Consumo de lácteos y asociación con el exceso de peso en adultos chilenos / Dairy consumption and association with excess weight in chilean adults

Fundamentos: El objetivo de este estudio es asociar el consumo de lácteos con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en adultos chilenos. Métodos: Estudio analítico transversal, se evaluaron adultos sanos de 18 años en adelante, en diferentes regiones del país. A los 2776 participantes se les aplicó una encuesta de hábitos alimentarios (frecuencia de consumo), encuesta de actividad física (cumple o no con 150 min /semana), de hábito tabáquico (consumo o no consumo) y se les realizaron mediciones antropométricas (peso y estatura). Resultados: Se observaron correlaciones negativas entre la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos con peso (p<0,001) e IMC (p<0,001). Al comparar el tercil de mayor consumo vs el tercil de menor consumo de lácteos, el grupo de mayor consumo presentaba un significativo menor peso e IMC y una mayor puntuación de alimentación, vs el tercil de menor consumo en <30 años (<0,001), pero no en los otros grupos etarios. Finalmente, la ingesta de lácteos se asociaba con menor peso, tanto en el modelo crudo, como en el modelo 1 (OR:0,623; IC95% 0,514-0,755), sin embargo, en el modelo 2 perdía esta asociación (OR:0,934; IC 95% 0,739- 1,181). Conclusiones: El tercil de mayor consumo de lácteos presenta un menor peso, IMC y mayor puntuación en alimentación saludable. Sin embargo, al realizar las asociaciones finales, el consumo de lácteos se muestra como un factor protector frente al exceso de peso solo en los primeros 2 modelos. (AU)

Background: The objective of this study is to associate dairy consumption with body mass index (BMI) in adults in Chile. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study, the participants correspond to 2276 healthy adults of 18 years or older, in different regions. Each participant answers a survey which includes an eating habit questionnaire (consumption frequency), a physical activity questionnaire (complies or not with 150 min / week), and a smoking habit questionnaire (consumption or non-consumption). This data is complemented with direct measurement of weight and height. Results: Negative correlations were observed between the frequency of dairy consumption with weight (p<0.001) and BMI (p<0.001). When comparing the tertile with the highest vs. the tertile with the lowest consumption of dairy products, the group with the highest consumption has a significantly lower weight, BMI and higher food score than the tertile with the lowest consumption in those <30 years (<0.001), but not in the other age groups. Finally, dairy intake is associated with lower weight, both in the raw model and in model 1 (OR:0.623; CI95% 0.514-0.755), however, in model 2 this association is lost (OR:0.934 ; CI95% 0.739-1.181). Conclusions: The tertile with the highest consumption of dairy products has a lower weight, BMI and a higher score in healthy eating, however, when making the final associations, the consumption of dairy products is shown as a protective factor against excess weight only in the first 2 models. (AU)

Asociación del consumo de desayuno con el índice de masa corporal, hábito tabáquico, actividad física y sueño en universitarios chilenos. Estudio multicéntrico / Association of the consumption of breakfast with the index of body mass, tobacco habit, physical activity and sleep in chilean university. Multicentric study

Fundamentos: El desayuno es una pieza clave de una alimentación saludable, asociándose con un menor IMC yunos mayores rendimientos académicos. Este trabajo pretende analizar la asociación entre el consumo de desayuno con la actividad física, consumo de tabaco, calidad de sueño e índice de masa corporal en universitarios chilenos. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, transversal, muestra no probabilística. A cada participante se le consultó lafrecuencia de consumo de desayuno. Además, se les aplicó el cuestionario de actividad física IPAQ, hábitotabáquico, encuesta de calidad de sueño de Pittsburgh y evaluación antropométrica. Resultados: participaron un total de 1454 estudiantes, un 77,9 % mujeres. El 44% de los estudiantes indicódesayunar todos los días, de las cuales las mujeres (46%), superaban a los hombres (36%) (p<0,001). Al comparar por estado nutricional los estudiantes con IMC>25 eran los que menos desayunaban p<0,05. Al comparar por tipos de carrera, los de carreras de la salud desayunaban a diario con mayor frecuencia que los demás (p<0,001), ademáslos sujetos que poseían hábito tabáquico desayunaban con menor frecuencia que los que no fumaban (p <0,01). La frecuencia de consumo de desayuno estuvo asociada a una mejor calidad de sueño (p<0,05). Finalmente, no se obtuvo relación estadísticamente significativa entre la frecuencia del desayuno y la actividad física.Conclusiones: En estudiantes universitarios, el mayor consumo de desayuno se asocia con el sexo femenino, estado nutricional normal, carreras del área de la salud, ausencia de hábito tabáquico y mejor sueño y sinasociación con actividad física. (AU)

