Decision-making profile in older adults: the influence of cognitive impairment, premorbid intelligence and depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Decision-making (DM) is a component of executive functioning. DM is essential to make proper decisions regarding important life and health issues. DM can be impaired in cognitive disorders among older adults, but current literature is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the DM profile in participants with and without cognitive impairment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study on cognitive aging. PARTICIPANTS: 143 older adults. SETTING: University-based memory clinic. METHODS: Patients comprised three groups after inclusion and exclusion criteria: healthy controls (n=29), mild cognitive impairment (n=81) and dementia (n=33). Participants were evaluated using an extensive neuropsychological protocol. DM profile was evaluated by the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between age, sex, educational level, estimated intelligence quotient (IQ), cognitive disorders, depressive or anxiety symptoms, and the DM profiles. RESULTS: The most prevalent DM profile was the vigilant type, having a prevalence of 64.3%. The vigilant profile also predominated in all three groups. The multinomial logistic regression showed that the avoidance profile (i.e. buck-passing) was associated with a greater presence of dementia (p=0.046) and depressive symptoms (p=0.024), but with less anxious symptoms (p=0.047). The procrastination profile was also associated with depressive symptoms (p=0.048). Finally, the hypervigilant profile was associated with a lower pre-morbid IQ (p=0.007). CONCLUSION: Older adults with cognitive impairment tended to make more unfavorable choices and have a more dysfunctional DM profile compared to healthy elders.

Development of a word accentuation test for predicting cognitive performance in Portuguese-speaking populations.

The Word Accentuation Test (WAT) has been used to predict premorbid intelligence and cognitive performance in Spanish-speaking populations. It requires participants to read a list of words without the accent marks that indicate the stressed syllable. Label="OBJECTIVE">As Portuguese pronunciation is also strongly based on accent marks, our aim was to develop a Brazilian version of the WAT. METHODS An initial pool of 60 items was constructed and a final version of 40 items (named WAT-Br) was derived by item response theory. A sample of 206 older adults underwent the WAT-Br and a standardized neuropsychological battery. Independent ratings were performed by two observers in 58 random participants. RESULTS The items showed moderate to high discrimination (α between 0.93 and 25.04) and spanned a wide range of difficulty (ß between -2.07 and 1.40). The WAT-Br was shown to have an excellent internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 = 0.95) and inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92). It accounted for 61% of the variance in global cognitive performance. CONCLUSION A version of the WAT for Portuguese-speaking populations was developed and proved to be a valuable tool for estimating cognitive performance.

Development of a word accentuation test for predicting cognitive performance in Portuguese-speaking populations / Desenvolvimento de um teste de acentuação de palavras em português para predição de desempenho cognitivo

ABSTRACT The Word Accentuation Test (WAT) has been used to predict premorbid intelligence and cognitive performance in Spanish-speaking populations. It requires participants to read a list of words without the accent marks that indicate the stressed syllable. Objective: As Portuguese pronunciation is also strongly based on accent marks, our aim was to develop a Brazilian version of the WAT. Methods: An initial pool of 60 items was constructed and a final version of 40 items (named WAT-Br) was derived by item response theory. A sample of 206 older adults underwent the WAT-Br and a standardized neuropsychological battery. Independent ratings were performed by two observers in 58 random participants. Results: The items showed moderate to high discrimination (α between 0.93 and 25.04) and spanned a wide range of difficulty (β between −2.07 and 1.40). The WAT-Br was shown to have an excellent internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 = 0.95) and inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92). It accounted for 61% of the variance in global cognitive performance. Conclusion: A version of the WAT for Portuguese-speaking populations was developed and proved to be a valuable tool for estimating cognitive performance.

