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1.
MEDICC Rev ; 24(3-4): 68-71, 2022 Oct 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36417338

RESUMO

Globally, SARS CoV-2 omicron variant has led to a notable increase of COVID-19 diagnoses, although with less severe clinical manifestations and decreased hospitalizations. The omicron wave swelled faster than previous waves, completely displacing the delta variant within weeks, and creating worldwide concern about final, successful pandemic control. Some authors contend that symptoms associated to omicron differ from 'traditional' symptoms and more closely resemble those of the common cold. One major COVID-19 symptom frequent with other variants-loss of taste and smell-is rarely present with omicron. This may be of interest, since it has also been suggested that direct SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the brainstem through the olfactory nerves by transsynaptic pathways could provide one explanation for the acute respiratory distress syndrome refractory to treatment. Brainstem infection by SARS-CoV-2 can severely damage the respiratory center, triggering functional deviations that affect involuntary respiration, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome refractory to treatment, the main cause of death in COVID-19 patients. A shift in the omicron SARS-CoV-2 entry pathway from cell-surface fusion, triggered by TMPRSS2, to cathepsin-dependent fusion within the endosome, may affect transmission, cellular tropism and pathogenesis. Therefore, we can hypothesize that this entrance modification may impact transmission from the olfactory nerve to the brainstem through transsynaptic pathways. A decrement of the virus's direct invasion into the brainstem could diminish respiratory center dysfunction, reducing acute respiratory distress syndrome and the need for mechanical ventilation.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2
3.
MEDICC Rev ; 22(4): 85-86, 2020 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33295326

RESUMO

A perplexing clinical aspect of COVID-19 is presentation of patients with pronounced hypoxemia without expected signs of respiratory distress or dyspnea, even when cyanotic. Nonetheless, these patients frequently leapfrog clinical evolution stages and suffer acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with concomitant cardiorespiratory arrest and death.[1] This phenomenon is referred to as silent or 'happy' hypoxemia.


Assuntos
COVID-19/fisiopatologia , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Cuba , Dispneia/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Pandemias , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/fisiopatologia , SARS-CoV-2
4.
MEDICC Rev ; 22(2): 38-39, 2020 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32478706

RESUMO

The main characteristics and challenging symptoms of COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, are related to re-spiratory distress. Although most patients have mild symptoms such as fever, headache, cough, myalgia and anosmia, some develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, leading to death in many cases. Human coronavirus (CoVs) were responsible for two previ-ous worldwide outbreaks: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). Several reports of these outbreaks demonstrated that these diseases affected the central nervous system (CNS).[1] Thus, for the current COVID-19 pandemic, a crucial question arises: does CNS affection at least partially explain the respiratory distress commonly found in these patients?


Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Sistema Nervoso Central/microbiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/fisiopatologia , Pneumonia Viral/fisiopatologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , COVID-19 , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2
5.
Clin EEG Neurosci ; 46(2): 153-68, 2015 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24879437

RESUMO

The combination of recently developed methods for electroencephalographic (EEG) space-time-frequency analysis can provide noninvasive functional neuroimages necessary for obtaining an accurate localization of the epileptogenic zone. The aim of this study was to determine if time-frequency (TF) analysis, followed by EEG source localization, would improve the detection and identification of epileptogenic and related activity. Seventeen patients with refractory frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) were studied using video EEG recording. TF analysis identified the first epileptogenic EEG changes. Using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach, we compared brain electromagnetic tomographic (BET) images, constructed from the TF domain, with BET images constructed from the time domain only. We determined if the localization identified by BET images was concordant with the localization from medical history and video EEG recording. TF analysis provided a clear display of subtle EEG features, including EEG lateralization, and more concordant and delimited epileptogenic zones, compared with time-domain source analysis. In conclusion, EEG TF analysis improves source localization. After a thorough validation, this methodology could become a useful noninvasive tool for localizing the epileptogenic zone in clinical practice.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Diagnóstico por Computador/métodos , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Epilepsia/fisiopatologia , Rede Nervosa/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Teorema de Bayes , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Análise de Ondaletas , Adulto Jovem
6.
Medisan ; 17(7): 1037-1038, jul. 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-680582
7.
Clin EEG Neurosci ; 44(1): 3-15, 2013 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23248336

