The Effect of Spiritual Care on Hope in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Referred to the MS Association of Hamadan in Iran.

The negative impact of hopelessness on mental health makes multiple sclerosis (MS) disease unmanageable. This study aimed to determine the effect of spiritual care on hope in MS patients. In the present randomized controlled trial study, 70 MS patients were selected from the MS Association of Hamadan, Iran, and randomly allocated to intervention and control groups (35 patients per group). A demographic characteristic form and Snyder's Adult Hope Scale were completed before and after the intervention. Spiritual care was provided in weekly group sessions held for four weeks (45-60 min each). The data were analyzed using SPSS-16. Before the intervention, there were no significant between-group difference (P = 0.323). After the intervention, a significant between-group difference was observed (p < 0.001). There was also a significant increase in the mean of hope scores in the intervention group from baseline to follow-up (within-group difference) (p < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between baseline and follow-up in the control group (p = 0.38), confirming the effectiveness of spiritual care in improving hope. Given the impact of spiritual care on increasing patients' hope and improving their psychological state, nurses are advised to devote adequate time to their patients' spiritual needs.

Treatment adherence and associated factors in older people with type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study.

PATIENT CONTRIBUTION: Older people with T2D participated in this study to achieve the objective of the study. AIM: Treatment adherence is an important indicator for evaluating successful diabetes control and overall disease management. It is necessary to identify the hidden themes of the concept of treatment adherence and related factors based on the experiences of older people with T2D. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the concept of treatment adherence and its associated factors in older people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). DESIGN: The study was conducted as a qualitative study using a content analysis approach. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 older people with T2D, between May and September 2021. Data were organized using MAXQDA-10 software and analysed using the Elo and Kyngas qualitative content analysis method. We followed the COREQ Checklist to ensure rigour in our study. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the analysis of the data, including: 'Health literacy', 'Support umbrella' and 'responsibility'.

Barriers to Treatment Adherence Among Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study.

The current qualitative study aimed to determine the barriers to treatment adherence among older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study was performed using a content analysis approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 older adults with T2D between May and September 2021. Data were organized using MAXQDA-10 software and analyzed using the Elo and Kyngäs qualitative content analysis method. Three themes emerged from the analysis: Patient-Specific Barriers, Health Care Provider- and Heath Care System-Specific Barriers, and Social-Specific Barriers. Results of this study can be used to develop targeted interventions to promote and facilitate treatment adherence among older adults with T2D. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 49(1), 42-49.].

Transcendence, the Most Important Spiritual Need of Muslim Older Adults: A Content Analysis Study.

Healthcare providers agree that promoting spirituality among older adults while caring for them increases their quality of life. However, there is little knowledge about the spiritual needs of the elderly, especially in the Muslim community. This qualitative study attempted to explore the spiritual needs of Muslim older adults. Fifteen non-hospitalized Muslim older adults from Hamadan City, Iran, were interviewed. The semi-structured interviews were analyzed using conventional content analysis. After identifying semantic units from the text, related codes were extracted and placed in subcategories and categories based on their similarities. Once the data were analyzed, one theme was formed. The study's findings showed that the spiritual needs of older adults fell into three main categories: religious needs, the need for transcendence, and the need for connection. Religious needs included subcategories of religious practices and beliefs, and the need for transcendence included the search for meaning and purpose in life, and the need for peace and stability and balance. Also, the need for connection included the need to connect with nature and connect with others. Healthcare professionals and family caregivers should be trained in the specific competence of recognizing older people's unmet spiritual needs and fulfilling them.

