Using natural 15N abundances to trace the fate of waste-derived nitrogen in forest ecosystems: New Zealand case studies.

Treatment of wastewater generally results in elevated natural 15N abundance (delta15N) in the effluent and sludges. For example, high delta15N values are found in treated sewage effluent, biosolids, and other wastes that are commonly applied to land. In contrast, N deficient coniferous forest soils usually have a low delta15N. When wastes with high delta15N values are applied to land, their distinctive delta15N signature can potentially be used to trace the fate of waste-derived N in the ecosystem. In this paper, we provide an overview of the use of delta15N in land application of wastes, including New Zealand case studies on tracing nitrogen in forest ecosystems.

Solute movement through an allophanic soil.

Allophanic soils are widespread around the world, but little research has been done on their transport properties. This study reveals the effect of two soil water potential heads and two water-flow regimes of continuous and intermittent flow on solute transport through undisturbed soil columns of Horotiu silt loam (Typic Hapludand), an allophanic soil. Two different methods--breakthrough curves (BTCs) and time domain reflectometry (TDR)--were employed to determine the extent of preferential solute transport in the topsoil. The TDR data were also used to look at the depth dependence of the transport properties. The convection-dispersion equation (CDE) with the appropriate boundary conditions adequately described the movement of both Br and Cl under the various flow conditions. Although no preferential flow was found under the imposed unsaturated flow conditions, the flow of water and transport of solute became more uniform with depth. The results show that both Br and Cl are retarded in this allophanic soil. Retardation values range from 1.5 to 1.9, and, as the TDR data showed, increase from the depth of 5.0 to 10.0 cm. Intermittent leaching results showed that there was no effect on solute concentrations in the leachate following no-flow periods. This suggests that water and solute transport in this soil were either relatively uniform or that transverse mixing during flow was already fast enough to eliminate concentration gradients between regions of different "mobility."