STRUCTURE OF THE KNEE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AFTER THE FEMUR AND TIBIA EXTRA-ARTICULAR INJURY.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To study the microscopic, ultramicroscopic, and histomorphometric features of the knee articular cartilage in rats with an extra-articular injury of the femur and tibia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: 60 white laboratory rats divided into three groups (I - control; II - animals with traumatic femur injury; III - animals with traumatic tibia injury) were used for the study. The light microscopy was performed by Olympus BH-2 microscope (Japan), transmission electron microscopy - by JEM-1230 microscope (Japan). SPSS software (version 17.0) was used for mathematical analysis. RESULTS: Results: The more pronounced morphological changes were observed in the articular cartilage of the proximal tibial epiphysis after mechanical tibial injury. The thickness of the articular cartilage was 27.89 % less than in the control. The chondrocyte number in the superficial zone was lower by 8.94 %, intermediate zone - by 14.23 %, and deep zone - by 21.83%, compared to control. Herewith, the histological changes were mostly detected in the intermediate and deep zones of the articular cartilage of both bones. Also, some chondrocytes had deformed nuclei, hypertrophied organelles, numerous inclusions, and residual glycogen granules. CONCLUSION: Conclusion: The extra-articular mechanical trauma of the lower limb bones leads to pathological changes in the knee articular cartilage. The structural changes include the articular cartilage thickening, the decrease in chondrocyte number, as well as chondrocyte rearrangement due to degenerative-dystrophic processes.

FEATURES OF SKIN WOUNDS HEALING UNDER CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA AND IMPROVEMENT OF THEIR TREATMENT METHODS.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: The work was aimed to study the histological, morphometric and planimetric features of skin regeneration in mature rats with chronic hyperglycemia under the influence of platelet-rich plasma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: 60 mature white laboratory rats were used. The animals were divided into three groups (I - control with mechanical skin injuries; II - rats with chronic hyperglycemia and modeled mechanical skin injuries; III - animals with the chronic hyperglycemia and modeled mechanical skin injuries which were injected with the platelet-rich plasma). The samples were studied using light microscopy.Statistical data processing was performed using SPSS-17. RESULTS: Results: On the 21st day, the epithelialization of control mature rats wound was almost complete. The epithelium contained all layers without pathological changes. The new dermis has been reorganized into papillary and reticular layers. On the 21st day, the wound of rats with chronic hyperglycemia was not completely covered with the epidermis. The connective tissue of the dermis was disorganized. On the 21st day, the wound epithelialization was also more complete in mature rats with chronic hyperglycemia received platelet-rich plasma compared to the rats with chronic hyperglycemia. The dermis contained a large number of blood vessels with normal, full-blooded lumens. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The chronic hyperglycemia leads to disruption of epithelialization processes, angiogenesis, a delay in the reorganization of dermis connective tissue, and vascular remodeling. The injections of autologous platelet-rich plasma promote faster angiogenesis, reduce inflammation, and accelerate wound epithelialization.

Improvement of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Platelet-Rich Plasma in Rats with Experimental Chronic Hyperglycemia.

Herein, the structural effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on posttraumatic skeletal muscle regeneration in rats with chronic hyperglycemia (CH) was tested. 130 white laboratory male rats divided into four groups (I-control; II-rats with CH; III-rats with CH and PRP treatment; and IV-rats for CH confirmation) were used for the experiment. CH was simulated by streptozotocin and nicotinic acid administration. Triceps surae muscle injury was reproduced by transverse linear incision. Autologous PRP was used in order to correct the possible negative CH effect on skeletal muscle recovery. On the 28th day after the injury, the regenerating muscle fiber and blood vessel number in the CH+PRP group were higher than those in the CH rats. However, the connective tissue area in the CH group was larger than that in the CH+PRP animals. The amount of agranulocytes in the regenerating muscle of the CH rats was lower compared to that of the CH+PRP group. The histological analysis of skeletal muscle recovery in CH+PRP animals revealed more intensive neoangiogenesis compared to that in the CH group. Herewith, the massive connective tissue development and inflammation signs were observed within the skeletal muscle of CH rats. Obtained results suggest that streptozotocin-induced CH has a negative effect on posttraumatic skeletal muscle regeneration, contributing to massive connective tissue development. The autologous PRP injection promotes muscle recovery process in rats with CH, shifting it away from fibrosis toward the complete muscular organ repair.