Efficacy Of Acceptance And Commitment Therapy For Emotional Distress In The Elderly With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is among the common diseases in the elderly which results in depression, anxiety, and emotional distress in the elderly and impacts the disease control by the individual. This study was conducted with the aim of exploring the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in the improvement of emotional distress in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized control trial, 80 elderly with type 2 diabetes aged ≥60 years were randomly selected among the individuals visiting Yazd Diabetes Research Center. Then, the patients were randomly divided into two 40 individual groups, ie, the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group underwent group ACT during eight 90-min sessions. The diabetes-related emotional distress questionnaire was completed before the intervention, after the end of the group sessions and 2 months after that. The statistical software SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The emotional mean scores in the intervention and control groups were not significantly different before the intervention. However, the mean score of the intervention group was lower than of the control group immediately after the intervention (p=0.02) and 2 months after the intervention (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: ACT results in the improvement of diabetes-related emotional distress in the intervention group. Considering the effectiveness of ACT, this therapeutic method is recommended to be used for the amelioration of emotional distress in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

Teaching ethics using games: Impact on Iranian nursing students' moral sensitivity.

This study seeks to develop a method of teaching ethics to nursing students using games. We used the one-group pretest-posttest design with 30 undergraduate nursing students as participants. Professional ethics education was provided for 17 weeks in 90-minute sessions. The Lutzen ethical sensitivity questionnaire and a checklist of the satisfaction levels of games used measured the effects of training. Repeated-measures ANOVA and the Greenhouse-Geisser correction were used to measure ethics game satisfaction. After training, total moral sensitivity questionnaire scores increased significantly (p = 0.02). The score on awareness of the relationship with the patient and the application of ethics concepts in ethical decisions from the subdomain of moral sensitivity increased significantly. Card sorting and drawing or art production earned the highest scores of satisfaction. The results show that playing games is a useful approach to developing moral sensitivity among nursing students to make them more sensitive toward ethics issues in their professional environment.

Effects of Yogurt and Yogurt Plus Shallot Consumption on Lipid Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Women.

BACKGROUND: Identification of food with lowering cholesterol level properties plays a vital role to control impaired lipid profile among type 2 diabetic patients. the current study aimed to evaluate the effects of yogurt and yogurt plus shallot intake on lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic women. METHODS: Forty-eight participants with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this study. Participants in the first group (n = 22) received 150 ml of low-fat yogurt (1.5% fat) and those in the second group (n = 26) received 150 ml of low-fat yogurt (1.5% fat) plus shallot for 10 weeks. Serum triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) concentrations, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured before and after each intervention. RESULTS: comparison of parameters between two groups after intervention showed that TG and TC concentrations decreased more in participants who consumed yogurt plus shallot than who consumed yogurt (P = 0.003 and P = 0.04, respectively), also LDL-C level of participants who were in yogurt plus shallot group was lower than that of participants in yogurt group, but this difference was marginally significant (P = 0.06). However, FBS level was not statistically different between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that yogurt plus shallot intake significantly decreased LDL-C, TG, and TC levels in diabetic women compared with yogurt intake.

Evaluation of Dietary Intakes, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Adolescent Team Sports Elite Athletes: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional intake is an important issue in adolescent athletes. Proper athletes' performance is a multifactorial outcome of good training, body composition, and nutritional status. The aim of the present study was to assess nutritional status, body composition, and cardiometabolic factors in adolescent elite athlete's province of Isfahan, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 100 adolescent elite athletes from volleyball, basketball, and soccer teams were selected for the study. Demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic parameters were assessed. Nutritional intakes of participants were recorded using three 24-h recall questioners. RESULTS: Thirty-four female athletes and 66 male athletes participated in this study. Body mass index had not significantly different between the sexes. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron, and fat intakes were significantly higher in male athletes (P = 0.02), but calcium and folic acid intakes were not significantly different between the sexes, and Vitamin D intake was significantly higher in females (P = 0.01). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in males (P = 0.04) and heart rate had not significantly different between the sexes (P = 0.09). Heart murmurs and heart sounds in the majority of participants were normal. CONCLUSION: All the evaluated anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters were in normal range in the majority of participants. The results showed that dietary intake in these athletes is approximately normal but micronutrients intake status in these athletes needs to be investigated further and longer.

Effect of various kinds of beverages on stress oxidative, F2 isoprostane, serum lipid and blood glucose of elite taekwondo players.