RESUMO

Electroencephalography (EEG) source localization in epileptology continues to be a challenge for neuroscientists. A number of inverse solution (IS) methodologies have been proposed to solve this problem, and their advantages and limitations have been described. In the present work, a previously developed IS approach called Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is introduced in clinical practice in order to improve the localization accuracy of epileptic discharge sources. For this study, 31 patients with the diagnosis of partial epilepsies were studied: 14 had benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and 17 had temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The underlying epileptic sources were localized using the BMA approach, and the results were compared with those expected from the clinical diagnosis. Additional comparisons with results obtained from 3 of the most commonly used distributed IS methods for these purposes (minimum norm [MN], weighted minimum norm [WMN], and low-resolution electromagnetic tomography [LORETA]) were carried out in terms of source localization accuracy and spatial resolutions. The BMA approach estimated discharge sources that were consistent with the clinical diagnosis, and this method outperformed LORETA, MN, and WMN in terms of both localization accuracy and spatial resolution. The BMA was able to localize deeper generators with high accuracy. In conclusion, the BMA methodology has a great potential for the noninvasive accurate localization of epileptic sources, even those located in deeper structures. Therefore, it could be a promising tool for clinical practice in epileptology, although additional studies in other types of epileptic syndromes are necessary.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Mapeamento Encefálico/normas , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Eletroencefalografia/normas , Epilepsias Parciais/diagnóstico , Epilepsia Rolândica/diagnóstico , Adulto , Algoritmos , Teorema de Bayes , Criança , Epilepsias Parciais/fisiopatologia , Epilepsia Rolândica/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto Jovem
9.
Rev cuba neurol neurocir ; 1(1)ene.-dic. 2011.
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-76093

RESUMO

Objetivo: Revisar la literatura sobre el estado vegetativo persistente, fundamentar criterios basado en nuestras experiencias, exponer nuestros argumentos sobre el soporte vital y contribuir a la divulgación científica y al debate.Desarrollo: El estado vegetativo persistente constituye un tema polémico en el capítulo de alteraciones de conciencia de las Neurociencias contemporáneas y fue descrito en 1972 por Jennett y Plum. La epidemiología nos indica que cada vez es mayor el número de enfermos que después de un traumatismo craneoencefálico grave u otra lesión del Sistema Nervioso pasan a este estado, de aquí la necesidad de conocer esta entidad y prepararnos para su atención médica. Dicha condiciónclínica caracterizada por inconsciencia, con preservación total o parcial de las funciones del tallo e hipotálamo. Estospacientes se reponen de un sueño tipo coma, tienen ciclos sueño vigilia con despertares, apertura de los ojos, así como reactividad limitada a posturas primitivas además de movimientos reflejos de las extremidades, sin lograr verbalizar. Estos enfermos no están inconscientes ni en coma en el sentido usual de la palabra, están despiertos sin conciencia.Conclusiones: Es una actitud incorrecta, arbitraria, calificar el estado de estos pacientes como no merecido de ser vivido. Desde el punto de vista ético, estimamos que constituye un atentado contra la dignidad del ser humano retirar la hidratación y la nutrición a un enfermo en estado vegetativo persistente. Estos enfermos están vivos por lo que debemos brindarles laasistencia médica que necesiten(AU)