Background: Breakfast is a key part of a healthy diet, associated with a lower BMI and higher academic performance. This work aims to analyze the association between breakfast consumption and physical activity, tobacco consumption, sleep quality and body mass index in Chilean university students. Methods: Multicenter, cross-sectional study, non-probability sample. Each participant was asked how often they eat breakfast. In addition, the IPAQ physical activity questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep survey, smoking habits, and anthropometric evaluation were applied. Results: 1,454 students, 77.9% women. 44% of the students indicate having breakfast every day, of which women (46%) outnumber men (36%) (p<0.001). When comparing by nutritional status, students with BMI> 25 consume the least breakfast p <0.05. When comparing by type of career, those in health careers eat breakfast daily more frequently than the others (p <0.001), in addition, the subjects who have the smoking habit eat breakfast less frequently than those who do not smoke (p <0, 01). The frequency of breakfast consumption is associated with better sleep quality (p <0.05). Finally, no statistically significant relationship was obtained between the frequency of breakfast and physical activity. Conclusions: In university students, eating breakfast is associated with the female sex, normal nutritional status, health careers, absence of smoking and better sleep, but without any association with physical activity. (AU)

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio con sobrecarga en variables antropométricas de sujetos con disposición prediabética y ascendencia étnica / Effects of strength exercise program in anthropometric variables on pre-diabetic people with ethnic ancestry

Objetivos: determinar el efecto de un programa de terapia por ejercicio físico basado en entrenamiento con sobrecarga, sobre parámetros antropométricos en jóvenes sedentarios con sobrepeso y disposición a prediabetes. Método: se desarrolló un estudio cuasi experimental con una muestra aleatoria simple de 20 sujetos (n=20) con 20 años de edad (1,94±). Los participantes fueron distribuidos en dos grupos: experimental (GE; n=10) y control (GC; n=10). El GE fue sometido a 12 semanas de intervención, constituidas por tres sesiones de entrenamiento semanales y basadas en prescripción de ejercicio con sobrecarga centrado en los principales grupos musculares. La evaluación de la composición corporal se desarrolló a través los protocolos y formulas establecidas por la Internacional Society for the Avancement in Kineanthropometric (ISAK). Para el análisis se ha utilizado la prueba estadística de Shapiro-Wilks, para examinar distribución de los valores de masa grasa y masa muscular de forma previa y posterior al programa de ejercicio. Además del uso de la prueba de T de Student para la comparación intra e intergrupal pre y post intervención, adoptando una significación estadística de (p< 0,05). Resultados: después de 36 sesiones (12 semanas) de entrenamiento con sobrecarga el GE presentó una disminución significativa en su masa grasa (p=0,002) y un aumento significativo en su masa muscular (p=0,001). Conclusiones: la prescripción de terapia por ejercicio basada en entrenamiento de sobrecarga, disminuye de forma significativa el porcentaje de tejido adiposo y el aumento de masa muscular en jóvenes sedentarios con ascendencia étnica y disposición a pre diabetes.

Objectives: determine the effect of a therapy program based on strength exercise in the anthropometric parameters of sedentary youths overweight and with predisposition to pre-diabetes. Methods: was developed a quasi-experimental study with a simple random sample of 20 subjects (n= 20) 20 years (± 1.94). Participants were divided into two groups: experimental (EG, n = 10) and control (CG, n = 10). The GE underwent to 12 weeks of intervention across the strength exercise prescription, centered on the major muscle groups. The measurements of body composition were did with protocols and formulas established by the International Society for the Advancement in Kineanthropometric (ISAK). For the analysis are used the Shapiro-Wilks statistical test, to examine the distribution of the fat mass and muscle mass before to and after the exercise program. Also was realized the T Student test for intra and intergroup comparison prior and post the intervention, adopting a statistical significance of (p < 0.05). Results: after of 36 sessions (12 weeks) of strength train, the EG present a significative decrease in fat mass (P=0.0002) and significant increase in muscle mass (p=0.001). Conclusions: the prescription of exercise based in therapy of strength train, decreases significantly the percents of adipose tissue and increment the muscle mass in sedentary youths with deposition to pre-diabetes and ethnic ascendancy.

