[Morphological characteristics of the brain nervous tissue during aging]. / Morfologicheskaya kharakteristika nervnoi tkani golovnogo mozga pri starenii.

OBJECTIVE: Identification of morphological manifestations and evaluation of morphometric parameters of the nervous tissue in various structures of the human brain during aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Autopsy material was obtained from patients whose causes of death were not associated with neurological diseases. Three age groups were studied: young (35-45 years old) (n=10); eldery (75-89 years old) (n=20); centenarians (over 90 years old) (n=10). Quantitative analysis of large neurons in the compact part of the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, layer V of the cortex, and the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus was carried out. In addition, the brain mass, the thickness of the cortex of the precentral gyrus were measured, the glial index was calculated, and the morphological signs of age-related involution of the brain tissue and intracerebral vessels were assessed. RESULTS: In senile and centenarians, compared with young people, there was a progressive reduction in large neurons of layer V of the cortex, basal ganglia, the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus and substantia nigra, a decrease in brain mass and thickness of the cortex of the precentral gyrus, as well as an increase in the glial index. Changes in blood vessels characteristic of aging are described. Also, during aging, signs characteristic of neurodegeneration were found. CONCLUSION: The results of the study confirm that such brain structures as the cortex of the precentral gyrus, the hippocampus, the basal ganglia, and the substantia nigra lose large neurons with age, followed by the development of gliosis. The identified morphological changes characteristic of aging are phenomenologically similar to a certain set of morphological changes in neurodegenerative diseases of late age.

[Immunohistochemical and molecular diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a literature review and a clinical case]. / Immunogistokhimicheskaya i molekulyarnaya diagnostika vospalitel'noi miofibroblasticheskoi opukholi matki: klinicheskoe nablyudenie i obzor literatury.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the uterus (uIMT) are rare and difficult to diagnose neoplasms, since the morphological characteristics of this tumor are not specific and are found in other pathological changes. In addition, until recently, specific uIMT markers have not been identified and their diagnostic standards not defined. However, in recent years, there have been more and more studies aimed to identify characteristic morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features for the differential diagnosis of uIMT. Recent papers studying uIMT indicate anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) as a potentially reliable marker of uIMT. This communication describes a clinical case of uIMT in a 40-year-old woman who has been preoperatively diagnosed with a large subserous interstitial myomatous nodule. The final diagnosis was made, by analysing a combination of morphological and immunohistochemical signs. This clinical case with a literature review is indicated to consider ALK as a key criterion in the diagnosis of uIMT, as well as the relationship between subsequent treatment and the presence of ALK in the studied tissues.

[Assessment of the regenerative potential of platelet-rich plasma in urethroplasty in the experimental model].

INTRODUCTION: Reconstructive plastic surgery is the gold standard in the treatment of primary urethral strictures, but the effectiveness of these methods does not reach 100%. In cases of recurrent urethral strictures, the effectiveness of standard operations is lower than with primary strictures, which requires a search for methods to improve the results of surgical treatment. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the structure of the intercellular matrix, the cellular composition and regenerative potential of a plasma enriched in platelets after performing urethroplasty on a biological model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiment was carried out on male rabbits ("Burgundy" breed) weighting 3.0-4.5 kg (18 individuals). 18 animals were divided into two groups: an experimental one (contained 9 individuals) and a control one (contained 9 individuals). All animals in each group were subjected to end-to-end plastic surgery of the urethral bulbous region using standard procedures. In the control group 4 ml of 0.9% NaCl isotonic solution was injected along the perimeter of the suture into anastomotic zone of the spongy body. Autologous plasma was injected to the animals from the experimental group. Histopathological examination was made by using routine pathological assessment with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The study also assessed the distribution and orientation of collagen fibers with Van Gieson stain. In order to objectively detail inflammatory and regenerative changes an additional immunohistochemical analysis was performed for the following antibodie groups: CD79a, CD43, CD31 (PECAM1), MMP1, MMP9. Quantitative analysis of structural changes was carried out by counting B- and T-lymphocytes having a positive membrane reaction with CD79a and CD43, respectively, in 10 representative sites in view (HPF) with a lens aperture of 0.65 in the highest concentration areas ("hot spots"). The expression level of MMP1, MMP9 was estimated by counting positive cells in 10 representative sites in view with a lens aperture of 0.65 in the submucosal and muscle layers. The level of angiogenesis in micropreparations was evaluated by counting the number of vessels in 10 sites in view (objective aperture of 0.65), reliable endothelial visualization was performed using CD31 expression (PECAM1). RESULTS: In the analysis of histological material use of platelet-rich plasma in the suture zone helps to reduce the area of necrotic changes and the inflammation severity, accelerated migration of macrophage-histiocytic cells to the alteration site and increased blood supply due to enhanced angiogenesis. In experimental samples a higher expression of metalloproteinases (collagenases) types 1 and 9, decreased collagen production and the correct orientation of collagen fibers during repair processes were noticed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of platelet-rich plasma helps to accelerate the reparative processes in the spongy body after urethroplasty. Another important positive effect of platelet-rich plasma is an increase in the expression of metalloproteinases, which leads to a decrease in collagen production and the correct orientation of collagen fibers. This allows to reduce the amount of pathological fibro-scar tissue in the operation area.