Objectives: To review literature about persistent vegetative state, to base criteria based on our experiences, to set out our arguments on the vital support and to contribute to the scientific spreading and the debate.Development: The persistent vegetative state constitutes a controversial subject, in the chapter of contemporary alterations of it brings back to consciousness of the Neurosciences and was described in 1972 by Jennett and Plum. Epidemiology indicates to us that every time the number of patients is greater who after severe head injury or another injury of the nervous system happen to this state, of here the necessity to know this organization and to prepare us for their medical attention. This state is characterized by the complete absence of behavioural evidence for self or environmental awareness with total orpartial preservation of the functions of the stem brain and hypothalamus. There is preserved capacity for spontaneous orstimulus–induced arousal, evidenced by sleep–wake cycles. These patients are not unconscious nor in comma in the usual sense of the word, are wide–awake without brings back to consciousness.Conclusions: It is an incorrect, arbitrary attitude, to describe the state as these patients like not deserved of being lived.From the ethical point of view, we considered that it constitutes an attack against the dignity of the human being to retire the hydration and the nutrition to a patient in persistent vegetative state. These patients are alive reason why we must offer the medical aid them who need(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/diagnóstico , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/epidemiologia , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/história , Cérebro/fisiologia , Neurociências/história , Cuidados para Prolongar a Vida , Consciência , Sono , Vigília
11.
Rev. cuba. med ; 49(4): 431-434, oct.-dic. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-584800
12.
Rev cuba anestesiol reanim ; 9(1)mayo-ago. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-42642

RESUMO

El desarrollo científico-técnico del siglo XX hizo posible el surgimiento de una nueva especialidad médica, la terapia intensiva. Este adelanto de la medicina llevó al médico a enfrentar un estado clínico, difícil de imaginar pocos años atrás, en el que los enfermos perdían sus funciones integradas en el encéfalo, mientras otros órganos del cuerpo mantenían su integridad. Surgía así una pregunta: ¿Estos enfermos en los que se asociaba un encéfalo muerto con un cuerpo vivo, estaban vivos o muertos? Así surge el concepto de muerte encefálica (ME), sinónimo de muerte del individuo...(AU)


The scientific-technical development of XX century allowed a new medical specialty, the intensive therapy. This medicine advance made that the physician faced a clinical state difficult to imagine some times ago, where the ills lost their functions integrate in encephalon, while other body organs maintained integrity. To arised the following question: These ills with an association a dead encephalon with a live body were lives or deaths? Thus appears the concept of encephalic death (ED), synonym of subject death...(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Morte Encefálica/diagnóstico , Morte Encefálica/fisiopatologia
13.
Rev. cuba. anestesiol. reanim ; 9(1): 14-23, ene.-abr. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-739020

RESUMO

Introducción. El desarrollo científico-técnico del siglo XX hizo posible el surgimiento de una nueva especialidad médica, la terapia intensiva. Este adelanto de la medicina llevó al médico a enfrentar un estado clínico, difícil de imaginar pocos años atrás, en el que los enfermos perdían sus funciones integradas en el encéfalo, mientras otros órganos del cuerpo mantenían su integridad. Surgía así una pregunta: ¿Estos enfermos en los que se asociaba un encéfalo muerto con un cuerpo vivo, estaban vivos o muertos? Así surge el concepto de muerte encefálica (ME), sinónimo de muerte del individuo. Material y Método: Se hace una revisión de las formulaciones de la muerte sobre bases neurológicas, así como de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos para la generación de la conciencia. Resultados. Se demuestra que la conciencia es la función que provee los atributos humanos esenciales de la existencia humana, que hacen que cada individuo sea irrepetible, y establece el nivel más alto de integración del organismo. Se propone una nueva formulación sobre la muerte sobre bases neurológicas que explicar por qué la ME es un estado irreversible, y es un evento que ocurre al final de la desaparición de las funciones integradas en el encéfalo. Conclusiones. Se propone una nueva formulación de la muerte que permite afirmar que la ME es sinónimo de muerte del individuo.


Introduction: The scientific-technical development of XX century allowed a new medical specialty, the intensive therapy. This medicine advance made that the physician faced a clinical state difficult to imagine some times ago, where the ills lost their functions integrate in encephalon, while other body organs maintained integrity. To arised the following question: These ills with an association a dead encephalon with a live body were lives or deaths? Thus appears the concept of encephalic death (ED), synonym of subject death. Material and Methods: Authors made a review of the death formulations with neurologic bases, as well as of physiopathologic mechanisms for the consciousness generation. Results: It is demonstrated that consciousness is the function providing the human attributes essential of human existence where each subject be unique and to establish the higher level of organism integration. We propose a new death formulation on neurologic basis explaining why the ED is an irreversible state and also an event occurring at the end of disappearance of functions integrated in encephalon. Conclusions: Authors propose a new death formulation allows confirming that ED is synonym of subject death.

