Study of the PD-L1 expression, T-cells density and immunoscore in paired baseline tumor biopsies and surgical specimens in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.

OBJECTIVES: Primary objective was to evaluate the correlation between immune marker expression in baseline tumor biopsies and their respective surgical specimens in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OCSCC). Secondary objective was to assess the impact of these markers on overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with a histological diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma treated surgically between 2012 and 2020 were included in this retrospective, translational monocentric study. The expression of PD-L1, T-cells markers and an OCSCC-adapted immunoscore were evaluated by multiplex immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: One hundred and four patients (mean: 58 years) were included. Seventy patients had paired samples available. Poor correlation was highlighted for PD-L1-positive surface expression (r = 0.29) and combined positive score (CPS). For CPS ≥ 20 and CPS ≥ 1, correlation coefficient r was 0.24 and 0.46 respectively. T-cells density showed also poor correlation with a r of 0.57 and 0.31 for CD3 and CD8 T-cells, respectively. Univariate survival analyses showed significant better OS and DFS (P < 0.05) for patients with stage III-IV OCSCC with a high compared to a low immunoscore, based on surgical samples only. CONCLUSION: Our study showed poor correlation in PD-L1 expression, CPS, T-cells density and immunoscore between baseline tumor biopsies and surgical resection specimens. In addition, the immunoscore may emerge as a potential prognostic factor in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. If surgical specimens are available, they may be of interest for clinical practice decision.

Comparable Accuracy of Quantitative and Visual Analyses of [18F]FDG PET/CT for the Detection of Lymph Node Metastases from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), [18F]FDG PET/CT is recommended for detecting recurrent disease and in the initial staging for evaluating distant metastases, but its use in detecting cervical lymph metastases remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of [8F]FDG-PET/CT using visual and semi-quantitative analyses for detecting the nodal involvement in HNSCC. METHODS: We analyzed consecutive patients who underwent a preoperative [18F]FDG-PET/CT and neck dissection for HNSCC at our tertiary hospital. A blinded evaluation of the [18F]FDG uptake in each neck level was performed using a semi-quantitative approach (SUVmax and SUVR) and a visual grading system (uptake superior to the internal jugular vein for grade 1 and superior to the liver for grade 2). Analyses were compared to the histological results. RESULTS: In our 211 patients, analyses demonstrated similar diagnostic accuracy using a semi-quantitative approach or a visual grading system. Regarding the visual grading system, [18F]FDG-PET/CT detected nodal metastases with a specificity of 83% for lymph nodes classified as grade 1 and 98% for those classified as grade 2. The sensitivity was moderate, ranging from 60 to 63%. CONCLUSIONS: [18F]FDG PET/CT has a high specificity for detecting lymph node metastases in HNSCC and therefore must be considered in the nodal clinical staging.

Can L-PRF be helpful for delayed deep wound healing after a tracheotomy or lymph node dissection in a pN0 status?: A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) is used for its ability to deliver high concentrations of autologous growth factors to host tissues, to promote tissue repair. CASE PRESENTATION: This report describes the case of a 48-year-old woman with tongue cancer treated surgically (pT3pN0), who experienced a delay of five weeks in the process of deep wound healing after a tracheotomy and cervical lymph node dissection that was treated with L-PRF. The patient had no risk factors for delayed wound healing, except for active preoperative smoking. Several attempts were made to stimulate bleeding and edge-to-edge closure, without conclusive results. However, five days after L-PRF placement, the subcutaneous tissues were adhering to the deep planes in both wounds. Fifteen days after L-PRF treatment, a complete wound healing was observed which allowed initiation of postoperative radiotherapy. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: This case report questions the potential of L-PRF for patients with a pN0 status, not only in superficial wounds, but also in deep wound healing. However, the use of L-PRF for patients with a pN1 status is not recommended, given the possible presence of tumour cells in the tissues, and the activation of these tumour cells by the growth factors present in L-PRF. CONCLUSION: This report supports the idea that L-PRF can contribute to deep soft tissue healing for patients with a pN0 status due to its positive clinical healing effects.

Is medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw around implants a rare entity? A case series with a focus on etiopathophysiology.

