Adult bronchiolitis--a clinical and pathological interpretative classification.

INTRODUCTION: Bronchiolitis is a heterogeneous group of diseases of an inflammatory nature, centered on small conducting airways and often associated with other pulmonary disorders. No single classification scheme for bronchiolar diseases has been widely accepted. In this retrospective study, it was decided to apply a new clinical and pathological interpretative classification. OBJECTIVES: To propose a new clinical and pathological interpretative classification for adult bronchiolitis, based on statistical analysis of a population of 193 patients with histopathological diagnosis of bronchiolitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, co-morbidities and radiological findings present in a group of patients with histopathological diagnosis of bronchiolitis. RESULTS: This trial involved 193 cases collected over a period of eleven years; 48 (24.9%) patients had simultaneous pulmonary disease; non-pulmonary diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, type II Diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were present in 57 cases. The image study was extremely important in order to integrate clinical and pathological aspects. In this study respiratory bronchiolitis related to smoking dominated. The radiological findings confirmed the secondary nature of the histopathological features, with prevalence of ground-glass patterns, pneumothorax and patterns of interstitial involvement, as described in the literature. It was also verified that clinical behavior of different forms of bronchiolitis was important to distinguish the various types, since they could progress without typical anatomopathological aspects. CONCLUSION: This trial showed that the vast majority of diagnosis obtained corresponded to bronchiolitis as secondary to pulmonary pathology. In most cases, morphological findings had to be complemented with clinical and radiological characteristics, in order to obtain the final diagnosis.

Overlap syndrome--Asthma and obstructive sleep apnea.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with multiple phenotypes. There is still a major gap in the understanding of its complex causality. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition that has been implicated as a risk factor for asthma exacerbations. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to characterize patients with the diagnosis of asthma and suspected OSA; identify the presence of OSA and review, on the current literature, the association between asthma and OSA, as an overlap syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors present a retrospective study that included patients diagnosed with asthma that underwent sleep study in a 3 year period. Demographic, clinical data, body mass index (BMI), sleep study parameters and treatments were analyzed. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 47 patients. The majority of population was females (68%) and the mean age was 55.65 ± 13.04 years. The most common nighttime symptom was snoring (93.6%). Regarding BMI, values above the normal limit were observed in 89.36% of the patients. 68% underwent polysomnography and the others cardiorespiratory polygraphy. In 57.4% of the patients, OSA was confirmed with a higher prevalence in males (73.3%) compared to females (50%). The therapeutic approach in 81.8% of these patients was home ventilation therapy. CONCLUSION: The combination of asthma and OSA has become increasingly more frequent. In the described study, the prevalence of OSA was 57.4%, value that is in fact higher than in general population. After the therapeutic approach, all patients referred improvement of symptoms. It is therefore essential that OSA is investigated in patients with asthma when there is poor control of symptoms, in order to achieve a better control.