RESUMO O Teste de Acentuação de Palavras (TAP) tem sido utilizado para predizer inteligência pré-mórbida e desempenho cognitivo em populações de língua espanhola. Requer que os sujeitos leiam uma lista de palavras sem os sinais gráficos de acentuação que indicam a sílaba tônica. Objetivo: Como a pronúncia da língua portuguesa também é fortemente baseada em acentos gráficos, nosso objetivo foi desenvolver uma versão brasileira do TAP. Métodos: Um conjunto inicial de 60 itens foi construído e uma versão final de 40 itens (denominada TAP-Br) foi derivada por teoria da resposta ao item. Uma amostra de 206 idosos foi submetida ao TAP-Br e a uma bateria neuropsicológica padronizada. Registros de pontuação independentes foram realizados por dois observadores em uma subamostra de 58 participantes aleatórios. Resultados: Os itens apresentaram moderada a alta discriminação (α entre 0,93 e 25,04) e abrangeram uma ampla gama de dificuldades (β entre −2,07 e 1,40). O TAP-Br apresentou excelente consistência interna (Fórmula de Kuder-Richardson 20 = 0,95) e confiabilidade inter-examinador (Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse = 0,92). O escore do TAP-Br explicou 61% da variância do desempenho cognitivo global. Conclusão: Uma versão do TAP para as populações de língua portuguesa foi desenvolvida e mostrou-se uma ferramenta útil para estimar desempenho cognitivo.

Applicability of the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes in Brazilian elderly / Aplicabilidade do Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes em idosos brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective To translate, adapt and evaluate the properties of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes, which is a questionnaire that evaluate diabetes knowledge. Methods A cross-sectional study with type 2 diabetes patients aged ≥60 years, seen at a public healthcare organization in the city of Sao Paulo (SP). After the development of the Portuguese version, we evaluated the psychometrics properties and the association with sociodemographic and clinical variables. The regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic data, functional health literacy, duration of disease, use of insulin, and glycemic control. Results We evaluated 129 type 2 diabetic patients, with mean age of 75.9 (±6.2) years, mean scholling of 5.2 (±4.4) years, mean glycosylated hemoglobin of 7.2% (±1.4), and mean score on Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes of 42.1% (±25.8). In the regression model, the variables independently associated to Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes were schooling (B=0.193; p=0.003), use of insulin (B=1.326; p=0.004), duration of diabetes (B=0.053; p=0.022) and health literacy (B=0.108; p=0.021). The determination coefficient was 0.273. The Cronbach a was 0.75, demonstrating appropriate internal consistency. Conclusion This translated version of the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes showed to be adequate to evaluate diabetes knowledge in elderly patients with low schooling levels. It presented normal distribution, adequate internal consistency, with no ceiling or floor effect. The tool is easy to be used, can be quickly applied and does not depend on reading skills.

RESUMO Objetivo Traduzir, adaptar e avaliar as propriedades de uma versão, em português do Brasil, do Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes, um questionário que avalia conhecimento em diabetes. Métodos Estudo transversal, em diabéticos tipo 2, com idade ≥60 anos de uma instituição pública de saúde, em São Paulo (SP). Após o desenvolvimento da versão na língua portuguesa, foram avaliadas suas propriedades psicométricas e associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Os modelos de regressão foram ajustados para dados sociodemográficos, alfabetismo funcional em saúde, tempo de doença, uso de insulina e controle glicêmico. Resultados Foram avaliados 129 diabéticos, com média de idade de 75,9 (±6,2) anos, escolaridade média de 5,2 (±4,4) anos, hemoglobina glicada média de 7,2% (±1,4) e valor médio do Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes de 42,1% (±25,8). No modelo de regressão, as variáveis associadas de forma independente ao Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes foram escolaridade (B=0,193; p=0,003), uso de insulina (B=1,326; p=0,004), tempo de doença (B=0,053; p=0,022) e alfabetismo em saúde (B=0,108; p=0,021). O coeficiente de determinação foi de 0,273. O a de Cronbach apresentou valor de 0,75, revelando consistência interna adequada. Conclusão Esta versão traduzida do Spoken Knowledge in Low LiteraFcy Patients with Diabetes mostrou-se adequada para avaliar conhecimentos em diabetes em idosos de baixa escolaridade, apresentando distribuição normal, consistência interna adequada, sem a presença de efeito teto ou chão. O instrumento teve boa aplicabilidade, já que pôde ser administrado de maneira rápida e não depende da capacidade de leitura.