OBJECTIVES: Medication Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) around dental implants is a rare complication of antiresorptive drug (ARD) treatment. MRONJ has been described in patients with implants placed before, during or after ARD treatment. The aim of this study was to review our cases and to discuss a preventive approach to avoid the risk of MRONJ around implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective analysis of the 168 MRONJ seen in our department from 2005 to 2021, we searched for cases of patients with MRONJ around dental implants. RESULTS: Six patients (4 females, 2 males) presented with MRONJ around 17 implants. Median age was 64 (50-83) years. Four patients received ARD treatment for osteoporosis and 2 for cancer. The maxilla was more affected than the mandible. Six implants were placed after the initiation of ARD treatment and eleven were placed before initiation of ARD treatments. Eight implants were managed surgically while 9 implants were managed conservatively. CONCLUSION: In this series, implants were placed before or after starting ARD treatment. Despite initial successful osseointegration, MRONJ occurred months or years after initiation of ARD treatment. The role of periimplantitis should be discussed as well as the role of microcracks in the bone following implant loading. Less is known over the effect of ARD treatment after implant osseointegration. Implants could be a risk factor for MRONJ and must be checked regularly (every 3 months). It is important to check the healthy and biomechanical harmony of the implant system during the pre-treatment assessment.

Dramatic osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with oral bisphosphonates, periodontitis, and dental implant removal.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis affects millions of elderly patients, and anti-resorptive drugs (ARD) such as bisphosphonates (BP) represent the first-line therapy. Despite the benefits related to the use of these medications, osteonecrosis of the jaw is a significant complication in a subset of patients receiving these drugs. CASE PRESENTATION: This report documents a case of dramatic bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis associated with periodontitis and dental implant removal in an osteoporotic patient treated with per os bisphosphonates for an uninterrupted period of 15 years. CONCLUSION: The aim of this report was to discuss the administration period of BP in the treatment of osteoporosis, the decision-making and clinical management of severe MRONJ and the indications for dental implant placement in these specific patients.

Pentoxifylline and tocopherol in the treatment of yearly zoledronic acid-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in a corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a well-known side effect of bisphosphonate (BP) therapy. ONJ is specifically related to the intravenous form of BPs and is usually seen in combination with other risk factors, such as dental surgery, concurrent corticosteroids, chemotherapy, and tobacco use. The risk of developing ONJ in patients treated with oral BPs for osteoporosis is lower than that in patients with cancer but is still significant. Zoledronic acid is a third-generation nitrogen-containing BP. It was first used in the treatment of malignancy as a monthly infusion and then approved for the treatment of osteoporosis as a yearly infusion and is an attractive option that is more reliable than the oral form. ONJ related to the use of yearly zoledronic acid is rarely reported in the literature and is most likely underestimated. Pentoxifylline and tocopherol have been used in the treatment of osteoradionecrosis for many years, with observed lesion improvement. The authors present a case of ONJ development after 3 yearly zoledronic acid infusions for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. The patient was successfully managed using conservative treatment with pentoxifylline and tocopherol.

¹8F-FDG PET/CT and MRI in the follow-up of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

We evaluated the diagnostic performance of (18)F-FDG PET/CT and MRI for the assessment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) relapse. Since early treatment might prevent inoperable relapse, we also evaluated THE performance of early unenhanced (18)F-FDG PET/CT in residual tumor detection. The study was prospectively performed on 32 patients who underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT and MRI before treatment and at 4 and 12 months after treatment. (18)F-FDG PET/CT was also performed 2 weeks after the end of radiotherapy. Histopathology or a minimum of 18 months follow-up were used as gold standard. Before treatment (18)F-FDG PET/CT and MRI detected all primary tumors except for two limited vocal fold lesions (sensitivity 94%). MRI was more sensitive than (18)F-FDG PET/CT for the detection of local extension sites (sensitivity 75 vs 58%), but at the cost of a higher rate of false positive results (positive predictive value 74 vs 86%). For relapse detection at 4 months, sensitivity was significantly higher for (18)F-FDG PET/CT (92%) than for MRI (70%), but the diagnostic performances were not significantly different at 12 months. For the detection of residual malignant tissue 2 weeks post-radiotherapy, sensitivity and specificity of (18)F-FDG PET/CT were respectively 86 and 85% (SUV cut-off value 5.8). (18)F-FDG PET/CT is effective in the differentiation between residual tumor and radiation-induced changes, as early as 2 weeks after treatment of a primary HNSCC. For follow-up, performance of (18)F-FDG PET/CT and MRI are similar except for a higher sensitivity of (18)F-FDG PET/CT at 4 months.

