Independent Clinical and Echocardiographic Predictors of Restenosis After Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Commissurotomy in a Large, Consecutive Cohort Followed for 24 Years.

OBJECTIVE: To enlighten preprocedural risk factors of mitral valve restenosis in a large, single-center cohort of patients submitted to percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy (PMBC) for the treatment of mitral stenosis (MS) secondary to rheumatic heart disease. METHODS: This is a database analysis of a single-center, high-volume tertiary institution involving all consecutive PMBC procedures performed in the mitral valve (MV). Restenosis was diagnosed when MV area was <1.5 cm² and/or loss of 50% or more of the immediate procedural result aligned with the return/worsened symptoms of heart failure. The primary endpoint was to determine the preprocedural independent predictors of restenosis after PMBC. RESULTS: Among a total of 1921 PMBC procedures, 1794 consecutive patients without previous intervention were treated between 1987 and 2010. Throughout 24 years of follow-up, MV restenosis was observed in 483 cases (26%). Mean age was 36 years and most (87%) were female. Median follow-up duration was 9.03 years (interquartile range, 0.33-23.38). Restenosis population, however, presented a significantly lower age at the procedure time as well as a higher Wilkins-Block score. At multivariate analysis, independent preprocedure predictors of restenosis were left atrium diameter (hazard risk [HR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.05; P<.04), preprocedure maximum gradient (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03; P=.04), and higher Wilkins-Block score (>8) (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.14-1.67; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: At long-term follow-up, MV restenosis was observed in a quarter of the population undergoing PMBC. Preprocedure echocardiographic findings, including left atrial diameter, maximum MV gradient, and Wilkins-Block score were found to be the only independent predictors.

Independent clinical and echocardiographic predictors of restenosis after percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy in a large, consecutive cohort followed for 24 years

OBJECTIVES: to enlighten preprocedural risk factors of mitral valve restenosis in a large, single-center cohort of patients submitted to percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy (PMBC) for the treatment of mitral stenosis (MS) secondary to rheumatic heart disease. METHODS: this is a database analysis of a single-center, high-volume tertiary institution involving all consecutive PMBC procedures performed in the mitral valve (MV). Restenosis was diagnosed when MV area was <1.5 cm2 and/or loss of 50% or more of the immediate procedural result aligned with the return/worsened symptoms of heart failure. The primary endpoint was to determine the preprocedural independent predictors of restenosis after PMBC. Results: among a total of 1921 PMBC procedures, 1794 consecutive patients without previous intervention were treated between 1987 and 2010. Throughout 24 years of follow-up, MV restenosis was observed in 483 cases (26%). Mean age was 36 years and most (87%) were female. Median follow-up duration was 9.03 years (interquartile range, 0.33-23.38). Restenosis population, however, presented a significantly lower age at the procedure time as well as a higher Wilkins-Block score. At multivariate analysis, independent preprocedure predictors of restenosis were left atrium diameter (hazard risk [HR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.05; P<.04), preprocedure maximum gradient (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03; P=.04), and higher Wilkins-Block score (>8) (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.14-1.67; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: at long-term follow-up, MV restenosis was observed in a quarter of the population undergoing PMBC. Preprocedure echocardiographic findings, including left atrial diameter, maximum MV gradient, and Wilkins-Block score were found to be the only independent predictors.