Correlation between glucose uptake and membrane potential in Leishmania parasites isolated from DCL patients with therapeutic failure: a proof of concept.

Besides infection with drug-resistant parasites, therapeutic failure in leishmaniasis may be caused by altered drug pharmacokinetics, re-infection, and host immunologic compromise. Our aim has been to evaluate if relapses that occur in patients suffering from diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) associate with changes in the fitness of infecting organisms. Therefore, in isolates from patients suffering DCL, we correlated glucose uptake and plasma membrane potential and compared the results with those obtained from reference strains. The data demonstrate that Leishmania parasites causing DCL incorporate glucose at an efficient rate, albeit without significant changes in the plasma membrane potential as their corresponding reference strains. The isolate that did not change its accumulation rate of glucose compared to its reference strain expressed a less polarized membrane potential that was insensitive to mitochondrial inhibitors, suggesting a metabolic dysfunction that may result in glycolysis being the main source of ATP. The results constitute a proof of concept that indicates that parasites causing DCL adapted well to drug pressure and expressed an increased fitness. That is, that in Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania amazonensis, parasites isolated from DCL patients, a strong modification of the parasite physiology might occur. As consequences, the parasites adapted well to drug pressure, increased their fitness, and they had an efficient glucose uptake rate albeit not significant changes in membrane potential as their corresponding reference strains. Further validation of the concepts herein established and whether or not the third isolate corresponds with a drug-resistant phenotype need to be demonstrated at the genetic level.

Glibenclamide modulates glucantime activity and disposition in Leishmania major.

A source of chemotherapeutic failure in anti-infective therapies is the active movement of drugs across membranes, through ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In fact, simultaneous administration of therapeutic drugs with ABC transporter blockers has been invoked to be the way to actively prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Herein, we demonstrate that glucantime's efficacy in decreasing the infection rate of Leishmania-infected macrophages is strongly enhanced when used in combination with glibenclamide, a specific blocker of ABC transporters. Intracellular ABC transporters mediate glucantime sequestration in intracellular organelles. Their selective inhibition may effectively increase the cytoplasmic concentration of glucantime and its leishmanicidal activity. Our results reveal for the first time that glibenclamide targets in Leishmania major a compartment associated with a multivesicular system that is simultaneously labeled by the acidic marker LysoTracker-red and may represent the organelle where antimonials are sequestered. These results constitute a proof of concept that conclusively demonstrates the potential value that combination therapy with an ABC transporter blocker may have for leishmaniasis therapy.

Leishmania spp.: proficiency of drug-resistant parasites.

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by at least 17 different species of protozoan Leishmania parasites and currently affects around 12 million people living mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. Failure to treat leishmaniasis successfully is often due to drug resistance. However, there are no cellular and molecular markers of chemoresistance against leishmanicidal drugs and the only reliable method for monitoring resistance of individual isolates is the in vitro amastigote/macrophage model. It is thus necessary to find cellular and molecular markers that can be used systematically to identify the drug-resistant phenotype of the infecting parasites. Until now, whether drug resistance in Leishmania compromises parasite proficiency, e.g. in terms of infectivity or metabolism, has not been systematically evaluated. Therefore, here we examine whether the physiological changes expressed by drug-resistant Leishmania reflect a modification of parasite vitality in drug-resistant compared with drug-sensitive parasites. Finally, the clinical implications of drug resistance in Leishmania are also discussed.

Leishmania amazonensis: metabolic adaptations induced by resistance to an ABC transporter blocker.

We compared growth rate, cell glucose turnover and expression of ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transporters in Leishmania amazonensis (LTB0016; LTB) versus LTB(160) selected for resistance against the ABC transporter blocker glibenclamide. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of drug-resistance on Leishmania sensitivity against 2-mercaptoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose. Our data demonstrate that (1) LTB(160) and LTB constitutively express ABC transporters for neutral substrates, (2) glibenclamide resistance induces the expression of organic anion ABC transporters, members of the drug resistance associated transporters subfamily, (3) LTB(160) parasites use less glucose as energy substrate and exhibit a slower glucose uptake than LTB cells, and (4) LTB(160) parasites are less sensitive to 2-mercaptoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose than the glibenclamide-sensitive Leishmania LTB. Together these and previous results indicate that the metabolic adaptations expressed in drug-resistant LTB(160) differ from those described for mammalian drug resistant cells and constitute general mechanisms that underlie drug resistance in Leishmania and may be helpful for identifying alternative strategies to circumvent drug resistance in leishmaniasis.