Totally implantable venous catheters for chemotherapy: experience in 500 patients.

CONTEXT: Totally implantable devices are increasingly being utilized for chemotherapy treatment of oncological patients, although few studies have been done in our environment to analyze the results obtained from the implantation and utilization of such catheters. OBJECTIVE: To study the results obtained from the implantation of totally implantable catheters in patients submitted to chemotherapy. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective. SETTING: Hospital do Cancer A.C. Camargo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: 519 totally implantable catheters were placed in 500 patients submitted to chemotherapy, with preference for the use of the right external jugular vein. Evaluations were made of the early and late-stage complications and patient evolution until removal of the device, death or the end of the treatment. RESULTS: The prospective analysis showed an average duration of 353 days for the catheters. There were 427 (82.2%) catheters with no complications. Among the early complications observed, there were 15 pathway hematomas, 8 cases of thrombophlebitis of the distal stump of the external jugular vein and one case of pocket infection. Among the late-stage complications observed, there were 43 infectious complications (0.23/1000 days of catheter use), 11 obstructions (0.06/1000 days of catheter use) and 14 cases of deep vein thrombosis (0.07/1000 days of catheter use). Removal of 101 catheters was performed: 35 due to complications and 66 upon terminating the treatment. A total of 240 patients died while the catheter was functioning and 178 patients are still making use of the catheter. CONCLUSION: The low rate of complications obtained in this study confirms the safety and convenience of the use of totally implantable accesses in patients undergoing prolonged chemotherapy regimes.

Totally implantable venous catheters for chemotherapy: experience in 500 patients

CONTEXTO: Os dispositivos totalmente implantáveis vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizados para quimioterapia de pacientes oncológicos, porém poucos são os estudos em nosso meio que analisam os resultados obtidos com a implantação e utilização desses cateteres. OBJETIVO: Estudar os resultados obtidos com a implantação de cateteres totalmente implantáveis em pacientes submetidos a quimioterapia. TIPO DO ESTUDO: Prospectivo. LOCAL: Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram colocados 519 cateteres totalmente implantáveis em 500 pacientes a serem submetidos a regime de quimioterapia preferencialmente utilizando-se a veia jugular externa direita. Foram avaliadas as complicações precoces, as tardias e a evolução até a retirada do dispositivo, morte ou fim de tratamento. RESULTADOS: A análise prospectiva mostrou duração média dos cateteres de 353 dias. Em 427 (82,2%) cateteres não se observou nenhuma complicação. Entre as complicações precoces, observamos 15 hematomas de trajeto, oito tromboflebites de coto distal de veia jugular externa e uma infecção de bolsa de subcutâneo. Entre as complicações tardias, observamos 43 complicações infecciosas (0,23/1000 dias de uso de cateter), 11 obstruções (0,06/1000 dias de uso de cateter) e 14 tromboses venosas profundas (0,07/1000 dias de uso de cateter). Foram retirados 101 cateteres, 35 devido às complicações e 66 por final de tratamento. 240 pacientes foram a óbito com o cateter funcionante e 178 pacientes ainda o utilizavam para quimioterapia. CONCLUSAO: As baixas taxas de complicação obtidas nesse estudo confirmam a segurança e conveniência do uso dos acessos totalmente implantáveis em pacientes em regime prolongado de quimioterapia.

Vascular reconstruction in limbs associated with resection of tumors.

Patients with tumors in limbs who undergo surgical treatment may present involvement of major vessels. The artery must be reconstructed for limb salvage and the vein may be reconstructed to avoid the onset of venous hypertension. The objective of this study was to analyze the results from surgical treatment of tumors associated with vascular reconstruction in limbs. A prospective follow-up was made of 17 patients with tumors involving major vessels in limbs who underwent vascular reconstruction. Arterial and venous reconstructions were performed in nine patients, arterial reconstruction was performed in six, and venous reconstruction in two patients. The vascular substitutes used were greater saphenous vein (19), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis (5), and Dacron prosthesis (2). Vascular complications occurred in seven patients: one arterial graft rupture, three venous graft occlusions, and lymphedema in five patients. The following nonvascular complications occurred in 10 patients: pulmonary metastasis (7), local recurrence (2), neurological deficit (2), infection (2), partial necrosis of the flap (1), and enteric fistula (1). Six patients with pulmonary metastasis died. One patient underwent transfemoral amputation. Major vessel reconstruction in limbs associated with resection of neoplasms is a safe procedure. Venous revascularization should be performed using an autologous substitute.

Endovascular techniques for placement of long-term chemotherapy catheters.

PURPOSE: To analyze the results from using endovascular techniques to place long-term chemotherapy catheters when advancing the catheter using the external jugular vein is difficult due to obstructions or kinking. METHODS: Between July 1997 and August 2000, 320 long-term chemotherapy catheters were placed, and in 220 cases the external jugular vein was used as the primary venous approach. In 18 of these patients, correct positioning was not achieved and several endovascular techniques were then utilized to overcome these obstacles, including manipulation of a J-wire with a moveable core, venography, and the exchange wire technique. RESULTS: In 94.5% of the patients with difficulties in obtaining the correct positioning, we were able to advance the long-term catheter to the desired position with the assistance of endovascular techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Venography and endovascular guidance techniques are useful for the placement of long-term catheters in the external jugular vein.