Morphological Characteristics and Correction of Long Tubular Bone Regeneration under Chronic Hyperglycemia Influence.

INTRODUCTION: Unsatisfactory consequences of bone regeneration disorders in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, their high prevalence, complication number, and difficulties in treatment require further study and deeper understanding of reparative osteogenesis mechanisms under chronic hyperglycemia and finding new effective and affordable approaches to their treatment. Therefore, the aim of our work was to study the histological, ultramicroscopic, and histomorphometric features of reparative osteogenesis in rats with chronic hyperglycemia (CH), as well as to investigate the possibility of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) use in a fracture area in order to correct the negative effects of CH on reparative osteogenesis processes. Study Object and Methods. The studies were performed on 70 white laboratory rats, mature males, which were divided into the following groups: control group, animals with posttraumatic tibial defect under conditions of CH exposure, rats with experimental CH that were administered with PRP into the bone defect, and animals for the assessment of glucose homeostasis and confirmation of simulated CH. Light microscopy was performed using an Olympus BH-2 microscope (Japan). Ultramicroscopic examination was performed using REM-102 scanning electron microscope. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-17 software package. RESULTS: The formation of new bone tissue in animals with CH did not occur after two weeks. Only on the 30th day of reparative osteogenesis the newly formed woven bone tissue was 61.54% of the total regenerated area. It was less than the reference value by 22.89% (P < 0.001). On the 14th day of reparative osteogenesis, the regenerated area in a group of animals with CH and PRP injection consisted of connective tissue by 68.94% (4.94% less than in animals with CH (P < 0.001)) and woven bone tissue by 31.06%, (13.51% less than in the control group (P < 0.001)). On the 30th day, the area of woven bone tissue in a regenerate of this group was less than that of the control group by 12.41% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Thus, chronic hyperglycemia contributes to inflammation delay within the bone defect site, which makes the process of reparative osteogenesis more prolonged. The results of chronic hyperglycemia effect on bone regeneration are also impairment of osteogenic cell proliferation and shift of their differentiation towards the fibrocartilage regenerate formation. The PRP corrects the negative impact of chronic hyperglycemia on reparative osteogenesis, promoting more rapid inflammatory infiltrate removal from the bone defect site and osteogenic beam formation and remodeling of woven bone into lamellar membranous bone tissue.

[The association between enpp1 rs997509 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus development in ukrainian population].

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified a large number of polymorphic loci associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene is one of the candidate genes which have primary importance in T2DM development. Several studies revealed the association between ENPP1 polymorphisms, including rs997509, and T2DM, obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in different populations. The aim: To test the association between ENPP1 rs997509 polymorphism and T2DM development in patients with different risk factors in the Ukrainian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Venous blood of 317 unrelated T2DM patients and 302 healthy volunteers was used for analysis. ENPP1 rs997509 genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction with following restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis) method. RESULTS: Results: Our results revealed that ratio of C/C homozygotes, C/T heterozygotes and T/T homozygotes between case and control groups was significantly different (89.0 % , 11.0%, 0 % vs 94.4 %, 5.6 %, 0 %, P = 0.015). It was shown that risk of T2DM development in T allele carriers is significantly higher compared to C/C homozygotes (OR = 2.086; P= 0.027). Herewith the risk increased in heterozygotes with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (OR = 2.223, P=0.031) and obesity (OR = 3.230; P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Conclusions: ENPP1 rs997509 polymorphism is associated with T2DM development in Ukrainian population.

The histological and electron microscopic study of the parotid salivary gland in dehydrated rats of different ages.