BACKGROUND: Athletes' recovery is important in improving their performance. Nutritional strategies can be effective in enhancing recovery rate. Choosing the best food items in appropriate intervals can play effective roles in resynthesis of fuels and recovery of muscle injury. Beverage micro and macronutrient content are helpful in fuel restoration. In this study, we assess the effects of various kinds of beverages on oxidative stress, muscle injury, and metabolic risk factors in taekwondo players. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 21 taekwondo players of Isfahan. After collecting fasting blood, they performed runningbased anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Blood lactate was tested again and participants were divided into 3 intervention groups, that is, receiving 500 cc dough, non-alcoholic beer, and chocolate milk at 4 day intervals. After a 2-h recovery period, blood sampling was repeated. Elites consumed other beverages in later phases. Dietary intake and fasting triglyceride, cholesterol, blood sugar, lactate dehydrogenase, and F2-isoprostane concentrations were determined. Data were analyzed with a simple repeated-measures test and post-hoc tests using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. RESULTS: Data showed that cholesterol levels non-significantly decreased after intervention. Triglyceride level was lower after taking dough and carbohydrate replacement drink. Blood glucose concentration increased after intervention periods, however, this increase was significant only after non-alcoholic beverage consumption. Lactate dehydrogenase levels reduced after all cycles, however, F2-isoprostane level showed no significant change. There was not significant change in lactate dehydrogenase and F2-isoprostane levels. CONCLUSIONS: Non-alcoholic beer consumption can reduce lactate dehydrogenase concentration; however, it leads to blood sugar increase. Moreover, dough consumption significantly reduced triglyceride level in taekwondo players.

Effects of High Protein and Balanced Diets on Lipid Profiles and Inflammation Biomarkers in Obese and Overweight Women at Aerobic Clubs: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: We studied the effects of high protein (HP) and balanced diets (BDs) on lipid profiles, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in obese and overweight women. METHODS: In a parallel designed randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 healthy women with body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, aged 20-46 years, enrolled in an 8-week investigation at aerobic clubs. They were categorized into two groups (HP and BDs), randomly. Fasting lipid profile and hs-CRP levels were evaluated at the beginning and end of the trial. We assessed dietary intake by 3-day records and also used SPSS (version 18; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for data analyzing. RESULTS: Fifty-six participants completed the intervention. Concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001 in BD group vs. P =0.023 in HP group) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001 in BD group vs. P =0.002 in HP group) increased significantly in both groups. Circulating triglycerides levels increased in both intervention grows, but the change in the HP group was not significant compared with the other group (P = 0.007 in BD group vs. P =0.099 in HP group). Whereas total cholesterol concentration decreased but not significantly so (P = 0.53 in BD group vs. P =0.73 in HP group). There were marginally significant decreases in the hs-CRP levels due to both diets (P = 0.057 in BD group vs. P =0.086 in HP group); however, there were no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of HP and BD in overweight and obese women with regular aerobic exercise showed improvement in lipid profiles and hs-CRP levels within the groups, but there were no significant differences between groups.

Effect of Garlic and Lemon Juice Mixture on Lipid Profile and Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors in People 30-60 Years Old with Moderate Hyperlipidaemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to effects of garlic and lemon juice mixture on lipid profile and some cardiovascular risk factors in people 30-60 years old with moderate hyperlipidemia. METHODS: In a parallel-designed randomized controlled clinical trial, a total of 112 hyperlipidemic patients 30-60 years, were recruited from Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center. People were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Control blood samples were taken and height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded. (1) Received 20 g of garlic daily, plus 1 tablespoon lemon juice, (2) received 20 g garlic daily, (3) received 1 tablespoon of lemon juice daily, and (4) did not receive garlic or lemon juice. A study technician was done the random allocations using a random numbers table. All participants presented 3 days of dietary records and 3 days of physical activity records during 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at study baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. RESULTS: Results showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol (changes from baseline: 40.8 ± 6.1, P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (29.8 ± 2.6, P < 0.001), and fibrinogen (111.4 ± 16.1, P < 0.001) in the Group 1, in comparison with other groups. A greater reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed in Group 1 compared with the Groups 3 and 4 (37 ± 10, P = 0.01) (24 ± 1, P = 0.02); respectively. Furthermore, a great reduction in body mass index was observed in the mixed group compared with the lemon juice and control groups (1.6 ± 0.1, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of garlic plus lemon juice resulted in an improvement in lipid levels, fibrinogen and blood pressure of patients with hyperlipidemia.

