Fungal Planet description sheets: 128-153.

Novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Catenulostroma corymbiae from Corymbia, Devriesia stirlingiae from Stirlingia, Penidiella carpentariae from Carpentaria, Phaeococcomyces eucalypti from Eucalyptus, Phialophora livistonae from Livistona, Phyllosticta aristolochiicola from Aristolochia, Clitopilus austroprunulus on sclerophyll forest litter of Eucalyptus regnans and Toxicocladosporium posoqueriae from Posoqueria. Several species are also described from South Africa, namely: Ceramothyrium podocarpi from Podocarpus, Cercospora chrysanthemoides from Chrysanthemoides, Devriesia shakazului from Aloe, Penidiella drakensbergensis from Protea, Strelitziana cliviae from Clivia and Zasmidium syzygii from Syzygium. Other species include Bipolaris microstegii from Microstegium and Synchaetomella acerina from Acer (USA), Brunneiapiospora austropalmicola from Rhopalostylis (New Zealand), Calonectria pentaseptata from Eucalyptus and Macadamia (Vietnam), Ceramothyrium melastoma from Melastoma (Indonesia), Collembolispora aristata from stream foam (Czech Republic), Devriesia imbrexigena from glazed decorative tiles (Portugal), Microcyclospora rhoicola from Rhus (Canada), Seiridium phylicae from Phylica (Tristan de Cunha, Inaccessible Island), Passalora lobeliae-fistulosis from Lobelia (Brazil) and Zymoseptoria verkleyi from Poa (The Netherlands). Valsalnicola represents a new ascomycete genus from Alnus (Austria) and Parapenidiella a new hyphomycete genus from Eucalyptus (Australia). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are also provided.

Nutrient intake, blood pressure, serum and urinary prostaglandins and serum thromboxane B2 in a controlled trial with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet.

Fifty-nine healthy omnivores volunteered for a randomized crossover trial with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian (L-O-V) diet. Twenty-one 1-day diet records were kept throughout the project as a means of assessing food and nutrient intakes, and samples of serum and urine were assayed to evaluate change in prostanoid metabolism. While on the L-O-V diet subjects ate more vegetable protein, wholegrain cereals, polyunsaturated oils, fruits and vegetables, and avoided eating meat, fish or poultry. The L-O-V diet contained significantly more polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium, calcium and potassium, and less total protein, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and vitamin B12 than the control omnivore diet. Changes in nutrient intakes were subjected to principal components analysis to identify dimensions of change in nutrient intakes. Three Factors accounted for 83% of the total variation in dietary intake. Blood pressure changes were significantly and negatively (F = 17.4, P less than 0.001 for systolic; F = 6.09, P = 0.02 for diastolic pressure) related to individual scores for only one Factor--that representing an increase in intake of polyunsaturated fat, fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium and magnesium, and a fall in intake of protein and vitamin B12. Blood pressure changes were unrelated to change in body weight or sodium intake. Serum and urinary prostanoids were not affected by eating the L-O-V diet.

Dietary modification of platelet and renal prostaglandins.

The effects of specific types of dietary fats on prostanoid biosynthesis, platelet function and the cardiovascular system are reviewed. Studies examining the influence of dietary modification of prostanoid synthesis on blood pressure regulation in normotensive and Goldblatt hypertensive rats showed that while dietary supplementation with either sunflower or linseed oil at 40% of energy respectively stimulated and inhibited tissue prostanoids in vitro and urinary PGE2 excretion in vivo, the development of 1 kidney, 1 clip hypertension was not altered in parallel. Rats on both oil rich diets did however, show an average lower blood pressure than animals on a standard diet. In order to minimise possible non-specific effects of large amounts of dietary fats, the effects on prostanoid metabolism of different oils at 5, 20 and 40% of energy in the diet were studied. While as little as 5% dietary supplements alter fatty acid and prostanoid synthesis in platelets, it appears that higher levels (at least 20%) are required to alter significantly renal prostaglandin metabolism.

Frusemide releases renin in the rat kidney when prostacyclin synthesis is suppressed.

The effect of inhibiting prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on basal and frusemide-stimulated renin secretion was examined in the rat isolated perfused kidney. The stable PGI2 derivative, 6-keto PGF1 alpha, was measured by radioimmunoassay in urine collected from the kidney. Treatment of rats with indomethacin (3.0 mg kg-1) reduced 6-keto PGF1 alpha excretion from 121.3 +/- 39.1 (n = 9) to 15.5 +/- 6.6 (n = 9) pg min-1 (P less than 0.02) but had no effect on basal renin secretion. Renal perfusion pressure, flow rate and vascular resistance were similar in treated and control rats. Mean urine flow was lower after treatment. Infusion of frusemide (250 micrograms min-1) did not alter 6-keto PGF1 alpha excretion in control or indomethacin-treated (P greater than 0.05) rats. Although renin secretion was increased during frusemide infusion, there was no significant difference between control (1,806 +/- 384 ng angiotensin I (AI) min-1) and treated (2,310 +/- 554 ng AI min-1) rats (P greater than 0.05). Propranolol, at a dose (8 micrograms min-1) which suppressed renin secretion after isoprenaline stimulation, had no effect on the response to frusemide in indomethacin-treated rats. These results demonstrate that frusemide-stimulated renin secretion in the rat kidney does not require intact renal PGI2 synthesis and is independent of beta-adrenergic mechanisms.

Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins and thromboxane B2 in extracted and unextracted urine and serum using an iodinated ligand.

A comparison of radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) for 6-keto PGF 1 alpha, PGE2 and TXB2 using 125I-histamine ligands and tritiated tracers showed a 7 to 10 fold increase in sensitivity for the 125I derivative, with a resultant reduction in antisera requirements by 80%. Study of the effect of purification of biological samples by organic extraction and thin layer chromatography showed that for human and rat urine, and urine from perfused rat kidneys, direct R.I.A. of unextracted samples gave substantially higher estimates of PGE2, 6-keto PGF1 alpha and TXB2 than R.I.A. purified material. Indomethacin pre-treatment reduced the levels estimated in both extracted and unextracted samples; the results indicating that the higher estimates obtained by direct assay were due to a combination of PG/TXB2 metabolites and non-specific interference. In serum from incubated human blood, estimated 6-keto PGF1 alpha and PGE2 levels were significantly higher by direct R.I.A. than after extraction, whereas TXB2 levels were similar. Thus purification procedures are unnecessary when high serum TXB2 levels are being measured by R.I.A. with relatively specific antisera.