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: Water-salt metabolism disorders is one of the main factor of salivary gland pathology development. The aim: To study the morphological structure of the parotid salivary gland of young, mature and old rats at micro- and ultrastructural levels under water deprivation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out on thirty six laboratory male rats of different ages (young, mature and old). The rats of the control group received normal volume of drinking water. The rats of the experimental group were deprived of water for 6 days. Light microscope "OLYMPUS" and transmission electron microscope JEM-1230, (JEOL, Japan) were used for structural analysis. RESULTS: Results: Obtained results revealed increasing numbers of vacuoles in the serous cells, the enlarged cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus tubules, the condensed chromatin and the nuclei with significant invaginations in parotid gland of the rats of all age groups. The area of the acinuses more changed in young rats, the decrease was 34.61 % (P = 0.007). The internal diameter of capillaries most decreased in the dehydrated old rats by 23.76 % (P = 0.009) in comparison with all study groups. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Water deprivation brings about the structure changes of the parotid gland at micro- and ultrastructural levels the intensity of which depends on the age of animals. The most dramatic changes have occurred in young and old rats.

Anatomical and morphological aspects of papillae, epithelium, muscles, and glands of rats' tongue: Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopic study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to describe the research results of the morphological structure of white laboratory rats' tongue at the macro-, micro-, and ultrastructural levels by scanning, light, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Our results show that the tongue of these rats has a number of unique morphological features that are different from the tongue of other rodents consequently to allow identifying their species-specific features. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings have shown the features of the tongue structure of white laboratory rats at micro-, macro-, and ultrascopic levels. The data analysis revealed that mucous membrane of the tongue contains a large number of papillae, such as fungiform, filiform, foliate, vallate, and multifilamentary papillae. Each has a different shape, size, and location. The tongue's morphological feature consists of three types of filiform papillae, well-developed foliate and multifilamentary papillae, as well as one large and similar smaller circumvallate papillae. The muscle of the tongue contains a large number of mitochondria of different shapes and sizes. However, we have received data for a complete picture of structure of this organ that will be useful in further experimental and morphological studies of the white laboratory rats.

The microscopic and ultramicroscopic changes in the skeletal muscles, caused by heavy metal salts.

PURPOSE: The article is devoted to study the structural changes in the skeletal muscles caused by heavy metal salts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 72 mature male rats. The experimental groups were given to drink water with combinations of heavy metal salts for one, two and three months. This type of water is typical for the water basins in the northern districts of the Sumy region. The study of morphological changes in the striated muscles was concluded using light and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The data analysis revealed that a prolonged duration of negative factor could intensify sclerotic and edematous processes. The structure of muscle fibers was destroyed, nuclei were deformed and placed irregularly, and many petechial hemorrhages occurred. Besides, cross-striation was irregular, I and A bands were deformed and destroyed, H band was hardly visualized. The inner mitochondrial membrane and cristae become deformed. The symplastic nuclei were placed irregularly within sarcoplasm. Besides, they were swollen. Against swollen and enlarged symplastic nuclei, pyknotic nuclei were also found. The structures of sarcoplasmic reticulum were mainly dilated with deformed and ruptured areas. CONCLUSION: Our study approves that high concentrations of heavy metal salts have a destructive influence on the skeletal striated muscles.

Dynamic holography in bacteriorhodopsin/gelatin films: effects of light-dark adaptation at different humidity.

This work examines the kinetics of dynamic holography responses in light-adapted and dark-adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BR) films at different humidity. We have demonstrated that the kinetics of the diffraction efficiency in wild type BR films is quite different in dark-adapted and light-adapted samples. The holographic recording kinetics, which depends on the duration of incubation in the dark after light adaptation at different humidity values, was studied in depth. A specially designed miniature cell containing a BR film was mounted inside the holographic set up to allow controlled humidity changes over a broad range. The diffraction efficiency kinetics at humidity values of 96-99% were quite different from the kinetics at 60-93% humidity. We found that humidity values of 90-93% were most optimal for dynamic holography recording using a gelatin film containing BR. In agreement with a calculation of the wavelength-dependent changes of the refractive index for dark-adapted and light-adapted BR samples using the Kramers-Kronig relation, the maximum difference in the refractive index and thus in the diffraction efficiency for dark-adapted and light-adapted BR films takes place at 630 nm, close to the wavelength of the He-Ne laser used.