The association between abdominal obesity and characteristics of migraine attacks in Iranian adults.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a primary headache disorder that affects the neurovascular system. Recent studies have shown that migraine patients with general obesity have higher characteristics of migraine attacks compared with normal weight patients, but data on central obesity are scarce. This study was done to assess the relationship between central obesity and the characteristics of migraine attacks in migraine patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 129 migraine patients (28 men and 101 women), aged 15-67 years, in Isfahan, Iran. Anthropometric measurements such as waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR), as well as characteristics of migraine attacks such as severity, frequency, duration, and headache diary result (HDR) was determined for each participant. Linear regression was used to examine the association between anthropometric measurements and characteristics of migraine attacks. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: WC, WHR, and WHtR were positively associated with the severity (P-value: WC: 0.002, WHR: 0.002, WHtR: 0.001) and frequency (P-value: WC: 0.006, WHR: 0.01, WHtR: 0.002) of migraine attacks. Moreover, we found a significant association between WC (P = 0.001), WHR (P = 0.004), and WHtR (P < 0.001) with HDR. No significant relationship was observed between central obesity indicators and duration of migraine attacks. CONCLUSIONS: Central obesity indicators were positively associated with the severity and frequency of migraine attacks as well as HDR, but not with duration of attacks. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that weight loss may decrease the characteristics of migraine attacks.

The comparison of chemerin, adiponectin and lipid profile indices in obese and non-obese adolescents.

AIMS: The growing prevalence of obesity and its related metabolic disorders in adolescents shows the necessity of urgent focus on the related factors. Adipocytes secretions and their pro- or anti-inflammatory roles play effective roles in adipocytes metabolism. We assessed the relation between adiponectin, chemerin and lipid profile in hit phase of life. METHODS: This case-control study conducted on 78 adolescent girls, divided based on BMI percentile. Serum chemerin, adiponectin, lipid profile and body fat mass were measured. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test. The interactive relation between these variables was assessed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Data were analyzed using SPSS software and AMOS software. RESULTS: Chemerin were correlated significantly with triglyceride (r=0.584 versus r=0.319), HDL-cholestrol (r=-0.323 versus r=-0.335), LDL-cholestrol (r=0.368 versus r=0.327) and fat mass (r=0.372 versus r=0.357) in obese versus non-obese girls; while the mentioned correlation were non-significant with total cholesterol in obese group (r=0.233 versus r=0.336). Furthermore, there were significant association between adiponectin and triglyceride (r=-0.404 versus r=-0.317), HDL-cholesterol (r=0.332 versus r=0.316) and fat mass (r=-0.529 versus r=-0.346) in obese versus non-obese girls, respectively. CONCLUSION: There were positive associations between lipid profile components and serum chemerin levels. Adiponectin levels were in positive correlation with HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Chemerin showed positive correlations with potent health threatening components of lipid profile including triglyceride and cholesterol levels in adolescents.