[Current therapeutic approach of the white sponge naevus of the oral cavity]. / Approche thérapeutique actuelle du white sponge naevus de la cavité buccale.

We report a case of White Sponge Naevus of the tongue in a 50 years-old man. White Sponge Naevus of the oral cavity is a rare, benign and dominant autosomic inherited disorder, which presents in the form of a white, hyperplasic and verrucous or spongious lesion of the oral mucosa. Differential diagnosis is clinically difficult with more common white lesions of the oral cavity. Various therapeutic approaches have been proposed. Systemic antibiotics or local applications of retinoic acid provide limited benefits but are poorly effective. To our knowledge, CO2 Laser has never been tried to treat a White Sponge Naevus of the oral cavity. We performed a complete removal of the lesion with CO2 Laser, but complete recurrence occurred. Finally, a surgical resection was realized, which proved to be effective. Two years later, the patient is free of recurrence. This article proposes a review of the literature on what is known on White Sponge Naevus of the oral mucosa. We stress the importance of confrontation between anamnesis, clinical examination and pathologic findings to lead to the proper diagnosis of this rare disease.

Squamous cell carcinoma recurrence around dental implants.

PURPOSE: The role of dental implants as part of functional and esthetic oral rehabilitation after ablative intraoral tumor surgery has been established. The purpose of this article is to highlight the phenomenon of tumor recurrence around dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive cases of patients all treated surgically for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa between January 2003 and December 2007 were reviewed, regardless of staging. Dental rehabilitation was established by means of oral implants. Fifty-six implants were placed either during tumor ablation surgery (16 patients) of afterward (5 patients). Radiotherapy was given according to the guidelines of the NWHNT (Netherlands Working group on Head and Neck Tumors). RESULTS: In the group of simultaneous implantation, 3 patients developed local recurrence around one of the implants. No recurrence was found in the group implanted in second stage surgery. Local recurrence around a dental implant is a severe oncological setback that drew our attention. CONCLUSION: Influence on radiation fields and errors in surgical techniques are discussed, as well as the possibility of inducing changes in sensitized mucosa. Because of the small number of patients, no conclusions can be drawn. Further multicentered examinations should be performed.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and its associated risk factors: a Belgian case series.

OBJECTIVES: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BROJ) is a serious oral complication of bisphosphonate (BP) treatment involving the exposure of necrotic maxillary or mandibular bone. Our purpose is to describe the clinical presentation of 34 cases of BROJ and to identify potential risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was performed in four Belgian institutions. METHODS: Complete medical histories were recorded and analyzed. These data include age, gender, initial disease requiring BP, type and duration of BP treatment, symptomatology and location of BROJ, prior dental procedures, treatment of the BROJ and treatment outcome, and radiographic, histological, and microbiological data. RESULTS: Bisphosphonates (BP) were used in the management of disseminated cancers in 30 patients (88.5% of total studied), while four patients received BP due to osteoporosis (11.5%). The most frequently used BP was zoledronic acid in 29 patients (83%). Microbiological data obtained in 25 patients demonstrated that 72% of these patients were infected or colonized by an actinomyces. Eight of the 14 patients (57%) who received only medical treatment were cured. Of the 20 patients who underwent surgical treatments, only four were completely cured (20%). BROJ lesions smaller than 1 cm are associated with better prognosis in terms of treatment outcomes (P = .0009). Local treatments combined with long-term antibiotics are also correlated with better prognosis (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Lesions smaller than 1 cm and lesions that were subject to medical treatments are associated with a better outcome. Surgical treatments appear to be non-beneficial for BROJ.