Long-term follow-up in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and severe pulmonary artery hypertension submitted to percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy (PMBC) is an attractive therapeutic approach in patients with mitral stenosis. The aim of this study was to assess the immediate and long-term clinical, echocardiographic and haemodynamic outcomes of PMBC in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS: Among all procedures (in more than two decades of experience), PMBC was performed from 1987 until 2011 at a single-center in 147 patients who had significant PH defined as baseline pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) (systolic pulmonary pressure > 75 mmHg). All-cause mortality, need for mitral valve replacement (MVR) or new PMBC, and valve restenosis were evaluated during follow-up yearly. RESULTS: Mean age was 33.8 ± 12.8 years and 83.6% (123 patients) were women. Primary success was achieved in 89.8% of the patients (132 patients). Mitral valve area (MVA) increased from 0.83 ± 0.17 cm2 to 2.03± 0.35 cm2 (p<0.001), and at 20-years, mitral valve area was 1.46± 0.34 cm2 (p=0.235). Systolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 87.0 ± 6.0 mmHg to 60.0 ± 0.9 mmHg (p<0.001) The rates of all-cause mortality, need for MVR, new PMV, and valve restenosis were 0.67%, 20.0%, 8.78% and 30.4%, respectively, in long-term follow- up (mean 15.6 ± 4.9 years). CONCLUSIONS: PMBC is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of patients with mitral stenosis and PH. A significant decrease in pulmonary pressure was observed after commissurotomy. Although there was a gradual decrease of MVA at long-term follow-up, most patients remained asymptomatic and without major adverse events.

Independent clinical and echocardiographic predictors of restenosis after percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy followed for 24 years

INTRODUCTION: Mitral valve stenosis (MVS) is one of the most common structural heart diseases in developing countries, primarily due to rheumatic disease. Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) has been, since its introduction in 1984, the preferred option of treatment for such disease. However, restenosis is presented with an approximate incidence of 20%. Echocardiographic scoring of the mitral apparatus has been the main tool used to indicate and foresee the possible result of the procedure. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to enlight risk factors of mitral valvular restenosis in a significant number of patients submitted to percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy for the treatment of mitral stenosis (MS), particularly when secondary to rheumatic heart disease. METHODS: This study reports the vast experience of a single center high volume tertiary institution where 1.794 consecutive patients were treated with PMBC between 1987 and 2011. The primary endpoint was to determine the independent predictors of this untoward event, defined as loss of over 50% of the original increase in maximum valve area (MVA) or MVA < 1.5 cm2. RESULTS: Mitral valve restenosis was observed in 26% of the cases (n = 483). Mean population age was 36 years old, with most patients being female (87%). Mean follow up duration was 4.8 years. At multivariate analysis independent pre-procedural predictors of restenosis were: left atrial diameter (HR: 1.03, 95% ci: 1.01-1.04, p < 0.01), pre procedure maximum gradient (HR: 1.01, 95% ci: 1.00-1.03, p = 0.02) and higher wilkins scores (HR: 1.37, 95% ci: 1.13-1.66, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In the very long term follow-up, mitral valve restenosis was observed in a quarter of the population undergoing PMBC. Preprocedure echocardiographic findings, including left atrial diameter, maximum valve gradient and high Wilkins scores were found to be the only independent predictors of this deleterious event.

Long-term follow-up in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and severe pulmonary artery hypertension submitted to percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy (PMBC) is an attractive therapeutic approach in patients with mitral stenosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the immediate and long-term clinical, echocardiographic and haemodynamic outcomes of PMBC in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS: Among all procedures (in more than two decades of experience), PMBC was performed from 1987 until 2011 at a single-center in 147 patients who had significant PH defined as baseline pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) (systolic pulmonary pressure > 75 mmHg). All-cause mortality, need for mitral valve replacement (MVR) or new PMBC, and valve restenosis were evaluated during follow-up yearly. RESULTS: Mean age was 33.8 ± 12.8 years and 83.6% (123 patients) were women. Primary success was achieved in 89.8% of the patients (132 patients). Mitral valve area (MVA) increased from 0.83 ± 0.17 cm2 to 2.03 ± 0.35 cm2 (p < 0.001), and at 20-years, mitral valve area was 1.46 ± 0.34 cm2 (p = 0.235). Systolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 87.0 ± 6.0 mmHg to 60.0 ± 0.9 mmHg (p < 0.0001). The rates of all-cause mortality, need for MVR, new PMV, and valve restenosis were 0.67%, 20.0%, 8.78% and 30.4%, respectively, in long-term follow- up (mean 15.6 ± 4.9 years). CONCLUSIONS: PMBC is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of patients with mitral stenosis and PH. A significant decrease in pulmonary pressure was observed after commissurotomy. Although there was a gradual decrease of MVA at long-term follow-up, most patients remained asymptomatic and without major adverse events.