Assessment of pyridoxine and folate intake in migraine patients.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder worldwide. It affects 10-20% of the population during their lifetime. Recent studies have indicated that supplementation with folate and pyridoxine improves migraine symptoms. This study was undertaken to evaluate dietary intake of folate and pyridoxine in migraine patients and assessed their association with the frequency of migraine attacks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a case-control study performed on 124 migraine patients and 130 non-migraine subjects. Individuals' common dietary intake was determined by using a valid semi-quantitative 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Data had been analyzed using independent t-test using SPSS software (version 18). RESULTS: In this study, we found that migraine patients had lower intake of dietary folate compared with control group, but energy and pyridoxine intake were not different between the two groups. Further analysis among men and women revealed no statistically significant changes in these relationships. In addition, we found no significant association between dietary intake of pyridoxine and folate with the frequency of migraine attacks. CONCLUSION: Migraine patients had lower dietary intake of folate, compared with non-migraine group subjects. There was no significant association between folate and pyridoxine intake with the frequency of migraine attacks. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Different consumed oils and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes patients in diabetes society of Natanz.

AIMS: This study, for the first time, has investigated the effect of highly consumed oils in Iran on type 2 diabetic patient's blood pressure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After measuring height, weight and blood pressure and calculating Body Mass Index (BMI) of 200 patients (30-65 years old) with type 2 diabetes (26.7% men, 73.3% women) in diabetes center of Natanz, their consumed oil was obtained by questionnaire, and their blood lipid and glucose were also measured. Data analyzed by SPSS 16 software, one-way ANOVA, independent T test, and Means procedure statistic tests. RESULTS: In mean procedure test, the highest average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was in patients consumed solid and semi-solid oils; and the lowest was in patients consumed vegetable liquid oils. However, women consumed solid vegetable oils have lower systolic and mean arterial pressures. In one-way ANOVA test, there was a significant relation between consumed oil and hemoglobin A1C (p=0.049) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Consumption of solid and semi-solid oils, especially animal fat, cause increasing in blood pressure of diabetic type 2 patients; but consumption of olive oil, and to a lesser extent liquid vegetable oils, related to lesser increasing in their blood pressure.

Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and inflammation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver is the most chronic liver disease that eventually can become cirrhosis. One of the underlying assumptions for the fatty liver created by inflammation of the hepatocytes. We aimed to assess the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sub-clinical inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted on 55 patients over 30 years, with NAFLD. Fatty liver grade was assessed using liver ultrasound. Liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase), anthropometric characteristics and inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Qualitative variables (sex and fatty liver grade) and quantitative variables such as were compared with independent t-test and Chi-square test. Relationship between fatty liver grade and inflammatory index was assessed with SPSS software (version 20; SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver grades were associated with CRP level and this relationship remains in statistically significant level even after adjusting the effects of confounding variables such as age, sex and body mass index of participants (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: In this cross-sectional study, presentation of NAFLD showed a significant correlation with sub-clinical systemic inflammation and CRP level.

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood sugar and different indices of insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D supplementation has been shown to decrease insulin resistance through which it might cause fatty liver. Fatty liver increasingly results in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin resistance and fatty liver are particularly closely related. The aim of present study is to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood sugar and different indices of insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients with NAFLD, who were divided equally into intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group received vitamin D3 (50,000 IU) and patients in the control group received placebo capsules every week for 10 weeks. Blood sugar, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and homeostatic model assessment-beta cell (HOMA-B) were checked at baseline and after 10 weeks of the intervention. Adjustment for variables was performed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS: Vitamin D supplementation resulted in increased serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH) D] concentration in the intervention group compared to the control group [+68 (12) vs. -1.9 (2.44); P = 0.001]. Intake of vitamin D supplements led to a marginally significant decrease in fasting blood glucose [FBS: -12 (4) in the intervention group compared to - 3 (2) in the control group; P = 0.055]. Also, HOMA-IR decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group [-1.75 (0.23) vs. 0.12 (0.41); P = 0.066]. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D supplementation resulted in decreased HOMA-IR and FBS concentration in patients with NAFLD; however, it did not affect the insulin level and HOMA-B significantly.

