Bots' Activity on COVID-19 Pro and Anti-Vaccination Networks: Analysis of Spanish-Written Messages on Twitter.

This study aims to analyze the role of bots in the dissemination of health information, both in favor of and opposing vaccination against COVID-19. Study design: An observational, retrospective, time-limited study was proposed, in which activity on the social network Twitter was analyzed. Methods: Data related to pro-vaccination and anti-vaccination networks were compiled from 24 December 2020 to 30 April 2021 and analyzed using the software NodeXL and Botometer. The analyzed tweets were written in Spanish, including keywords that allow identifying the message and focusing on bots' activity and their influence on both networks. Results: In the pro-vaccination network, 404 bots were found (14.31% of the total number of users), located mainly in Chile (37.87%) and Spain (14.36%). The anti-vaccination network bots represented 16.19% of the total users and were mainly located in Spain (8.09%) and Argentina (6.25%). The pro-vaccination bots generated greater impact than bots in the anti-vaccination network (p < 0.000). With respect to the bots' influence, the pro-vaccination network did have a significant influence compared to the activity of human users (p < 0.000). Conclusions: This study provides information on bots' activity in pro- and anti-vaccination networks in Spanish, within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic on Twitter. It is found that bots in the pro-vaccination network influence the dissemination of the pro-vaccination message, as opposed to those in the anti-vaccination network. We consider that this information could provide guidance on how to enhance the dissemination of public health campaigns, but also to combat the spread of health misinformation on social media.

Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation.

Reliably documenting plant diversity is necessary to protect and sustainably benefit from it. At the heart of this documentation lie species concepts and the practical methods used to delimit taxa. Here, we apply a total-evidence, iterative methodology to delimit and document species in the South American genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). The systematics of Victoria has thus far been poorly characterized due to difficulty in attributing species identities to biological collections. This research gap stems from an absence of type material and biological collections, also the confused diagnosis of V. cruziana. With the goal of improving systematic knowledge of the genus, we compiled information from historical records, horticulture and geography and assembled a morphological dataset using citizen science and specimens from herbaria and living collections. Finally, we generated genomic data from a subset of these specimens. Morphological and geographical observations suggest four putative species, three of which are supported by nuclear population genomic and plastid phylogenomic inferences. We propose these three confirmed entities as robust species, where two correspond to the currently recognized V. amazonica and V. cruziana, the third being new to science, which we describe, diagnose and name here as V. boliviana Magdalena and L. T. Sm. Importantly, we identify new morphological and molecular characters which serve to distinguish the species and underpin their delimitations. Our study demonstrates how combining different types of character data into a heuristic, total-evidence approach can enhance the reliability with which biological diversity of morphologically challenging groups can be identified, documented and further studied.

Antivaccine Movement and COVID-19 Negationism: A Content Analysis of Spanish-Written Messages on Twitter.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, different conspiracies have risen, with the most dangerous being those focusing on vaccines. Today, there exists a social media movement focused on destroying the credibility of vaccines and trying to convince people to ignore the advice of governments and health organizations on vaccination. Our aim was to analyze a COVID-19 antivaccination message campaign on Twitter that uses Spanish as the main language, to find the key elements in their communication strategy. Twitter data were retrieved from 14 to 28 December using NodeXL software. We analyzed tweets in Spanish, focusing on influential users, most influential tweets, and content analysis of tweets. The results revealed ordinary citizens who 'offer the truth' as the most important profile in this network. The content analysis showed antivaccine tweets (31.05%) as the most frequent. The analysis of anti-COVID19 tweets showed that attacks against vaccine safety were the most important (79.87%) but we detected a new kind of message presenting the vaccine as a means of manipulating the human genetic code (8.1%). We concluded that the antivaccine movement and its tenets have great influence in the COVID-19 negationist movement. We observed a new topic in COVID-19 vaccine hoaxes that must be considered in our fight against misinformation.