Applicability of the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes in Brazilian elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To translate, adapt and evaluate the properties of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes, which is a questionnaire that evaluate diabetes knowledge. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with type 2 diabetes patients aged ≥60 years, seen at a public healthcare organization in the city of Sao Paulo (SP). After the development of the Portuguese version, we evaluated the psychometrics properties and the association with sociodemographic and clinical variables. The regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic data, functional health literacy, duration of disease, use of insulin, and glycemic control. RESULTS: We evaluated 129 type 2 diabetic patients, with mean age of 75.9 (±6.2) years, mean scholling of 5.2 (±4.4) years, mean glycosylated hemoglobin of 7.2% (±1.4), and mean score on Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes of 42.1% (±25.8). In the regression model, the variables independently associated to Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes were schooling (B=0.193; p=0.003), use of insulin (B=1.326; p=0.004), duration of diabetes (B=0.053; p=0.022) and health literacy (B=0.108; p=0.021). The determination coefficient was 0.273. The Cronbach a was 0.75, demonstrating appropriate internal consistency. CONCLUSION: This translated version of the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes showed to be adequate to evaluate diabetes knowledge in elderly patients with low schooling levels. It presented normal distribution, adequate internal consistency, with no ceiling or floor effect. The tool is easy to be used, can be quickly applied and does not depend on reading skills. OBJETIVO: Traduzir, adaptar e avaliar as propriedades de uma versão, em português do Brasil, do Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes, um questionário que avalia conhecimento em diabetes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, em diabéticos tipo 2, com idade ≥60 anos de uma instituição pública de saúde, em São Paulo (SP). Após o desenvolvimento da versão na língua portuguesa, foram avaliadas suas propriedades psicométricas e associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Os modelos de regressão foram ajustados para dados sociodemográficos, alfabetismo funcional em saúde, tempo de doença, uso de insulina e controle glicêmico. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 129 diabéticos, com média de idade de 75,9 (±6,2) anos, escolaridade média de 5,2 (±4,4) anos, hemoglobina glicada média de 7,2% (±1,4) e valor médio do Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes de 42,1% (±25,8). No modelo de regressão, as variáveis associadas de forma independente ao Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy Patients with Diabetes foram escolaridade (B=0,193; p=0,003), uso de insulina (B=1,326; p=0,004), tempo de doença (B=0,053; p=0,022) e alfabetismo em saúde (B=0,108; p=0,021). O coeficiente de determinação foi de 0,273. O a de Cronbach apresentou valor de 0,75, revelando consistência interna adequada. CONCLUSÃO: Esta versão traduzida do Spoken Knowledge in Low LiteraFcy Patients with Diabetes mostrou-se adequada para avaliar conhecimentos em diabetes em idosos de baixa escolaridade, apresentando distribuição normal, consistência interna adequada, sem a presença de efeito teto ou chão. O instrumento teve boa aplicabilidade, já que pôde ser administrado de maneira rápida e não depende da capacidade de leitura.

Using temporal orientation, category fluency, and word recall for detecting cognitive impairment: the 10-point cognitive screener (10-CS).

OBJECTIVES: A screening strategy composed of three-item temporal orientation and three-word recall has been increasingly used for detecting cognitive impairment. However, the intervening task administered between presentation and recall has varied. We evaluated six brief tasks that could be useful as intervening distractors and possibly provide incremental accuracy: serial subtraction, clock drawing, category fluency, letter fluency, timed visual detection, and digits backwards. METHODS: Older adults (n = 230) consecutively referred for suspected cognitive impairment underwent a comprehensive assessment for gold-standard diagnosis, of whom 56 (24%) presented cognitive impairment not dementia and 68 (30%) presented dementia. Among those with dementia, 87% presented very mild or mild stages (Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5 or 1). The incremental value of each candidate intervening task in a model already containing orientation and word recall was assessed. RESULTS: Category fluency (animal naming) presented the highest incremental value among the six candidate intervening tasks. Reclassification analyses revealed a net gain of 12% among cognitively impaired and 17% among normal participants. A four-point scaled score of the animal naming task was added to three-item temporal orientation and three-word recall to compose the 10-point Cognitive Screener. The education-adjusted 10-point Cognitive Screener outperformed the longer Mini-Mental State Examination for detecting both cognitive impairment (area under the curve 0.85 vs 0.77; p = 0.027) and dementia (area under the curve 0.90 vs 0.83; p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Based on empirical data, we have developed a brief and easy-to-use screening strategy with higher accuracy and some practical advantages compared with commonly used tools.

