de los artículos fue realizada por el título y luego por el resumen. Además, se incluyeron 17 referencias por su relevancia para el estudio. Resultados: en algunos trabajos analizados se observó que GC mostró efectos positivos en el proceso de pérdida de peso, reducción de apetito, porcentaje de grasa corporal, triglicéridos, niveles de colesterol y glucosa y proceso de lipogénesis; mientras que en otros no produjo ningún efecto. Conclusión: los estudios sugieren resultados positivos con respecto a la eficacia de la GC en el proceso de pérdida de peso. Sin embargo, la dosis ideal no ha sido aún bien establecido. Hay poca evidencia de efectos adversos y signos de efecto protector contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por el etanol. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario llevar a cabo más estudios para confirmar la eficacia de esta fitoterapia en el proceso de pérdida de peso.

The effect of Garcinia Cambogia as coadjuvant in the weight loss process / El efecto de la Garcinia Cambogia como coadyuvante en el proceso de pérdida de peso

Introduction: due to the significant increase in the obesity rate in recent years, public health has been facing in many countries of the world, one of the major problems caused by this disease. Because of this, natural products arise, herbal, to assist in the treatment of obesity due to their safer effects. Among these, stands out the extract obtained from dried fruits of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), which has been studied and used as a natural supplement for weight loss. Objective: to investigate the GC administration as a coadjuvant factor in the treatment of obesity regarding to its effectiveness, way of action, recommended daily amount, side effects and contraindications, as a way of food and nutritional security for the population. Methodology: literature review. There were consulted the database of LILACS-BIREME data, SciELO and MEDLINE and there were selected scientific articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, between the period of 2007 and 2014 that conducted studies involving the administration of the GC as a way of treatment for obesity. The descriptors used for research articles in the databases were the following: Garcinia Cambogia in Portuguese, and in English the terms used were 'Garcinia Cambogia', 'weight loss and obesity', and 'Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA)'; this last one is not a descriptor indexed in Decs, but given the importance of this term for the search, it was adopted as a keyword. Thirty-four articles were identified, but only 21 were related to the objectives of this study. The first analysis of the articles was conducted by the title and then by the summary. In addition, 17 references were included because of their relevance to the study. Results: in some analyzed works, there was observed that the GC showed positive effects on weight loss process, appetite reduction, body fat percentage, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose levels, lipogenesis process, while others had no effect. Conclusion: studies suggest positive results about the effectiveness of the GC on the weight loss process. However, the ideal dosage has not been well established yet. There is little evidence of adverse effects and signs of protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. Therefore, it becomes necessary to carry out further studies to confirm the efficacy of this phytotherapy in the weight loss process (AU)

Introducción: debido al aumento significativo de la tasa de obesidad en los últimos años, la salud pública se ha enfrentado en muchos países del mundo a los principales problemas causados por esta enfermedad. Debido a ello, surgen productos naturales, a base de hierbas, para ayudar en el tratamiento de la obesidad debido a sus efectos más seguros. Entre estos productos destaca el extracto obtenido a partir de frutas secas de Garcinia Cambogia (GC), que se ha estudiado y utilizado como un suplemento natural para la pérdida de peso. Objetivo: investigar la administración de GC como un factor coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la obesidad en cuanto a su eficacia, la forma de acción, la cantidad diaria recomendada, los efectos secundarios y las contraindicaciones, para su uso como un suplemento alimentario natural en la pérdida de peso. Metodología: revisión de la literatura. Se consultaron las bases de datos LILACS-BIREME, SciELO y MEDLINE, y se seleccionaron los artículos científicos publicados en inglés, portugués y español, entre el período de 2007 y 2014, llevando a cabo estudios sobre la administración de la GC como una forma de tratamiento de la obesidad. Los descriptores utilizados para los artículos de investigación fueron: en portugúes Cambogia Garcinia, y en inglés 'Garcinia Cambogia', 'pérdida de peso y obesidad', y 'ácido hidroxicítrico (HCA)'; este último no es un descriptor indexado en Decs, pero dada la importancia de este término para la búsqueda, se adoptó como una palabra clave. Se identificaron treinta y cuatro artículos, pero solo 21 estaban relacionados con los objetivos de este estudio. El primer análisis de los artículos fue realizada por el título y luego por el resumen. Además, se incluyeron 17 referencias por su relevancia para el estudio. Resultados: en algunos trabajos analizados se observó que GC mostró efectos positivos en el proceso de pérdida de peso, reducción de apetito, porcentaje de grasa corporal, triglicéridos, niveles de colesterol y glucosa y proceso de lipogénesis; mientras que en otros no produjo ningún efecto. Conclusión: los estudios sugieren resultados positivos con respecto a la eficacia de la GC en el proceso de pérdida de peso. Sin embargo, la dosis ideal no ha sido aún bien establecido. Hay poca evidencia de efectos adversos y signos de efecto protector contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por el etanol. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario llevar a cabo más estudios para confirmar la eficacia de esta fitoterapia en el proceso de pérdida de peso (AU)

The floral scents of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae), the New World night-blooming water lilies, and their relation with putative pollinators.