[COVID-19 and vaccination: analysis of public institution's role in information spread through Twitter.] / COVID-19 y vacunación: Análisis del papel de las instituciones públicas en la difusión de información a través de Twitter.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has been a time where social media allows increased conversations about it. These conversations have spread various conspiracies about vaccines against COVID-19. It is, therefore, necessary to develop communication strategies, led by official accounts, that offer accessible information on vaccination as a preventive public health strategy. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of public institutions on Twitter campaign #yomevacuno to deal with misinformation about vaccination against COVID-19. METHODS: This paper performs a social network analysis and content analysis of Twitter data, using NodeXL software, from December 8th to 23rd, 2020. Tweets included content #yomevacuno hashtag. RESULTS: A total of 6,080 interactions were collected, 82% were tweets. Data shows that public institutions generate 53.36% of traffic information, the most important was the Ministerio de Sanidad from Spain. Content analysis revealed that 48% of a sample of 50 Tweets the message was focused on vaccination as a social responsibility to defeat COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The communication strategy of #yomevacuno hashtag, has been led by the Ministerio de Sanidad of Spain, by comparison to other campaigns in which there was no large presence of public institutions. This case represents the importance of social media as a way to spread information and prevention, even in public health and the need for them to be led by public organizations rather than by individual users.

OBJETIVO: Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, las redes sociales han servido de medio para difundir mensajes a favor y en contra de las vacunas. Es por tanto necesario desarrollar estrategias de comunicación, lideradas por organismos oficiales, que ofrezcan información accesible sobre la vacunación como medida preventiva de Salud Pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel en Twitter de las instituciones públicas en la campaña de concienciación sobre la vacunación frente a la COVID-19. METODOS: Se desarrolló un análisis de los mensajes enviados a través de Twitter que contuvieran el hashtag #yomevacuno, entre los días 8 y 23 de diciembre de 2020, utilizando el software NodeXL. Se analizó tanto el flujo de información como los usuarios más influyentes en la red #yomevacuno, así como el contenido de los tuits. RESULTADOS: Se recopilaron 6.080 interacciones, donde el 8,2% fueron contenidos originales (tuits). Se observó que las instituciones oficiales generaron el 53,36% del tráfico total, siendo la más activa el Ministerio de Sanidad. El análisis de contenidos mostró que el mensaje principal fue el de la apelación a la vacunación frente a la COVID-19 como responsabilidad social (48%). CONCLUSIONES: En este estudio se observa la estrategia de comunicación del hashtag #yomevacuno a favor de la campaña de vacunación frente a la COVID-19. Esta campaña muestra como, en contraposición a otras campañas de fomento de estrategias de prevención de Salud Pública, una institución pública (el Ministerio de Sanidad) lidera el flujo de información ofrecida a los usuarios de la red social Twitter. Este caso representa la importancia de las redes sociales como medio de información y prevención en Salud Pública y la necesidad de que sean lideradas por organizaciones públicas más que por usuarios individuales.

Effect of Anxiety on Empathy: An Observational Study Among Nurses.

Empathy, defined as an emotional ability to put oneself in the place of others, read their state of mind, and think how they are feeling, is an essential pillar of nursing care. On the other hand, anxiety is a frequent emotion that can be generated in stressful work environments, like nurses developing their activity. The aim of the present study is to explore the value of empathy and anxiety personal traits in staff nurses. The sample was comprised of 197 staff nurses from tertiary level hospitals from Madrid, Spain, where 79.2% were women and 20.8% were men in the present study. The instrument used for analysis was the Spanish adaptation of the 16PF5 questionnaire. The results showed the following measurements to warmth (5.58), lively (5.25), socially bold (5.6), privacy (5.82), open to change (5.62), self-reliance (6.12), and anxiety (6.38). Furthermore, anxiety affects positively to warmth (t: 2.66; p > 0.0001) and lively (t = 2.36; p < 0.05), but in a negative way to social bold (t = -3.17; p < 0.001) or open to change (t = -5.81; p < 0.0001). However, it was not seen to have any effect over privacy (t = 1.96; p = 0.052) and self-reliance (t = 1.19; p = 0.234). Finally, it is recommended that healthcare professionals reinforce their personal competencies to strengthen their skills to manage anxiety and improve their empathy competencies.