Effects of Brazil nut consumption on selenium status and cognitive performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled pilot trial.

PURPOSE: Oxidative stress is closely related to cognitive impairment, and the antioxidant system may be a potential therapeutic target to preserve cognitive function in older adults. Selenium plays an important antioxidant role through selenoproteins. This controlled trial aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cognitive effects of the consumption of Brazil nuts, the best selenium food source. METHODS: We enrolled 31 older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who were randomly assigned to ingestion of Brazil nuts or to the control group. Participants of the treatment group consumed one Brazil nut daily (estimated 288.75 µg/day) for 6 months. Blood selenium concentrations, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and malondialdehyde were evaluated. Cognitive functions were assessed with the CERAD neuropsychological battery. RESULTS: Eleven participants of the treated group and nine of the control group completed the trial. The mean age of the participants was 77.7 (±5.3) years, 70 % of whom were female. We observed increased selenium levels after the intervention, whereas the control group presented no change. Among the parameters related to the antioxidant system, only erythrocyte GPx activity change was significantly different between the groups (p = 0.006). After 6 months, improvements in verbal fluency (p = 0.007) and constructional praxis (p = 0.031) were significantly greater on the supplemented group when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the intake of Brazil nut restores selenium deficiency and provides preliminary evidence that Brazil nut consumption can have positive effects on some cognitive functions of older adults with MCI.

Functional health literacy and glycaemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between functional health literacy and glycaemic control in a sample of older patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: A government-financed outpatient geriatric clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 129 older patients with type 2 diabetes, a mean (SD) age of 75.9 (6.2) years, a mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.2% (1.4), of which 14.7% had no formal education and 82.9% had less than a high-school diploma. MEASURES: HbA1c was used as a measure of glycaemic control. Functional health literacy was assessed with the 18-item Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults (SAHLPA-18), a validated instrument to evaluate pronunciation and comprehension of commonly used medical terms. Regression models were controlled for demographic data, depressive symptoms, diabetes duration, treatment regimen, diabetes knowledge and assistance for taking medications. RESULTS: Functional health literacy below adequate was encountered in 56.6% of the sample. After controlling for potential confounding factors, patients with inadequate functional health literacy were more likely than patients with adequate functional health literacy to present poor glycaemic control (OR=4.76; 95% CI 1.36 to 16.63). In a fully adjusted linear regression model, lower functional health literacy (ß=-0.42; p<0.001), longer diabetes duration (ß=0.24; p=0.012) and lack of assistance for taking medications (ß=0.23; p=0.014) were associated with higher levels of HbA1c. Contrary to our expectations, illiterate patients did not have poorer outcomes when compared with patients with adequate functional health literacy, raising the hypothesis that illiterate individuals are more likely to have their difficulties recognised and compensated. However, the small subsample of illiterate patients provided limited power to reject differences with small magnitude. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with inadequate functional health literacy presented with higher odds of poor glycaemic control. These findings reinforce the importance of addressing limited functional health literacy in clinical practice.

Effects of a non-focal plasticity protocol on apathy in moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Apathy is the most common neuropsychiatric symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and it is associated with changes in prefrontal neural circuits involved with generation of voluntary actions. To date no effective treatment for apathy has been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effects and safety of repetitive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on apathy in moderate AD patients. METHODS: Forty patients were randomized to receive either active or sham-tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Patients received six sessions of intervention during 2 weeks and were evaluated at baseline, at week 1 and 2, and after 1 week without intervention. Clinical raters, patients, and caregivers were blinded. The primary outcome was apathy. Global cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms were examined as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The mean MMSE score at baseline was 15.2 ± 2.9 and the mean Apathy Scale score was 27.7 ± 6.7. Changes on apathy scores over time were not different between active and sham tDCS (P = 0.552 for repeated measures). Further analyses confirm that changes from baseline did not differ between groups after the sixth session (active tDCS -1.95 (95%CI -3.49, -0.41); sham-tDCS -2.05 (95%CI -3.68, -0.42); P = 0.989]. Similarly, tDCS had no effect on secondary outcomes (P > 0.40). tDCS was well tolerated and not associated with significant adverse effects. CONCLUSION: In this adequately powered study for minimal clinically significant difference, our findings show that using the parameters we chose for this study, repeated anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC had no effect on apathy in elderly patients with moderate AD.