Independent mitral valve predictors of restenosis after percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy in a large, consecutive cohort followed for more than two decades

AIMS: the objective of this study was to enlight risk factors of mitral valvular restenosis in a significant number of patients submitted to percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy for the treatment of mitral stenosis (ms), particularly when secondary to rheumatic heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: this study reports the vast experience of a single center high volume tertiary institution where 1,794 consecutive patients were treated with PMBC between 1987 and 2011. the primary endpoint was to determine the independent predictors of this untoward event, defined as loss of over 50% of the original increase in maximum valve area (mva) or mva < 1.5 cm2. mitral valve restenosis was observed in 26% of the cases (n=483). average population age was 36 years old, with most patients being female (87%). mean follow up duration was 4.8 years. at multivariate analysis independent pre-procedural predictors of restenosis were: left atrial diameter (hr: 1.03, 95% ci: 1.01-1.04, p<0.01). pre procedure maximum gradient (hr: 1.01, 95% ci: 1.00-1.03, p=0.02) and higher wilkins scores (hr: 1.37, 95% ci: 1.13-1.66, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In the very long term follow-up, mitral valve restenosis was observed in a quarter of the population undergoing PMBC. Preprocedure echocardiographic findings, including left atrial diameter, maximum valve gradient and high wilkins scores were found to be the only indepen dent predictors of this deleterious event.

Preditores independentes de reestenose da valva mitral após valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão em uma grande coorte consecutiva com seguimento clínico por mais de duas décadas / Independent predictors of mitral valve restenosis after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in a large consecutive cohort with clinical follow-up for more than two decades

INTRODUÇÃO: A valvoplastia mitral percutânea com balão (VMP), sempre que tecnicamente viável, é a opção de tratamento preferencial para a estenose mitral, particularmente aquelas secundárias à doença cardíaca reumática. No entanto, a reestenose valvar mitral pode se desenvolver em um número significativo de pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento, com fatores de risco ainda pouco claros para tal ocorrência. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma análise de centro único de uma coorte grande e consecutiva de pacientes tratados com VMP entre 1987 e 2010, que desenvolveram reestenose. O desfecho primário foi determinar os preditores independentes desse evento, definido como perda de mais de 50% do aumento original na área valvar mitral máxima (AVM) ou AVM menor que 1,5 cm2. RESULTADOS: Um total de 1.794 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a VMP em um único centro, instituição terciária de alto volume, foram incluídos neste registro. Reestenose da valva mitral foi observada em 26% dos casos (n = 483). A média de idade da população foi de 36 anos, com a maioria dos pacientes sendo do sexo feminino (87%). A duração média do acompanhamento foi de 4,8 anos. Na análise multivariada, os preditores independentes de reestenose foram: diâmetro atrial esquerdo [RR (risco relativo): 1,03; IC (intervalo de confiança) 95%: 1,01-1,04; p <0,01]; gradiente máximo pré-procedimento (RR: 1,01; IC 95%: 1,00-1,03; p = 0,02 ) e Wilkins score maior que 8 (RR: 1,37; IC 95%: 1,13-1,66; p <0,01). CONCLUSÕES: No seguimento em longo prazo, a reestenose da valva mitral foi observada em até 25% da população submetida à VMP. Os achados ecocardiográficos pré-procedimento, incluindo o diâmetro do átrio esquerdo, o gradiente valvar máximo e o escore de Wilkins, foram os únicos preditores independentes desse desfecho desfavorável. (AU)

Seguimento de muito longo prazo após valvoplastia mitral percutânea com balão / Very long term follow-up after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty

INTRODUÇÃO: A valvuloplastia mitral percutânea com balão (VMP) continua a ser o tratamento preferido para pacientes com estenose mitral reumática sintomática grave e anatomia adequada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados a longo prazo após VMP. MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes consecutivos que foram submetidos à VMP com sucesso entre 1987 e 2010 foram incluídos. O desfecho primário foi o combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas, necessidade de cirurgia mitral ou repetição de PBMV até 24 anos. RESULTADOS: Considerando os 1.582 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a PBMV, o sucesso agudo foi alcançado em 90,9% (1.438 pacientes). Os preditores independentes de sucesso agudo incluíram o tamanho do átrio esquerdo [OR (Razão dos riscos): 0,96; IC (intervalo de confiança) de 95%: 0,93-0,99; p =0,045), Wilkins ≤8 (OR: 1,66; IC 95%: 0,48-0,93; p = 0,02) e idade (OR: 0,97; IC 95%: 0,96-0,99; p = 0,006). Longo prazo de acompanhamento (mediana de 8,3 anos, média de 15,6 anos) foi obtido em 79,1% dos casos de sucesso. A incidência do desfecho primário foi de 19,1% (IC 95%: 17,0%-21,1%). As taxas de mortalidade geral, necessidade de cirurgia valvar mitral ou nova VMP foram de 0,6% (IC 95%: 0,3%-1,2%), 8,3% (IC95%: 7,0%-9,9%) e 10,0% (95% IC: 8,5%-11,7%), respectivamente. Na análise multivariada, classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association [RR (risco relativo): 1,62; IC 95%: 1,26-2,09; p <0,001); maior idade (RR: 0,97; IC95%: 0,96-0,98; p = 0,028]) e área valvar mitral (AVM) ≤ 1,75 cm2 após o procedimento (RR: 1,67; IC 95%: 1,28-2,11; p = 0,028) foram preditores independentes do desfecho primário. CONCLUSÕES: No seguimento a muito longo prazo, mais de 75% dos pacientes apresentaram manutenção de bons resultados. A previsão de resultados favoráveis tardios é multifatorial e fortemente determinada pela idade e AVM pós-procedimento. (AU)

Very Long Term Follow-Up After Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess very long term outcomes after successful percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV).BACKGROUND: PBMV remains the preferred treatment for patients with severe symptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis and suitable anatomy.METHODS: All consecutive patients who underwent successful PBMV between 1987 and 2010 were included. The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality, need for mitral surgery, or repeat PBMV up to 23 years.RESULTS: Among all 1,582 consecutive patients undergoing PBMV, acute success was achieved in 90.9% (n»1,438).Independent predictors of acute success included left atrial size (odds ratio: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93 to0.99; p»0.045), Wilkins score#8 (odds ratio: 1.66; 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.93; p»0.02) and age (odds ratio: 0.97; 95% CI:0.96 to 0.99; p»0.006). Very long-term follow-up (median 8.3 years, mean 15.6 years) was obtained in 79.1% of successful cases. The incidence of the primary endpoint was 19.1% (95% CI: 17.0% to 21.1%). The rates of overall lmortality, need for mitral valve surgery, or repeat PBMV were 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3% to 1.2%), 8.3% (95% CI: 7.0% to9.9%), and 10.0% (95% CI: 8.5% to 11.7%), respectively. On multivariate analysis, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV (hazard ratio: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.26 to 2.09; p<0.001), higher age (hazard ratio: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96 to0.98; p»0.028), and mitral valve area#1.75 cm2after the procedure (hazard ratio: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.28 to 2.11;p»0.028) were independent predictors of the primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: In very long term follow-up, more than 75% of patients exhibited sustained results. Prediction of late favorable results is multifactorial and strongly determined by age, previous symptoms and post-procedural mitral valve area.(J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2018;11:1945­52) © 2018 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.

Preditores de sucesso imediato e seguimento de muito longo prazo após valvoplastia mitral percutânea com balão em pacientes com estenose mitral reumática / Predictors of immediate success and very long-term follow-up after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis

INTRODUÇÃO: A valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão (VMP) ainda permanece como tratamento preferencial para pacientes com estenose mitral reumática sintomática grave e com anatomia favorável. Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar os resultados a longo prazo após VMP. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma análise retrospectiva unicêntrica de todos os 1.582 pacientes com estenose mitral grave que foram submetidos VMP com sucesso entre 1987 e 2011. O desfecho primário foi o combinado de mortalidade por todas as causas, necessidade de cirurgia valvar mitral ou necessidade de repetição de VMP até o seguimento de 23 anos. RESULTADOS: Entre os 1.582 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a VMP, o sucesso imediato foi alcançado em 90,9% (1.438 pacientes). Os preditores independentes de sucesso agudo incluíram tamanho do átrio esquerdo (OR: 0,96; IC 95%: 0,93-0,99; p = 0,045), escore de Wilkins ≤ 8 (OR: 1,66; IC95%: 0,48-0,93; p = 0,02) e idade (OR: 0,97, IC 95%: 0,96-0,99, p = 0,006). A teste c-estatístico calculada para prever o sucesso foi de 0,68. Não houve diferença significativa com relação às taxas de sucesso ao longo dos anos. Quando dividida em tercis com base na experiência do operador, uma maior taxa de sucesso foi observada no segundo tercil quando comparado com os outros dois grupos (32,0% vs. 46,5% vs. 21,5%, p = 0,046). O seguimento a longo prazo (média de 15,6 ± 4,9 anos) foi obtido em 79,1% dos casos de sucesso. A incidência do desfecho primário foi de 19,1% (IC 95%: 17,0-21,1). A mortalidade global, necessidade de cirurgia valvar mitral ou a repetição de VMP foi de 0,6% (IC 95%: 0,3-1,2), 8,3% (IC 95%: 7,0-9,9) e 10,0% (IC 95%: 8,5-11,7), respectivamente. Um total de 93,1% de todos os 1.252 pacientes após VMP com sucesso teve uma melhora na classe funcional NYHA após o primeiro ano do procedimento. Destes, apenas 13,0% desenvolveram a NYHA III-IV durante todo o período de acompanhamento (23 anos)...(AU)

Very Long Term Follow-Up After Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess very long term outcomes after successful percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV). BACKGROUND: PBMV remains the preferred treatment for patients with severe symptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis and suitable anatomy. METHODS: All consecutive patients who underwent successful PBMV between 1987 and 2010 were included. The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality, need for mitral surgery, or repeat PBMV up to 23 years. RESULTS: Among all 1,582 consecutive patients undergoing PBMV, acute success was achieved in 90.9% (n = 1,438). Independent predictors of acute success included left atrial size (odds ratio: 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93 to 0.99; p = 0.045), Wilkins score ≤8 (odds ratio: 1.66; 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.93; p = 0.02) and age (odds ratio: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96 to 0.99; p = 0.006). Very long term follow-up (median 8.3 years, mean 15.6 years) was obtained in 79.1% of successful cases. The incidence of the primary endpoint was 19.1% (95% CI: 17.0% to 21.1%). The rates of overall mortality, need for mitral valve surgery, or repeat PBMV were 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3% to 1.2%), 8.3% (95% CI: 7.0% to 9.9%), and 10.0% (95% CI: 8.5% to 11.7%), respectively. On multivariate analysis, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV (hazard ratio: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.26 to 2.09; p < 0.001), higher age (hazard ratio: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96 to 0.98; p = 0.028), and mitral valve area ≤1.75 cm2 after the procedure (hazard ratio: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.28 to 2.11; p = 0.028) were independent predictors of the primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: In very long term follow-up, more than 75% of patients exhibited sustained results. Prediction of late favorable results is multifactorial and strongly determined by age, previous symptoms and post-procedural mitral valve area.