University students' food consumption assessment and the relation with their academic profile / Evaluación del consumo de alimentos de una población de estudiantes universitarios y su relación con el perfil académico

Objective: The purpose of this research is to assess the quality of the diet taken by the students of Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (Madrid) and to learn whether having a specific knowledge about nutrition produce positive effects in food behavior. Methods: 390 students were tested, 72.63% of them studied degrees in relation to health sciences whereas the remaining 27.37% did not. The students were between 18 and 25 years old. The information was gathered through a questionnaire. This information dealt with frequency of food consumption as well as weight and height in order to get the body mass index. Results: The breakdown of the population according to their body mass index was the following: 75.54% normal weight, 11.06% low weight, 13.4% obesity. These figures are considered normal and they are similar to other groups of students. Both groups (health science students and the others) showed a lower cereal, vegetable and fruit consumption in comparison with the recommended percentage; whereas the consumption of pulses was higher than the average in Spain and the average from other groups, almost reaching the recommendable minimum. In addition, both groups showed a high consumption of dairies. No striking differences have been found between both groups. When comparing both of them in relation to gender, women showed better food behavior since they ate more fruit, vegetables and white fish. Conclusion: No differences have been found between the group studying health sciences and the students studying other kind of degree. The obtained results show that the food consumption of the population is far from the stipulated recommendations; therefore, it would be necessary to design a new action plan regarding nutrition.

Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio ha sido evaluar la calidad de la alimentación de los estudiantes de la Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (Madrid) y establecer si tener una formación específica sobre temas de nutrición produce efectos positivos en los comportamientos alimentarios. Métodos: la muestra estuvo formada por 390 estudiantes, 72,63% de Ciencias de la Salud (CS) y 27,37% de otras carreras (No CS), con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 25 años. A través de un cuestionario se recabó información sobre frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. También se obtuvieron datos sobre el peso y la talla para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: la distribución de la población según el IMC fue la siguiente: 75,54% normopeso, 11,06% bajo peso, 13,4% obesidad; valores dentro de la normalidad y similares a los de otros grupos de estudiantes. Los dos grupos presentaron un consumo inferior al recomendado de cereales, verduras, hortalizas y fruta; a su vez, el consumo de legumbres fue superior a la media española y a la de otros jóvenes, llegando casi al mínimo recomendado. También se dio, en ambos grupos, un elevado consumo de lácteos. No se ha encontrado diferencias significativas entre titulaciones. Al comparar los datos para la variable sexo, el grupo de mujeres presentó un patrón de consumo más adecuado, con una mayor ingesta de fruta, verdura y pescado blanco. Conclusión: no se han visto diferencias en el comportamiento alimentario entre los dos grupos analizados (CS y No CS). Los resultados obtenidos indican que el consumo de alimentos de esta población se aleja de las recomendaciones establecidas, por lo que convendría diseñar un plan de actuación en materia nutricional.

Evaluación del consumo de alimentos de una población de estudiantes universitarios y su relación con el perfil académico / University students’ food consumption assessment and the relation with their academic profile

Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio ha sido evaluar la calidad de la alimentación de los estudiantes de la Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (Madrid) y establecer si tener una formación específica sobre temas de nutrición produce efectos positivos en los comportamientos alimentarios. Métodos: la muestra estuvo formada por 390 estudiantes, 72,63% de Ciencias de la Salud (CS) y 27,37% de otras carreras (No CS), con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 25 años. A través de un cuestionario se recabó información sobre frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. También se obtuvieron datos sobre el peso y la talla para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: la distribución de la población según el IMC fue la siguiente: 75,54% normopeso, 11,06% bajo peso, 13,4% obesidad; valores dentro de la normalidad y similares a los de otros grupos de estudiantes. Los dos grupos presentaron un consumo inferior al recomendado de cereales, verduras, hortalizas y fruta; a su vez, el consumo de legumbres fue superior a la media española y a la de otros jóvenes, llegando casi al mínimo recomendado. También se dio, en ambos grupos, un elevado consumo de lácteos. No se ha encontrado diferencias significativas entre titulaciones. Al comparar los datos para la variable sexo, el grupo de mujeres presentó un patrón de consumo más adecuado, con una mayor ingesta de fruta, verdura y pescado blanco. Conclusión: no se han visto diferencias en el comportamiento alimentario entre los dos grupos analizados (CS y No CS). Los resultados obtenidos indican que el consumo de alimentos de esta población se aleja de las recomendaciones establecidas, por lo que convendría diseñar un plan de actuación en materia nutricional (AU)