Estimating premorbid cognitive abilities in low-educated populations.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an informant-based instrument that would provide a valid estimate of premorbid cognitive abilities in low-educated populations. METHODS: A questionnaire was drafted by focusing on the premorbid period with a 10-year time frame. The initial pool of items was submitted to classical test theory and a factorial analysis. The resulting instrument, named the Premorbid Cognitive Abilities Scale (PCAS), is composed of questions addressing educational attainment, major lifetime occupation, reading abilities, reading habits, writing abilities, calculation abilities, use of widely available technology, and the ability to search for specific information. The validation sample was composed of 132 older Brazilian adults from the following three demographically matched groups: normal cognitive aging (n = 72), mild cognitive impairment (n = 33), and mild dementia (n = 27). The scores of a reading test and a neuropsychological battery were adopted as construct criteria. Post-mortem inter-informant reliability was tested in a sub-study with two relatives from each deceased individual. RESULTS: All items presented good discriminative power, with corrected item-total correlation varying from 0.35 to 0.74. The summed score of the instrument presented high correlation coefficients with global cognitive function (r = 0.73) and reading skills (r = 0.82). Cronbach's alpha was 0.90, showing optimal internal consistency without redundancy. The scores did not decrease across the progressive levels of cognitive impairment, suggesting that the goal of evaluating the premorbid state was achieved. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.96, indicating excellent inter-informant reliability. CONCLUSION: The instrument developed in this study has shown good properties and can be used as a valid estimate of premorbid cognitive abilities in low-educated populations. The applicability of the PCAS, both as an estimate of premorbid intelligence and cognitive reserve, is discussed.

Characterizing spontaneously reported cognitive complaints: the development and reliability of a classification instrument.

BACKGROUND: The characteristics and associated risks of spontaneously reported cognitive complaints have not been investigated due to the lack of a classification instrument. METHODS: In phase 1, a classification system with descriptive categories and cognitive domains was developed by experts through a modified Delphi technique. In phase 2, 180 elderly patients seeking medical attention for cognitive complaints provided free reports of their cognitive difficulties and each complaint was recorded verbatim. Three observers were asked to classify each complaint into a descriptive category. Perceived cognitive function was further characterized using the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q). RESULTS: The patients reported 493 spontaneous complaints, with a range of 1-6 complaints per patient and a mean of 2.7 (±1.3). The proportion of complaints that could be classified into a category by each of the three observers varied from 91.9% to 95.7%. Inter-observer agreement assessed using the κ statistic varied from 0.79 to 1 for descriptive categories and 0.83 to 0.97 for domains. Compared with the MAC-Q, spontaneously reported complaints provided complementary information by avoiding the cueing effect provoked by the questionnaire. The total number of complaints and their occurrences in specific domains were associated with important sociodemographic and clinical factors, indicating that their meaning and associated risks need to be further investigated. CONCLUSION: The instrument developed in this study proved to be a practical tool for classifying the majority of spontaneously reported cognitive complaints with high reliability. Further studies are needed to investigate clinical usefulness of this approach.

Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults / Avaliação breve de alfabetismo em saúde em português

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a short health literacy assessment tool for Portuguese-speaking adults. METHODS: The Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults is an assessment tool which consists of 50 items that assess an individual's ability to correctly pronounce and understand common medical terms. We evaluated the instrument's psychometric properties in a convenience sample of 226 Brazilian older adults. Construct validity was assessed by correlating the tool scores with years of schooling, self-reported literacy, and global cognitive functioning. Discrimination validity was assessed by testing the tool's accuracy in detecting inadequate health literacy, defined as failure to fully understand standard medical prescriptions. RESULTS: Moderate to high correlations were found in the assessment of construct validity (Spearman's coefficients ranging from 0.63 to 0.76). The instrument showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.93) and adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.95). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detection of inadequate health literacy was 0.82. A version consisting of 18 items was tested and showed similar psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument developed showed good validity and reliability in a sample of Brazilian older adults. It can be used in research and clinical settings for screening inadequate health literacy.