Análise da incidência e preditores clínicos e ecocardiográficos do refluxo paraprotético aórtico após o implante de prótese aórtica transcateter / Analysis of the incidence and clinical and echocardiographic predictors of paravalvular aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de refluxo paraprotético (RPP) parece maior entre os pacientes submetidos a implante de prótese aórtica transcateter e sua potencial associação com aumento da mortalidade tardia tem suscitado preocupação na comunidade científica. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a incidência e o impacto clínico e estabelecer preditores do RPP em nossa casuística. MÉTODOS: Entre julho de 2009 e fevereiro de 2013, 112 pacientes foram submetidos a implante de prótese aórtica transcateter. O grau do RPP pós-procedimento foi avaliado segundo os critérios do VARC 2. Dividiu-se a população em grupo RPP ausente/RPP discreto e grupo RPP moderado/RPP grave. RESULTADOS: A média da idade foi de 82,5 ± 3,9 anos, 58,9% eram do sexo feminino e o EuroSCORE logístico foi de 23,6 ± 13,4. Houve queda do gradiente sistólico médio (54,7 ± 15,3 mmHg vs. 11,7 ± 4 mmHg; P < 0,01) e ganho da área valvar aórtica (0,66 ± 0,15 cm² vs. 1,8 ± 0,3 cm²; P < 0,01). Ao final do procedimento, 46,4% não apresentaram RPP, e RRP discreto ou moderado foi observado em 42% e 11,6% dos pacientes. Nenhum paciente apresentou RPP grave. A análise multivariada identificou sexo masculino [odds ratio (OR) 5,85, intervalo de confiança (IC] 1,29-26,7; P = 0,022), valvoplastia aórtica percutânea prévia (OR 18,44, IC 2,30-147,85; P = 0,006), fração de ejeção < 35% (OR 4,160, IC 1,014-17,064; P = 0,048) e presença de hipertensão pulmonar grave (OR 7,649, IC 1,86-31,51; P = 0,005) como preditores independentes de RPP moderado/grave. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de RPP moderado/grave foi baixa e comparável à de outras casuísticas. Sexo masculino, antecedente de valvoplastia aórtica percutânea prévia, presença de hipertensão pulmonar grave e disfunção ventricular esquerda grave foram preditores independentes dessa complicação.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of paravalvular aortic regurgitation (PAR) seems higher among patients submitted to transcatheter aortic valve implantation and its potential association with an increased late mortality has raised concerns in the scientific community. Our objective was to evaluate the incidence and clinical impact of PAR and establish PAR predictors in our patient population. METHODS: Between July/2009 and February/2013, 112 patients were submitted to transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The degree of PAR after the procedure was assessed according to the VARC 2 criteria. The population was divided into no/mild PAR group and moderate/severe PAR group. RESULTS: Mean age was 82.5 ± 3.9 years, 58.9% were female and the logistic EuroSCORE was 23.6 ± 13.4. There was a decrease in the mean systolic gradient (54.7 ± 15.3 mmHg vs 11.7 ± 4 mmHg; P < 0.01) and a gain in the aortic valve area (0.66 ± 0.15 cm² vs 1.8 ± 0.3 cm²; P < 0.01). At the end of the procedure 46.4% did not have PAR, and mild or moderate PAR was observed in 42% and 11.6% of the patients. No patient presented severe PAR. Multivariate analysis identified male gender [odds ratio (OR) 5.85, confidence interval (CI] 1.29-26.7; P = 0.022), previous percutaneous aortic val­vuloplasty (OR 18.44, CI 2.30-147.85; P = 0.006), ejection fraction < 35% (OR 4.160, CI 1.014-17.064; P = 0.048) and the presence of severe pulmonary hypertension (OR 7.649, CI 1.86-31.51; P = 0.005) as independent predictors of moderate/severe PAR. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of moderate/severe PAR was low and comparable to other studies. Male gender, history of prior percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty, presence of severe pulmonary hypertension and severe left ventricular dysfunction were independent predictors of this complication.

Evolução muito tardia da valvotomia percutânea por balão na estenose mitral grave / Very late follow-up of percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy in severe mitral stenosis

