Sago-grain nodules in tubercular pleural effusion.

A 6-year-old boy was referred with complaints of chest pain for 2 months with low-grade fever. A computerized tomography of the chest revealed a loculated pleural effusion on the left side. Medical thoracoscopy was performed that revealed a characteristic sago-grain follicle over the parietal pleural. Histopathology and microbiological investigations on pleural biopsy samples confirmed tubercular pleural effusion.

Safety, utility and clinical efficacy of cryobiopsy of lung in paediatric population-A single centre experience.

Background: Surgical lung biopsy (SLB) or video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been the traditional gold standard modality for diagnosing paediatric interstitial lung diseases. Cryobiopsy of the lung has recently been shown to be a novel technique with very good sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of various interstitial lung disorders in adults. Although there are a few case reports of the same in children, pediatric cryo lung biopsies are rarely performed due to the lack of the necessary equipment and the lack of expertise. Methods: A retrospective single-centre study was conducted with twelve consecutive children with diffuse parenchymal lung disease diagnosed both clinically and on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest which were included in the study between October 2020 and September 2022 to measure the diagnostic yield and safety of the procedure. The site from where cryobiopsy was to be done was chosen after a multidisciplinary meeting with the paediatric radiologist. Results: Twelve children (eight males and four females) were included in the study who underwent a cryobiopsy in the duration of two years. The mean age of the cases involved was 8 years and 3 months. With the youngest and oldest being 12 days and 15 years, respectively, all children underwent cryobiopsy as mentioned above. Diagnostic yield was achieved in 92% of cases. Conclusion: Cryobiopsy is a valuable diagnostic tool in childhood interstitial lung diseases, which offers a less invasive option for obtaining lung tissue samples with a better yield which can aid in accurate diagnosis, a good safety profile and a shorter hospital stay. Our study emphasizes that in trained centres, TBCB is a safe, effective and less invasive way to obtain tissue diagnosis in children with ChILD.

Role of esophageal ultrasound with a bronchoscope (EUS-B) with fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal Bronchogenic cyst.

A 12-year-old adolescent boy presented with complaints of persisting dry cough and exertional dyspnea. A CT chest revealed a cystic lesion posterior to the trachea and a flexible bronchoscopy revealed extrinsic compression of the posterior trachea and partial obstruction of the left main bronchus. He underwent an Endoscopic Ultrasound with a Bronchoscope. A Hypoechoic cystic lesion was seen just in front of the esophagus. Fine needle aspiration yielded thick mucoid aspirate and cytology revealed ciliated columnar epithelium, confirming the diagnosis of a Bronchogenic cyst.

Follow-up bronchoscopy in a child with bronchial dielafoy disease.

We previously reported an 11-year-old girl with Bronchial Dieulafoy disease who presented with an endobronchial lesion. She had an underlying bronchial vascular malformation for which she underwent embolization, and had remained asymptomatic since. On follow-up, a near-total resolution of the endobronchial lesion was observed.

Out of the box diagnosis in a child treated as childhood interstitial lung disease- William-Campbell syndrome.

A 9-year-old school-going boy was referred to us for evaluation of childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD), with complaints of persisting dry cough, since the newborn period, tachypnea at rest, and failure to gain weight. Upon evaluation his findings were consistent with William-Campbell syndrome (WCS). He was advised for airway clearance technique (ACT) and was started on Bipap at night for splinting of the airways.

Endobronchial lesion in an adolescent with hemoptysis biopsy or not to biopsy?

An 11-year-old girl was brought with complaints of recurrent massive hemoptysis. A computerized tomography (CT) of the chest showed ground glass opacities on the right lower lobe, and a CT angiography showed hypertrophied right pulmonary artery. Flexible bronchoscopy revealed a sessile friable lesion in the right lower lobe, raising suspicion of either a tumor or a vascular malformation. An endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) revealed a cystic lesion in the submucous plane, with vascularity noted on Doppler mode. This confirmed the diagnosis of bronchial Dieulafoy disease. A bronchial angiography revealed a vascular malformation overlying the lesion with a bronchopulmonary shunt, which was ligated. This case demonstrates the importance of EBUS in endobronchial lesions, to avoid biopsy of a vascular malformation.

Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome - Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) in Indian Children.

Background: We describe the demographic, clinical and labo-ratory findings along with the treatment and outcomes among children meeting the case definition of Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome - Temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS). METHODS: We analyzed the clinical and laboratory findings of children who presented with PIMS-TS during an 8-week period from May 4, 2020 to July 8, 2020. RESULTS: We report 19 children with a median age of 6 year (IQR: 13 months-16 years), who met the case definition of PIMS-TS. All of them presented with fever. Multi organ involvement (79%), mucocutaneous involvement (74%), cardiovascular symptoms (63%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (42%) were the other features. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein was found in all of them and the majority of them had evidence of coagulopathy; intensive care admissions were needed in 12 (63%) and vasoactive medications were given to 6 (31.5%) children. There were no deaths. CONCLUSION: Children with PIMS-TS present with a wide range of signs and symptoms. Fewer children in this series had coronary artery abnormalities, and there was a low incidence of RT-PCR positivity with high presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.