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver e validar um instrumento breve para avaliação de alfabetismo em saúde na língua portuguesa. MÉTODOS: O instrumento desenvolvido consiste de 50 itens que avaliam a capacidade do indivíduo de pronunciar e compreender termos médicos comuns. As propriedades psicométricas foram avaliadas em uma amostra de 226 idosos brasileiros. A validade de construto foi estabelecida pela correlação com o número de anos de escolaridade, relato de alfabetismo funcional e desempenho cognitivo global. A validade discriminativa foi estabelecida pela acurácia do instrumento na detecção de alfabetismo em saúde inadequado, definido como a incapacidade de compreender corretamente prescrições médicas padronizadas. RESULTADOS: As correlações com os critérios de construto apresentaram magnitude moderada a alta (coeficientes de Spearman = 0,63 a 0,76). O instrumento apresentou ainda consistência interna satisfatória (Cronbach = 0,93) e boa confiabilidade teste-reteste (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse = 0,95). A área sob a curva característica de operação do receptor para detecção de alfabetismo inadequado foi 0,82. Uma versão com 18 itens foi derivada e apresentou propriedades psicométricas similares. CONCLUSÕES: O instrumento desenvolvido apresentou boa validade e consistência em uma amostra de idosos brasileiros e pode ser utilizado em ambientes clínicos ou de pesquisa com a finalidade de detectar alfabetismo em saúde inadequado.

Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a short health literacy assessment tool for Portuguese-speaking adults. METHODS: The Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults is an assessment tool which consists of 50 items that assess an individual's ability to correctly pronounce and understand common medical terms. We evaluated the instrument's psychometric properties in a convenience sample of 226 Brazilian older adults. Construct validity was assessed by correlating the tool scores with years of schooling, self-reported literacy, and global cognitive functioning. Discrimination validity was assessed by testing the tool's accuracy in detecting inadequate health literacy, defined as failure to fully understand standard medical prescriptions. RESULTS: Moderate to high correlations were found in the assessment of construct validity (Spearman's coefficients ranging from 0.63 to 0.76). The instrument showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.93) and adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.95). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detection of inadequate health literacy was 0.82. A version consisting of 18 items was tested and showed similar psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument developed showed good validity and reliability in a sample of Brazilian older adults. It can be used in research and clinical settings for screening inadequate health literacy.

Thalamic alexia with agraphia.

Alexia with agraphia is defined as an acquired impairment affecting reading and writing ability. It can be associated with aphasia, but can also occur as an isolated entity. This impairment has classically been associated with a left angular gyrus lesion In the present study, we describe a case involving a patient who developed alexia with agraphia and other cognitive deficits after a thalamic hemorrhage. In addition, we discuss potential mechanisms of this cortical dysfunction syndrome caused by subcortical injury. We examined a patient who presented with alexia with agraphia and other cognitive deficits due to a hemorrhage in the left thalamus. Neuropsychological evaluation showed attention, executive function, arithmetic and memory impairments. In addition, language tests revealed severe alexia with agraphia in the absence of aphasia. Imaging studies disclosed an old thalamic hemorrhage involving the anterior, dorsomedial and pulvinar nuclei. Tractography revealed asymmetric thalamocortical radiations in the parietal region (left

Criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimers disease: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of theBrazilian Academy of Neurology / Critérios para o diagnóstico de doença de Alzheimer: recomendações do Departamento Científico de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Envelhecimento da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia

This consensus prepared by the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology is aimed at recommending new criteria for the diagnosis of dementia and Alzheimers disease (AD) in Brazil. A revision was performed of the proposals of clinical and of research criteria suggested by other institutions and international consensuses. The new proposal for the diagnosis of dementia does not necessarily require memory impairment if the cognitive or behavioral compromise affects at least two of the following domains: memory, executive function, speech, visual-spatial ability and change in personality. For the purpose of diagnosis, AD is divided into three phases: dementia, mild cognitive impairment and pre-clinical phase, where the latter only applies to clinical research. In the dementia picture, other initial forms were accepted which do not involve amnesia and require a neuroimaging examination. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are recommended for study, but can be utilized as optional instruments, when deemed appropriate by the clinician.