14.
Rev. cuba. med ; 48(2)abr.-jun. 2009. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-547150

RESUMO

Se hizo una revisión sobre la aplicación de los potenciales evocados multimodales (PEM) para la neuromonitorización del coma, y como pruebas confirmatorias, en el diagnóstico de la muerte encefálica (ME). Los resultados presentados demuestran el valor de los PEM en la predicción del curso evolutivo del paciente comatoso, al predecir el deterioro de la función encefálica, lo que permite que el médico pueda tomar medidas terapéuticas tempranas, antes de que se establezcan lesiones encefálicas irreversibles. La alta resolución temporal de estas pruebas, capaces de detectar cambios funcionales del encéfalo en milisegundos, las hace idóneas para la neuromonitorización de pacientes críticos. En relación con la aplicación de los PEM y el electrorretinograma (ERG) como pruebas confirmatorias en el diagnóstico de la ME, se encontraron patrones electrofisiológicos característicos que indican la ausencia de la conducción sensorial en 3 vías diferentes, dentro de la cavidad craneana. No obstante, al considerarse una batería de pruebas confirmatorias y no como técnicas aisladas, permite optimizar el estudio electrofisiológico, y aumentar la confiabilidad diagnóstica. Por otro lado, por la resistencia de los PEM y del ERG a la hipotermia, al empleo de barbitúricos, anestésicos, a intoxicaciones por diferentes fármacos, a la anoxia, etc., permite aplicar dicha batería de pruebas para reducir el tiempo de observación requerido para establecer el diagnóstico definitivo de la ME, y confirmar dicho diagnóstico en situaciones que dificulten ese proceder.


Authors reviewed on application of multimodality evoked potentials (MEP) for coma neuromonitoring and as confirmatory tests in brain death (BD) diagnosis. Results presented demonstrate the MEPs value in forecast of evolution course of comatose patients, allowing prediction of brain function deterioration and thus, physician may take early therapeutic measures before establishment of irreversible brain lesions. The high time resolution of these tests allows an early detection of bran function changes, making them suitable for neuromonitoring of critical patients. In relation to MEPs and the electroretinogram (ERG) application, as confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of BD, characteristic electrophysiological patterns are found showing a lack of sensorial conduction in three different pathways within the skull. However, when considering a confirmatory test battery but not as isolated techniques, it is possible to optimize the electrophysiological study and to increase diagnostic reliability. By other hand, due to MEPs and ERG resistance to hypothermia, to use of barbiturates, to anesthetics, to intoxications from different drugs, to anoxia, etc, it is possible to apply such test battery in decreasing observation time required to establish the definite diagnosis of BD, and to confirm this diagnosis in clinical circumstances that make difficult this diagnostic procedure.


Assuntos
Humanos , Potenciais Evocados , Eletrorretinografia/métodos , Morte Encefálica/diagnóstico
15.
Rev. cuba. med ; 48(2)abr.-jun. 2009. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | CUMED | ID: cum-40774

RESUMO

Se hizo una revisión sobre la aplicación de los potenciales evocados multimodales (PEM) para la neuromonitorización del coma, y como pruebas confirmatorias, en el diagnóstico de la muerte encefálica (ME). Los resultados presentados demuestran el valor de los PEM en la predicción del curso evolutivo del paciente comatoso, al predecir el deterioro de la función encefálica, lo que permite que el médico pueda tomar medidas terapéuticas tempranas, antes de que se establezcan lesiones encefálicas irreversibles. La alta resolución temporal de estas pruebas, capaces de detectar cambios funcionales del encéfalo en milisegundos, las hace idóneas para la neuromonitorización de pacientes críticos. En relación con la aplicación de los PEM y el electrorretinograma (ERG) como pruebas confirmatorias en el diagnóstico de la ME, se encontraron patrones electrofisiológicos característicos que indican la ausencia de la conducción sensorial en 3 vías diferentes, dentro de la cavidad craneana. No obstante, al considerarse una batería de pruebas confirmatorias y no como técnicas aisladas, permite optimizar el estudio electrofisiológico, y aumentar la confiabilidad diagnóstica. Por otro lado, por la resistencia de los PEM y del ERG a la hipotermia, al empleo de barbitúricos, anestésicos, a intoxicaciones por diferentes fármacos, a la anoxia, etc., permite aplicar dicha batería de pruebas para reducir el tiempo de observación requerido para establecer el diagnóstico definitivo de la ME, y confirmar dicho diagnóstico en situaciones que dificulten ese proceder(AU)


