The role of the family in health promotion: a scoping review of models and mechanisms.

The family is an important contributor to the cultural conditions that support health. Current challenges in family health promotion interventions include programme design that is not always guided by theory and change mechanisms. Multifaceted programmes also make it hard to examine what works for whom, given different family roles and the range of lifestyle behaviour and mechanisms examined within diverse conceptual frameworks and cultures. We performed a scoping review on the heterogeneous literature to map and categorize the models and mechanisms by which a family may promote health behaviours among its members. We searched five electronic databases and grey literature up to 2020. Publications were included if they examined health-promoting behaviours, influences at the family level, and outlined the behavioural mechanisms involved. Two hundred and forty studies were identified. Ecological systems theory, social cognitive theory, family systems theory and the theory of planned behaviour were the frameworks most widely used in explaining either study context and/or mechanism. The most frequently studied family mechanisms involved aspects of family support, supervision and modelling, while some studies also included individual-level mechanisms. Majority of the studies investigated parental influence on the child, while few studies assessed the elderly family member as a recipient or actor of the influences. Studies on African, Asian and Middle Eastern populations were also in the minority, highlighting room for further research. Improving the understanding of context and behavioural mechanisms for family health promotion will aid the development of public health policy and chronic disease prevention programmes, complementing efforts targeted at individuals.

Family Resilience and Psychological Responses to COVID-19: A Study of Concordance and Dyadic Effects in Singapore Households.

The impacts of COVID-19 may be magnified in a shared environment like the household, especially with people spending extended time at home during the pandemic. Family resilience is the ability of a family to adapt to crisis and can be a protective factor against stress and negative affect. While there have been calls to address family resilience during the pandemic, there is a lack of empirical study on its benefit. In this dyadic observational study, we sought to investigate the concordance of family members' psychological responses to COVID-19, whether dyad members' risk factors (COVID-19 exposure and financial impact) mutually affected each other's psychological responses, and importantly, whether family resilience was a significant factor in these responses. A total of 200 family dyads from the same household completed the Family Resilience Assessment Scale and questionnaires on COVID-19 threat perception, impacts, and exposure. We found concordant dyad responses for COVID-19 threat perception, but not for psychological impact. Using the Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model framework, we found that one's psychological impact was affected by the financial impact from both dyad members. After controlling for risk factors and demographic covariates, we found that family resilience significantly associated with lower COVID-19 psychological impact, though not with threat perception. The findings suggest that both family and individual factors need to be addressed and there may be benefit in addressing multilevel risk and protective factors using an ecological systems approach, which may help prepare the population for future crises.

Factors associated with health-related quality of life in a working population in Singapore.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among workers in Singapore. METHODS: We analysed data from a cross-sectional study of 464 participants from 4 companies in Singapore. Physical and mental components of HRQoL were assessed using the Short-Form 36 version 2.0 survey. A generalized linear model was used to determine factors associated with the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores of HRQoL. RESULTS: The overall mean PCS and MCS scores were mean±standard deviation 51.6±6.7 and 50.2±7.7, respectively. The scores for subscales ranged from 62.7±14.7 for vitality to 83.5±20.0 for role limitation due to emotional problems. Ethnicity, overweight/obesity, and years working at the company were significantly associated with physical HRQoL, and age and stress at work were significantly associated with mental HRQoL. Moreover, sleep quality was significantly associated with both physical and mental HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: These findings could help workplaces in planning strategies and initiatives for employees to maintain a worklife balance that encompasses their physical, emotional, and social well-being.

Associations of perceived indoor environmental quality with stress in the workplace.

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is a general indicator of the quality of conditions inside a building. We investigated associations of perceived IEQ including air quality, thermal comfort, noise, and light quality with stress at work and the extent to which workplace location modifies these associations. We recruited 464 full-time workers from four companies in Singapore. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle/health-related factors, and workplace factors were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Perceived IEQ satisfaction scores of all four factors were collected using the validated OFFICAIR questionnaire. We fitted a logistic regression model to assess associations between each perceived IEQ score and stress at work, adjusting for potential confounders. The odds ratio for stress at work associated with a 1-unit increase in perceived air quality score was 0.88 (0.82-0.94), 0.89 (0.82-0.97) for thermal comfort, 0.93 (0.87-0.98) for noise, and 0.88 (0.82-0.94) for light quality. Significant associations were found in office and control rooms for all four perceived IEQ, except for thermal comfort in office rooms. Higher satisfaction levels of perceived air quality, thermal comfort, noise, and lighting, were significantly associated with a reduction in stress at work. Our findings could potentially provide a useful tool for environmental health impact assessment for buildings.

Association between shift work and poor sleep quality in an Asian multi-ethnic working population: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine the association between shift work and sleep quality in a diverse occupational type. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of self-reported sleep quality in 424 workers aged ≥21 using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). We divided workers into two categories based on their PSQI score: (a) ≤5 (good sleep quality) and (b) >5 (poor sleep quality). We used multiple logistic regressions to assess the association between shift work and sleep quality adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: The mean age was 39.2 (SD = 11.3) years, with shift workers being older than their counterparts. Most workers were of Chinese ethnicity (63.9%). Males were significantly more likely to undertake shift work than females (89% v 11%, p-value<0.001), but it should be noted that the majority of workers was male (78.8%) in this sample of workers. Shift workers had a 198% increased odds of poor sleep quality compared to non-shift workers (OR = 2.98; 95% CI:1.53-5.81). CONCLUSION: Shift work was significantly and independently associated with increased odds of poor sleep quality in this sample of workers. The present findings may inform employment guidelines and help develop workplace health promotion interventions aimed at improving sleep quality among workers and ultimately lead to a healthier workforce.