Este consenso realizado pelo Departamento Científico de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Envelhecimento da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia tem como objetivo recomendar novos critérios para diagnóstico de demência e doença de Alzheimer (DA) no Brasil. Foi realizada revisão das propostas de critérios clínicos e de pesquisa sugeridas por outras instituições e consensos internacionais. A nova proposta para o diagnóstico de demência exige o comprometimento funcional e cognitivo, atingindo este último pelo dois dos seguintes cinco domínios a seguir: memória, função executiva, linguagem, habilidade visual-espacial e alteração de personalidade. No diagnóstico de DA, dividiu-se a mesma em três fases: demência, comprometimento cognitivo leve e pré-clínica, sendo esta última somente para pesquisa clínica. No quadro de demência, foram aceitas outras formas de início que não a amnéstica e incluída a necessidade de exame de neuroimagem. O diagnóstico do comprometimento cognitivo leve é clínico, podendo, em situações de pesquisas, serem utilizados marcadores biológicos buscando maior probabilidade de evolução para DA.

Critérios para o diagnóstico de doença de Alzheimer / Criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

Este consenso realizado pelo Departamento Científico de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Envelhecimento da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia tem como objetivo recomendar novos critérios para diagnóstico de demência e doença de Alzheimer (DA) no Brasil. Foi realizada revisão das propostas de critérios clínicos e de pesquisa sugeridas por outras instituições e consensos internacionais. A nova proposta para o diagnóstico de demência exige o comprometimento funcional e cognitivo, atingindo este último pelo dois dos seguintes cinco domínios a seguir: memória, função executiva, linguagem, habilidade visual-espacial e alteração de personalidade. No diagnóstico de DA, dividiu-se a mesma em três fases: demência, comprometimento cognitivo leve e pré-clínica, sendo esta última somente para pesquisa clínica. No quadro de demência, foram aceitas outras formas de início que não a amnéstica e incluída a necessidade de exame de neuroimagem. O diagnóstico do comprometimento cognitivo leve é clínico, podendo, em situações de pesquisas, serem utilizados marcadores biológicos buscando maior probabilidade de evolução para DA..

Criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

This consensus prepared by the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology is aimed at recommending new criteria for the diagnosis of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Brazil. A revision was performed of the proposals of clinical and of research criteria suggested by other institutions and international consensuses. The new proposal for the diagnosis of dementia does not necessarily require memory impairment if the cognitive or behavioral compromise affects at least two of the following domains: memory, executive function, speech, visual-spatial ability and change in personality. For the purpose of diagnosis, AD is divided into three phases: dementia, mild cognitive impairment and pre-clinical phase, where the latter only applies to clinical research. In the dementia picture, other initial forms were accepted which do not involve amnesia and require a neuroimaging examination. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are recommended for study, but can be utilized as optional instruments, when deemed appropriate by the clinician.

Este consenso realizado pelo Departamento Científico de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Envelhecimento da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia tem como objetivo recomendar novos critérios para diagnóstico de demência e doença de Alzheimer (DA) no Brasil. Foi realizada revisão das propostas de critérios clínicos e de pesquisa sugeridas por outras instituições e consensos internacionais. A nova proposta para o diagnóstico de demência exige o comprometimento funcional e cognitivo, atingindo este último pelo dois dos seguintes cinco domínios a seguir: memória, função executiva, linguagem, habilidade visual-espacial e alteração de personalidade. No diagnóstico de DA, dividiu-se a mesma em três fases: demência, comprometimento cognitivo leve e pré-clínica, sendo esta última somente para pesquisa clínica. No quadro de demência, foram aceitas outras formas de início que não a amnéstica e incluída a necessidade de exame de neuroimagem. O diagnóstico do comprometimento cognitivo leve é clínico, podendo, em situações de pesquisas, serem utilizados marcadores biológicos buscando maior probabilidade de evolução para DA.