Objective: The purpose of this research is to assess the quality of the diet taken by the students of Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (Madrid) and to learn whether having a specific knowledge about nutrition produce positive effects in food behavior. Methods: 390 students were tested, 72.63% of them studied degrees in relation to health sciences whereas the remaining 27.37% did not. The students were between 18 and 25 years old. The information was gathered through a questionnaire. This information dealt with frequency of food consumption as well as weight and height in order to get the body mass index. Results: The breakdown of the population according to their body mass index was the following: 75.54% normal weight, 11.06% low weight, 13.4% obesity. These figures are considered normal and they are similar to other groups of students. Both groups (health science students and the others) showed a lower cereal, vegetable and fruit consumption in comparison with the recommended percentage; whereas the consumption of pulses was higher than the average in Spain and the average from other groups, almost reaching the recommendable minimum. In addition, both groups showed a high consumption of dairies. No striking differences have been found between both groups. When comparing both of them in relation to gender, women showed better food behavior since they ate more fruit, vegetables and white fish. Conclusion: No differences have been found between the group studying health sciences and the students studying other kind of degree. The obtained results show that the food consumption of the population is far from the stipulated recommendations; therefore, it would be necessary to design a new action plan regarding nutrition (AU)

Cabomba as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution.

BACKGROUND: The angiosperms, or flowering plants, diversified in the Cretaceous to dominate almost all terrestrial environments. Molecular phylogenetic studies indicate that the orders Amborellales, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales, collectively termed the ANA grade, diverged as separate lineages from a remaining angiosperm clade at a very early stage in flowering plant evolution. By comparing these early diverging lineages, it is possible to infer the possible morphology and ecology of the last common ancestor of the extant angiosperms, and this analysis can now be extended to try to deduce the developmental mechanisms that were present in early flowering plants. However, not all species in the ANA grade form convenient molecular-genetic models. SCOPE: The present study reviews the genus Cabomba (Nymphaeales), which shows a range of features that make it potentially useful as a genetic model. We focus on characters that have probably been conserved since the last common ancestor of the extant flowering plants. To facilitate the use of Cabomba as a molecular model, we describe methods for its cultivation to flowering in the laboratory, a novel Cabomba flower expressed sequence tag database, a well-adapted in situ hybridization protocol and a measurement of the nuclear genome size of C. caroliniana. We discuss the features required for species to become tractable models, and discuss the relative merits of Cabomba and other ANA-grade angiosperms in molecular-genetic studies aimed at understanding the origin of the flowering plants.

The role of botanic gardens in the science and practice of ecological restoration.

Many of the skills and resources associated with botanic gardens and arboreta, including plant taxonomy, horticulture, and seed bank management, are fundamental to ecological restoration efforts, yet few of the world's botanic gardens are involved in the science or practice of restoration. Thus, we examined the potential role of botanic gardens in these emerging fields. We believe a reorientation of certain existing institutional strengths, such as plant-based research and knowledge transfer, would enable many more botanic gardens worldwide to provide effective science-based support to restoration efforts. We recommend botanic gardens widen research to include ecosystems as well as species, increase involvement in practical restoration projects and training practitioners, and serve as information hubs for data archiving and exchange.

Fine needle aspiration appearance of extragastrointestinal stromal tumor. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) rarely develop outside the digestive tract and in the soft tissues of abdomen and retroperitoneum. Such tumors are designated extra-GISTs (EGISTs). Cytologic and immunocytochemical features of a case of EGIST are reported. CASE: A 54-year-old woman presented with a peritoneal mass, diameter 22 cm, adherent to the omentum and without a connection to the digestive tract. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the excised tumor showed high cellularity in two patterns: monotonous spindle cells were intermingled with a mildly atypical epithelioid component. Immunocytochemistry performed on cytospins revealed reactivity for c-kit (CD117), CD34 and smooth muscle actin and negativity for S-100. The findings were concordant with a histologic diagnosis of EGIST. CONCLUSION: EGISTs are infrequent neoplasms and can be diagnosed in FNAB samples. The clinical/radiologic setting must be considered together with the cytologic features. Immunocytochemistry is a clue to the diagnosis when it detects c-kit reactivity.

Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en la infancia / Ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in childhood

Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico en el niño presenta una incidencia epidemiológica baja en comparación con el adulto. Sin embargo la pluricausalidad etiológica y la orientación diagnóstica y terapéutica exigen una metodología seria protocolizada. De ello puede depender el pronóstico y la expectativa de vida de estos pacientes. Los objetivos buscados son la determinación etiológica del ACV isquémico y una mejor elección terapéutica para disminuir la recurrencia del ACV. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 32 pacientes de ambos sexos, desde el 1-7-90 hasta el 1-7-95, siguiendo el protocolo de ACV de nuestro Servicio de Neurología Infantil, incluyendo todos los pacientes con ACV isquémico, excluyendo los ACV hemorrágicos. Para determinar si el paciente presentaba ACV isquémico se usaron criterios clínicos y neurorradiológicos. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: distribución etaria, hallazgos clínicos, territorios vasculares comprometidos, evolución, hallazgos de morbimortalidad y estrategias de protocolo terapéutico de acuerdo a la etiología. Cabe destacar que este trabajo fue realizado con un diseño previo. Resultados obtenidos: Determinación de etiologías: Asociado a trombosis 46,8 por ciento (15 casos). Asociado a embolias 28,12 por ciento (9 casos). Asociado a vasoespasmo 6,25 por ciento (2 casos). Inciertas 18,57 por ciento (6 casos). Las causas trombóticas mostraron predominio de procesos vasculíticos infecciosos y angiodisplasias malformativas sobre las causas hematológicas (déficit de proteínas C y S y el síndrome antifosfolipídico primario y secundario) e inmunológicas. Distribución etaria: Predominio entre 0-6 años (total de la muestra 75 por ciento). Mediana 2 años y la media 4,25. Hallazgos clínicos semiológicos al debut: Encefalopatía aguda convulsiva y signología deficitaria (31,25 por ciento). Déficit motor y crisis convulsivas (25 por ciento) con tendencia a debut focalizado, como cuadros clínicos dominantes. Territorios vasculares afectados: Predominio de la arteria cerebral media (47 por ciento). Arteria carótida interna (25 por ciento). Factores involucrados más importantes: Infecciosos (25 por ciento). Cardiopatías (25 por ciento). Dislipidemias (12,5 por ciento). Coagulopatías (12,5 por ciento). Evolución: Mostró una mortalidad del 15,6 por ciento, con una morbilidad de un 60 por ciento y una recurrencia de ACV isquémico del 37 por ciento...

Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en la infancia / Ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in childhood

Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico en el niño presenta una incidencia epidemiológica baja en comparación con el adulto. Sin embargo la pluricausalidad etiológica y la orientación diagnóstica y terapéutica exigen una metodología seria protocolizada. De ello puede depender el pronóstico y la expectativa de vida de estos pacientes. Los objetivos buscados son la determinación etiológica del ACV isquémico y una mejor elección terapéutica para disminuir la recurrencia del ACV. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 32 pacientes de ambos sexos, desde el 1-7-90 hasta el 1-7-95, siguiendo el protocolo de ACV de nuestro Servicio de Neurología Infantil, incluyendo todos los pacientes con ACV isquémico, excluyendo los ACV hemorrágicos. Para determinar si el paciente presentaba ACV isquémico se usaron criterios clínicos y neurorradiológicos. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: distribución etaria, hallazgos clínicos, territorios vasculares comprometidos, evolución, hallazgos de morbimortalidad y estrategias de protocolo terapéutico de acuerdo a la etiología. Cabe destacar que este trabajo fue realizado con un diseño previo. Resultados obtenidos: Determinación de etiologías: Asociado a trombosis 46,8 por ciento (15 casos). Asociado a embolias 28,12 por ciento (9 casos). Asociado a vasoespasmo 6,25 por ciento (2 casos). Inciertas 18,57 por ciento (6 casos). Las causas trombóticas mostraron predominio de procesos vasculíticos infecciosos y angiodisplasias malformativas sobre las causas hematológicas (déficit de proteínas C y S y el síndrome antifosfolipídico primario y secundario) e inmunológicas. Distribución etaria: Predominio entre 0-6 años (total de la muestra 75 por ciento). Mediana 2 años y la media 4,25. Hallazgos clínicos semiológicos al debut: Encefalopatía aguda convulsiva y signología deficitaria (31,25 por ciento). Déficit motor y crisis convulsivas (25 por ciento) con tendencia a debut focalizado, como cuadros clínicos dominantes. Territorios vasculares afectados: Predominio de la arteria cerebral media (47 por ciento). Arteria carótida interna (25 por ciento). Factores involucrados más importantes: Infecciosos (25 por ciento). Cardiopatías (25 por ciento). Dislipidemias (12,5 por ciento). Coagulopatías (12,5 por ciento). Evolución: Mostró una mortalidad del 15,6 por ciento, con una morbilidad de un 60 por ciento y una recurrencia de ACV isquémico del 37 por ciento...(AU)