Cateteres venosos totalmente implantáveis para quimioterapia: experiência em 415 pacientes / Totally implantable venous catheters for chemotherapy: experience in 415 patients

Introdução: Os dispositivos totalmente implantáveis vem sendo cada vez mais utilizados para quimioterapia de pacientes oncológicos porém poucos são os estudos em nosso meio que analisam os resultados obtidos com o implante e utilização desses cateteres. Material e Métodos: foram colocados 430 cateteres totalmente implantáveis em 415 pacientes a serem submetidos a regime de quimioterapia preferencialmente utilizando-se a veia jugular externa direita. Foram avaliadas as complicações precoces, as tardias e a evolução até a retidada do dispositivo, morte ou fim do tratamento. Resultados: a análise prospectiva mostrou uma duração média dos cateteres de 290 dias. Não se observou nenhuma complicação em 340 pacientes. Entre as complicações precoces observamos 11 hematomas de trajeto, 10 arritmias, 6 tromboflebites de coto distal de veia jugular externa e uma infecção de bolsa de subcutânea. Entre as complicações tardias, observamos 38 complicações infecciosas (0,3/1000 dias de uso de cateter), 10 obstruções (0,08/1000 dias de uso de cateter) e 13 tromboses venosas profundas (0,11/1000 dias de uso de cateter). Foram retirados 77 cateterers, 29 relacionados às complicações e 48 por final de tratamento. 172 pacientes foram a óbito com o cateter e 181 pacientes ainda o utilizavam para quimioterapia. Conclusão: as baixas taxas de complicação obtidas nesse estudo que implicaram em perda do cateter confirmam a segurança e conveniência do uso dos acessos totalmente implantáveis em pacientes em regime prolongado de quimioterapia.

Endovascular techniques for placement of long-term chemotherapy catheters

PURPOSE: To analyze the results from using endovascular techniques to place long-term chemotherapy catheters when advancing the catheter using the external jugular vein is difficult due to obstructions or kinking. METHODS: Between July 1997 and August 2000, 320 long-term chemotherapy catheters were placed, and in 220 cases the external jugular vein was used as the primary venous approach. In 18 of these patients, correct positioning was not achieved and several endovascular techniques were then utilized to overcome these obstacles, including manipulation of a J-wire with a moveable core, venography, and the exchange wire technique. RESULTS: In 94.5 percent of the patients with difficulties in obtaining the correct positioning, we were able to advance the long-term catheter to the desired position with the assistance of endovascular techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Venography and endovascular guidance techniques are useful for the placement of long-term catheters in the external jugular vein

Carotid reconstruction in patients operated for malignant head and neck neoplasia.

CONTEXT: Patients with malignant head and neck neoplasia may present simultaneous involvement of large vessels due to the growth of the tumoral mass. The therapeutic options are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery or combined treatments. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the result of surgical treatment with carotid reconstruction in patients with advanced malignant head and neck neoplasia. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven patients operated because of advanced malignant head and neck neoplasia that was involving the internal and/or common carotid artery. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: By means of clinical examination, outpatient follow-up and duplex scanning, we analyzed the patency of the carotid grafts, vascular and non-vascular complications, disease recurrence and survival of the patients. RESULTS: Six patients (54.5%) did not present any type of complication. There was one vascular complication represented by an occlusion of the carotid graft with a cerebrovascular stroke in one hemisphere. Non-vascular complications occurred in five patients (45.5%). During the follow-up, eight patients died (72.7%), of whom seven had loco-regional tumor recurrence and one had pulmonary and hepatic metastases (at an average of 9 months after the operation). Seven of these patients presented functioning grafts. The three patients still alive have no tumor recurrence and their grafts are functioning (an average of 9 months has passed since the operation). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with advanced malignant head and neck neoplasia involving the carotid artery that are treated surgically present a prognosis with reservations. When the internal and/or common carotid artery is resected en-bloc with the tumor, arterial reconstruction must be performed. The long saphenous vein is a suitable vascular substitute.

Carotid reconstruction in patients operated for malignant head and neck neoplasia

CONTEXT: Patients with malignant head and neck neoplasia may present simultaneous involvement of large vessels due to the growth of the tumoral mass. The therapeutic options are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery or combined treatments. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the result of surgical treatment with carotid reconstruction in patients with advanced malignant head and neck neoplasia. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo, Säo Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven patients operated because of advanced malignant head and neck neoplasia that was involving the internal and/or common carotid artery. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: By means of clinical examination, outpatient follow-up and duplex scanning, we analyzed the patency of the carotid grafts, vascular and non-vascular complications, disease recurrence and survival of the patients. RESULTS: Six patients (54.5 percent) did not present any type of complication. There was one vascular complication represented by an occlusion of the carotid graft with a cerebrovascular stroke in one hemisphere. Non-vascular complications occurred in five patients (45.5 percent). During the follow-up, eight patients died (72.7 percent), of whom seven had loco-regional tumor recurrence and one had pulmonary and hepatic metastases (at an average of 9 months after the operation). Seven of these patients presented functioning grafts. The three patients still alive have no tumor recurrence and their grafts are functioning (an average of 9 months has passed since the operation). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with advanced malignant head and neck neoplasia involving the carotid artery that are treated surgically present a prognosis with reservations. When the internal and/or common carotid artery is resected en-bloc with the tumor, arterial reconstruction must be performed. The long saphenous vein is a suitable vascular substitute