RESUMO
We investigated the consequences of colistin use in backyard chicken farms in Vietnam by examining the prevalence of mcr-1 in fecal samples from chickens and humans. Detection of mcr-1-carrying bacteria in chicken samples was associated with colistin use and detection in human samples with exposure to mcr-1-positive chickens.
Assuntos
Colistina/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Zoonoses , Envelhecimento , Animais , Galinhas , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Fezes/microbiologia , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Filogenia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , VietnãRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Enteroaggregative (EAEC) and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a major cause of diarrhea worldwide. E. coli carrying both virulence factors characteristic for EAEC and STEC and producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase caused severe and protracted disease during an outbreak of E. coli O104:H4 in Europe in 2011. We assessed the opportunities for E. coli carrying the aggR and stx genes to emerge in 'backyard' farms in south-east Asia. RESULTS: Faecal samples collected from 204 chicken farms; 204 farmers and 306 age- and gender-matched individuals not exposed to poultry farming were plated on MacConkey agar plates with and without antimicrobials being supplemented. Sweep samples obtained from MacConkey agar plates without supplemented antimicrobials were screened by multiplex PCR for the detection of the stx1, stx2 and aggR genes. One chicken farm sample each (0.5 %) contained the stx1 and the aggR gene. Eleven (2.4 %) human faecal samples contained the stx1 gene, 2 samples (0.4 %) contained stx2 gene, and 31 (6.8 %) contained the aggR gene. From 46 PCR-positive samples, 205 E. coli isolates were tested for the presence of stx1, stx2, aggR, wzx O104 and fliC H4 genes. None of the isolates simultaneously contained the four genetic markers associated with E. coli O104:H4 epidemic strain (aggR, stx2, wzx O104 and fliC H4 ). Of 34 EAEC, 64.7 % were resistant to 3(rd)-generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that in southern Vietnam, the human population is a more likely reservoir of aggR and stx gene carrying E. coli than the chicken population. However, conditions for transmission of isolates and/or genes between human and animal reservoirs resulting in the emergence of highly virulent E. coli strains are still favorable, given the nature of'backyard' farms in Vietnam.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Galinhas/microbiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Reservatórios de Doenças/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/transmissão , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Fazendeiros , Fazendas , Fezes/microbiologia , Flagelina/genética , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/veterinária , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Prevalência , Toxina Shiga/genética , Toxina Shiga I/genética , Toxina Shiga II/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/patogenicidade , Transativadores/genética , Vietnã/epidemiologia , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
Antimicrobials are used extensively in chicken production in Vietnam, but to date no quantitative data are available. A 2012-2013 survey of 208 chicken farms in Tien Giang province, stratified by size (10-200 chickens; >200-2000), was carried out to describe and quantify the use of antibacterial antimicrobials (usage per week per chicken and usage per 1000 chickens produced) in the Mekong Delta and to investigate factors associated with usage. Twenty-eight types of antimicrobial belonging to 10 classes were reported. Sixty-three per cent of all commercial formulations contained at least two antimicrobials. On 84% occasions, antimicrobials were administered with a prophylactic purpose. The overall adjusted quantities of antimicrobials used/week/chicken and per 1000 chickens produced (g) were 26.36 mg (SE ± 3.54) and 690.4 g (SE ± 203.6), respectively. Polypeptides, tetracyclines, penicillins and aminoglycosides were the antimicrobials used by most farms (18.6% farms, 17.5%, 11.3% and 10.1% farms, respectively), whereas penicillins, lincosamides, quinolones, and sulphonamides/trimethoprim were quantitatively the most used compounds (8.27, 5.2, 3.16 and 2.78 mg per week per chicken, respectively). Factors statistically associated with higher levels of usage (per week per chicken) were meat farms (OR = 1.40) and farms run by a male farmer (OR = 2.0). All-in-all-out farming systems (correlated with medium farms) were associated with reduced levels of antimicrobial usage (OR = 0.68). Usage levels to produced meat chickens were considerably higher than those reported in European countries. This should trigger the implementation of surveillance programmes to monitor sales of antimicrobials that should contribute to the rational administration of antimicrobials in order to preserve the efficacy of existing antimicrobials in Vietnam.