Evaluation of dietary pattern stability and physical activity in three consecutive generations of women.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize major dietary patterns (DPs) in three consecutive generations and to delineate DP changes. METHODS: Usual dietary intakes of 547 women from three generations were assessed using a validated dish-based Food Frequency Questionnaire. Factor analysis was performed to identify DPs, participants' scores for each DP were calculated and changes in DP scores and mean consumption of food groups were evaluated. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), participants were ranked according to their scores receiving for each DP. RESULTS: Three major DPs, defined as Traditional (TDP), Healthy (HDP), and Western (WDP) and the comparison of DP adherence between generations showed that TDP remained stable over time. WDP and HDP scores increased from Generation1 to the recent. Based on LCA, the "multifarious class" was similar in three generations. The "traditional class", "transitional class", and "health conscious class" were defined within the oldest, middle-aged, and younger generation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The younger women tended to have higher score for both WDP and HDP. This paradox may be as a result of health conscious behaviors parallel the unfavorable inevitable lifestyle changes.

Empirically derived dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis on prospective observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review prospective cohort studies about the association between dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence, and to quantify the effects using a meta-analysis. DESIGN: Databases such as PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS and Google Scholar were searched up to 15 January 2015. Cohort studies which tried to examine the association between empirically derived dietary patterns and incident T2DM were selected. The relative risks (RR) and their 95 % confidence intervals for diabetes among participants with highest v. lowest adherence to derived dietary patterns were incorporated into meta-analysis using random-effects models. RESULTS: Ten studies (n 404 528) were enrolled in the systematic review and meta-analysis; our analysis revealed that adherence to the 'healthy' dietary patterns significantly reduced the risk of T2DM (RR=0·86; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·90), while the 'unhealthy' dietary patterns adversely affected diabetes risk (RR=1·30; 95 % CI 1·18, 1·43). Subgroup analysis showed that unhealthy dietary patterns in which foods with high phytochemical content were also loaded did not significantly increase T2DM risk (RR=1·06; 95 % CI 0·87, 1·30). CONCLUSIONS: 'Healthy' dietary patterns containing vegetables, fruits and whole grains can lower diabetes risk by 14 %. Consuming higher amounts of red and processed meats, high-fat dairy and refined grains in the context of 'unhealthy' dietary patterns will increase diabetes risk by 30 %; while including foods with high phytochemical content in these patterns can modify this effect.

Association of chemerin levels with anthropometric indexes and C-reactive protein in obese and non-obese adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammation. This epidemic is growing in different age groups including adolescents. It is accompanied with a decrease in the age for incidence of obesity-related disorders. Chemerin, as a chemokine and stimulator of anti-inflammatory adiponectin, links immune system, adipose tissue and inflammation. It may be useful in predicting obesity in the hit phase of life. This study aims to assess serum chemerin and adiponectin in relation to the inflammation and obesity indices. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 82 adolescent girls, aged12-18 years. They were categorized based on the percentiles of the body mass index (BMI).Serum chemerin, adiponectin, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), body fat mass and its percent, waist circumference (WC) ,hip circumference (HC) were measured; BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)were calculated. Data were analyzed by independent Student's t-test and Pearson correlation; path analysis was conducted, as well. RESULTS: We found a negative significant association between chemerin and adiponectin levels in both obese and non-obese groups(r =-0.387, P = 0.014 vs. r = 0.362, respectively, P = 0.018). Serum chemerin was higher in obese than in non-obese adolescents (441.83 ± 47.79 vs. 409.30 ± 66.12 µg /l, respectively, P = 0.012), whereas mean adiponectin level was lower in obese participants than in the other group (4.79 ± 0.94 versus 5.2 ± 0.53µg/ml, respectively, P = 0.016). Chemerin concentrations had significant positive correlation with Hs-CRP levels, BMI, WC, HC, WHR, body fat mass and its percent (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Chemerin concentrations were associated with and adiponectin levels in obese girl adolescents, negatively. Hs-CRP, BMI, WC, HC, WHR, body fat mass and its' percent were in positive relation with chemerin levels, and inverse association with serum adiponectin concentrations. Our findings suggest that chemerin can be considered as an early marker of the inflammatory process in obesity.