An Integrated Approach Using Spatial Analysis to Study the Risk Factors for Leishmaniasis in Area of Recent Transmission.

Some epidemiological aspects of leishmaniasis in the municipality of Formiga, Brazil, an important touristic site, were evaluated. Those included phlebotomine sand fly vectors, canine infection, and geoprocessing analysis for determining critical transmission areas. Sand flies (224 insects) belonging to ten different species were captured. The most captured species included Lutzomyia longipalpis (35.3%), Lutzomyia cortelezzii (33.5%), and Lutzomyia whitmani (18.3%). A significant correlation between sand fly densities and climatic conditions was detected. Serological diagnosis (DPP and ELISA) was performed in 570 dogs indicating a prevalence of 5.8%. After sequencing the main species circulating in the area were Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis. Spatial analysis demonstrated that vegetation and hydrography may be related to sand fly distribution and infected dogs. The municipality of Formiga has proven leishmaniasis vectors and infected dogs indicating the circulation of the parasite in the city. Correlation of those data with environmental and human cases has identified the critical areas for control interventions (south, northeast, and northwest). In conclusion, there is current transmission of visceral and canine human cases and the city is on the risk for the appearance of cutaneous cases.

Levantamento malacológico e mapeamento das áreas de risco para transmissão da esquistossomose mansoni no Município de Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Malacological survey and risk areas maping for schistosomiasis transmission from Mariana county, Minas Gerais state, Brazil

Em levantamento malacológico realizado no município de Mariana, (MG - Brasil), entre abril de 2003 e fevereiro de 2004, compreendendo os períodos do ano de seca e chuva, foram coletados 23271 moluscos, representados por 6 espécies e 4 famílias. Desses, 11147 exemplares de Biomphalaria glabrata, 12092 exemplares de Physa marmorata, 24 exemplares de Lymnaea columella, 02 exemplares de Melanoides tuberculatus, 04 exemplares de Drepanotrema anatinum e 02 exemplares de Drepanotrema lucidum. O encontro dos moluscos dos gêneros Physa, Lymnaea, Melanoides e Drepanotrema representa o primeiro relato para o município de Mariana. Entre os exemplares de Biomphalaria capturados, 111 mostraram-se positivos para Schistosoma mansoni e 23 mostraram-se positivos para diversas larvas de trematódeos. Um exemplar de Physa marmorata mostrou-se positivo para larva de trematódeo. A utilização de um receptor do sistema GPS possibilitou a localização precisa dos locais de coleta e a carta planorbídica para o município de Mariana foi elaborada, com informações sobre locais com presença de moluscos e as áreas de risco para a transmissão da esquistossomose.

[Visceral leishmaniasis: a study on phlebotomine sand flies and canine infection in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais]. / Leishmaniose visceral: estudo de flebotomíneos e infecção canina em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais.

Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil was initially associated with rural areas. However, due to several environmental modifications such as deforestation, urbanization and intense migratory processes, there has been an expansion of endemic areas, leading to urbanization of the disease, mainly in the central and northeastern regions of Brazil. In the municipality of Montes Claros, located in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, an epidemiological survey on VL was carried out. A canine serological inquiry was carried out in 2002 and an entomological survey, using luminous CDC traps, was performed from September 2002 to August 2003. Canine VL prevalence showed an average infection rate of approximately 5%. An estimated 16 species comprised the phlebotomine sand fly fauna, based on a total of 1043 specimens. The predominant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis with a rate of 74%, suggesting its participation in the transmission of VL in the municipality of Montes Claros.

Leishmaniose visceral: estudo de flebotomíneos e infecção canina em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais / Visceral leishmaniasis: a study on phlebotomine sand flies and canine infection in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais

A leishmaniose visceral no Brasil estava inicialmente associada a áreas rurais, mas devido às diversas alterações no ambiente como, desmatamentos, urbanização e intenso processo migratório, ocorreu a expansão das áreas endêmicas, levando à urbanização da doença, principalmente nas regiões Sudeste e Centro Oeste do país. No município de Montes Claros, situado ao norte de Minas Gerais, foi feito um estudo para verificação da situação da LV. No ano de 2002 foi realizado inquérito sorológico canino e no período de setembro de 2002 a agosto de 2003 foi feito levantamento entomológico, utilizando armadilhas luminosas de CDC. A prevalência da LV canina apresentou taxa média de infecção em torno de 5 por cento. A fauna de flebotomíneos estimada foi de 16 espécies, totalizando 1043 exemplares. Lutzomyia longipalpis foi a espécie predominante com 74 por cento, o que sugere a sua participação na transmissão de LV em Montes Claros.

Vaccination of C57BL/10 mice against cutaneous Leishmaniasis using killed promastigotes of different strains and species of Leishmania.

Antigenic extracts from five Leishmania stocks were used to vaccinate C57BL/10 mice. The Leishvacin(R) and PH8 monovalent vaccine yielded the highest IFN-gamma levels in the supernatants of spleen cell culture from vaccinated animals. Each single strain immunized group showed evidence of protective immunity six months after the challenge with promastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. No differences were detected between the vaccinated groups. It can be concluded that vaccines composed of single Leishmania stocks can provide protection to C57BL/10 mice against L. (L.) amazonensis infection.

Vaccination of C57BL/10 mice against cutaneous leishmaniasis using killed promastigotes of different strains and species of Leishmania

Antigenic extracts from five Leishmania stocks were used to vaccinate C57BL/10 mice. The Leishvacin® and PH8 monovalent vaccine yielded the highest IFN-gamma levels in the supernatants of spleen cell culture from vaccinated animals. Each single strain immunized group showed evidence of protective immunity six months after the challenge with promastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. No differences were detected between the vaccinated groups. It can be concluded that vaccines composed of single Leishmania stocks can provide protection to C57BL/10 mice against L. (L.) amazonensis infection