Authors reviewed on application of multimodality evoked potentials (MEP) for coma neuromonitoring and as confirmatory tests in brain death (BD) diagnosis. Results presented demonstrate the MEPs value in forecast of evolution course of comatose patients, allowing prediction of brain function deterioration and thus, physician may take early therapeutic measures before establishment of irreversible brain lesions. The high time resolution of these tests allows an early detection of bran function changes, making them suitable for neuromonitoring of critical patients. In relation to MEPs and the electroretinogram (ERG) application, as confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of BD, characteristic electrophysiological patterns are found showing a lack of sensorial conduction in three different pathways within the skull. However, when considering a confirmatory test battery but not as isolated techniques, it is possible to optimize the electrophysiological study and to increase diagnostic reliability. By other hand, due to MEPs and ERG resistance to hypothermia, to use of barbiturates, to anesthetics, to intoxications from different drugs, to anoxia, etc, it is possible to apply such test battery in decreasing observation time required to establish the definite diagnosis of BD, and to confirm this diagnosis in clinical circumstances that make difficult this diagnostic procedure(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Morte Encefálica/diagnóstico , Potenciais Evocados , Eletrorretinografia/métodos
16.
In. Centro Nacional de Bioética. 2§ Congreso de bioética de América Latina y del Caribe: memoria. Santafé de Bogotá, CENALBE, 1999. p.251-73.
Monografia em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-275127

RESUMO

La falta de integración de los tres aspectos que deben ser tenidos en cuenta para la precisión de la muerte humana: la definición, el criterio y las pruebas diagnósticas, constituye el eje de numerosas controversias que dificultan las decisiones bioéticas. La precisión de una nueva definición de la muerte humana sobre bases neurológicas que permite una adecuada integración entre los tres elementos, provee un sustrato adecuado para comprender la muerte suscitando así nuevos criterios que inspiren deciciones clínicas


Assuntos
Humanos , Bioética , Morte , Atitude Frente a Morte , Causas de Morte
20.
Rev. cuba. med ; 35(3): 183-95, sept.-dic. 1996. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-184507

RESUMO

Durante siglos, la ausencia irreversible de la funcion cardiorrespiratoria espontanea se considero como determinante de la muerte del individuo. Sin embargo, con el desarrollo de la terapia intensiva, las funciones integradas en el encefalo comenzaron a ser consideradas como la razon principal para enunciar una definicion de la muerte humana. Existen 3 grandes tendencias o escuelas en relacion con la definicion de la muerte en el hombre sobre bases neurologicas: aquellas que se refieren a la perdida de tributos esenciales que identifican la naturaleza humana, aquellas que se refieren a la perdida de la integracion del organismo como un todo y las que tratan de definir la porcion del encefalo que debe ser cesar de funcionar irreversiblemente para que una persona pueda declararse fallecida. Se discuten estas definiciones de muerte orientadas hacia las funciones encefalicas y se llega a la conclusion de que la conciencia (considerando sus 2 componentes: capacidad y contenido), cuyas bases neurales se ubican en la llamada unidad formacion reticular/corteza, es la funcion que provee los atributos esencialmente humanos y, a la vez, integra el funcionamiento del organismo como un todo. Por tanto, se define la muerte humana como la perdida irreversible de la capacidad y del contenido de la conciencia


Assuntos
Morte , História da Medicina , Inconsciência
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