Night-blooming water lilies are characterized by intense emission of floral VOCs. Their unique scent-oriented pollinators, cyclocephaline scarabs (Scarabaeidae, Cyclocephalini), are attracted to flowers that they use as reliable sources of food and as mating aggregation sites. Chemical analysis of floral scent samples of seven species of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis established remarkably simple fragrant blends, each of which was dominated by one or two prominent compounds that alone accounted for over 95% of total scent emission. A total of 22 VOCs were identified: aliphatics (9), C5-branched chain compounds (5) and aromatics (8). Anisole was the dominant constituent in the floral scents of Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum, N. amazonum subsp. pedersenii and N. tenerinervia, whereas (methoxymethyl)benzene was the most abundant VOC in samples of N. lasiophylla and N. lingulata. Flowers of N. rudgeana and N. gardneriana emitted high amounts of methyl hexanoate and methyl 2-methylbutanoate. Comparisons of floral VOC composition including other day- and night-blooming species of Nymphaea and Victoria obtained from the literature evidenced disparities related to habitus. While flowers of day-blooming species mostly emit aromatic alcohols and ethers, nocturnal species are particularly rich in aromatic ethers, aliphatic esters and C5-branched chain esters. These findings strongly suggest that the floral scent composition within closely related Nymphaea and Victoria is linked to pollinator selection, and the putative role of floral VOCs in pollinator attractiveness is discussed.

Floral polymorphism in Chamaecrista flexuosa (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae): a possible case of atypical enantiostyly?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Reciprocal herkogamy, including enantiostyly and heterostyly, involves reciprocity in the relative positions of the sexual elements within the flower. Such systems result in morphologically and, since pollen is deposited on and captured from different parts of the pollinator, functionally distinct floral forms. Deviations from the basic pattern may modify the functionality of these mechanisms. For heterostylous species, such deviations are generally related to environmental disturbances, pollination services and/or reduced numbers of one floral morph. Deviations for enantiostylous species have not yet been reported. This study aims to investigate enantiostyly in Chamaecrista flexuosa, in particular the presence of deviations from the standard form, in an area of coastal vegetation in north-east Brazil. METHODS: Observations and investigations of floral biology, the reproductive system, pollinator behaviour, floral morphology and morphometry were performed. KEY RESULTS: In C. flexuosa flowers, anthers of different size but similar function are grouped. The flowers were self-compatible and set fruits after every treatment, except in the spontaneous self-pollination experiment, thereby indicating their dependence on pollen vectors. The flowers were pollinated by bees, especially Xylocopa cearensis and X. grisencens. Pollen is deposited and captured from the ventral portion of the pollinator's body. Variations in the spatial arrangement of floral elements allowed for the identification of floral morphs based on both morphological and functional criteria. Using morphological criteria, morphologically right (MR) and morphologically left (ML) floral morphs were identified. Three floral morphs were identified using functional criteria: functionally right (FR), functionally central (FC) and functionally left (FL). Combinations of morphologically and functionally defined morphs did not occur in equal proportions. There was a reduced frequency of the MR-FR combination. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the occurrence of an atypical enantiostyly in C. flexuosa. This seems to improve reproductive success by increasing the efficiency of pollen deposition and capture.

Plant sexual systems and a review of the breeding system studies in the Caatinga, a Brazilian tropical dry forest.

BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS: The reproductive biology of a community can provide answers to questions related to the maintenance of the intraspecific pollen flow and reproductive success of populations, sharing and competition for pollinators and also questions on conservation of natural habitats affected by fragmentation processes. This work presents, for the first time, data on the occurrence and frequency of plant sexual systems for Caatinga communities, and a review of the breeding system studies of Caatinga species. METHODS: The sexual systems of 147 species from 34 families and 91 genera occurring in three Caatinga areas in north-eastern Brazil were analysed and compared with worldwide studies focusing on reproductive biology of different tropical communities. KEY RESULTS: The frequency of hermaphrodite species was 83.0 % (122 species), seven of these (or 4.8 % of the total) being heterostylous. Monoecy occurred in 9.5 % (14) of the species, and andromonoecy in 4.8 % (seven). Only 2.7 % (four) of the species were dioecious. A high percentage of hermaphrodite species was expected and has been reported for other tropical ecosystems. With respect to the breeding system studies with species of the Caatinga, the authors' data for 21 species and an additional 18 species studied by others (n = 39) revealed a high percentage (61.5 %) of obligatory self-incompatibility. Agamospermy was not recorded among the Caatinga studied species. CONCLUSIONS: The plant sexual systems in the Caatinga, despite the semi-arid climate, are similar to other tropical dry and wet forest communities, including those with high rainfall levels, except for the much lower percentage of dioecious species. The high frequency of self-incompatible species is similar to that reported for Savanna areas in Brazil, and also for dry (deciduous and semideciduous) and humid tropical forest communities.