INTRODUÇÃO: A valvotomia mitral percutânea por balão é um procedimento seguro e eficaz em pacientes com estenose mitral grave sintomática selecionados, com resultados imediatos e a longo prazo semelhantes aos da intervenção cirúrgica. Este estudo tem o objetivo de descrever os resultados muito tardios das primeiras valvotomias mitrais percutâneas por balão realizadas em nossa instituição e identificar os fatores preditores de reestenose. MÉTODOS: No período de 1987 a 1991, 200 pacientes consecutivos foram submetidos a valvotomia mitral percutânea por balão. Avaliações clínica e ecocardiográfica foram realizadas antes do procedimento, 48 horas após e, então, anualmente. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 32 ± 12 anos, 86,5% eram do sexo feminino e 80,5% encontravam-se em classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association. A média do escore de Wilkins foi de 7,6 ± 1,2 e o sucesso do procedimento ocorreu em 87,5% (175/200) dos pacientes. Durante o seguimento, foram acompanhados 129 pacientes (74%) por 140 ± 79 meses. Reestenose após o primeiro procedimento ocorreu em 46,5% (60/129) dos pacientes, sendo realizada uma segunda valvotomia mitral percutânea por balão em 25 pacientes, uma terceira em 4 pacientes, e uma quarta em 1 paciente. Em cinco anos, a probabilidade livre de reestenose foi de 85%, em 10 anos foi de 60% e em 20 anos, de 36%. O diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (P = 0,034) e o gradiente transvalvar mitral tanto pré (P = 0,013) como pós-procedimento (P = 0,038) foram preditores de reestenose. CONCLUSÕES: Em seguimento clínico muito tardio, a valvotomia mitral percutânea por balão mostrou que os resultados são duradouros em mais de um terço dos pacientes e que a repetição do procedimento pode ser realizada com segurança em pacientes selecionados. A identificação dos preditores de reestenose é útil para guiar a seleção de casos para o procedimento.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy is safe and effective in patients with severe symptomatic mitral stenosis with immediate and long-term results comparable to those of surgical intervention. This study was aimed at reporting the very late follow-up results of the first percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomies performed at our institution and at identifying predictive factors of restenosis. METHODS: From 1987 to 1991, 200 consecutive patients were submitted to percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy. Clinical and echocardiographic evaluations were performed prior to the procedure, 48 hours after the procedure and annually thereafter. RESULTS: Mean age was 32 ± 12 years; 86.5% were female and 80.5% were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV. Mean Wilkins score was 7.6 ± 1.2 and procedure success was observed in 87.5% (175/200) of the patients. During follow-up, 129 patients (74%) were followed up for 140 ± 79 months. Restenosis was observed after the first procedure in 46.5% (60/129) patients and a second percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy was performed in 25 patients, a third one in 4 patients and a fourth one in 1 patient. The probability of being restenosis-free was 85% at 5 years, 60% at 10 years and 36% at 20 years. Left atrial diameter (P = 0.034), and preoperative (P = 0.013) and postoperative (P = 0.038) transvalvar gradient were predictors of restenosis. CONCLUSIONS: In a very late clinical follow-up, percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy provided long-lasting results in over one-third of the patients and showed that repeated procedures may be performed safely in selected patients. The identification of restenosis predictors is useful for patient selection.

Valvotomia mitral percutânea: quarta dilatação / Percutaneous mitral valvotomy: fourth dilatation

Paciente do sexo feminino, 37 anos, portadora de estenose mitral de etiologia reumática, submetida, com sucesso, a valvotomia mitral percutânea em 1996, 2000 e 2005. Após 41 meses do terceiro procedimento, além de episódios de fibrilação atrial paroxística, voltou a apresentar dispneia aos moderados esforços. O estudo ecocardiográfico demonstrou gradiente transvalvar médio de 8 mmHg, pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar de 55 mmHg, área valvar mitral de 1 cm² e escore de Wilkins de 10 pontos. Em decorrência da evidência de reestenose clínica e ecocardiográfica, indicou-se novo procedimento percutâneo, realizado sem intercorrências, porém obtendo-se resultado subótimo.

Thirty-seven-year-old female, previously diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis due to rheumatic fever, who had successfully undergone percutaneous mitral valvotomy in 1996, 2000 and 2005. Forty-one months after the thirdprocedure, in addition to episodes of paroxystic atrial fibrillation, the patient had dyspnea after ordinary exertion.Echocardiographic evaluation revealed a mean transvalvular gradient of 8 mmHg, pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 55 mmHg, a mitral valve area of 1 cm², and a Wilkins score of 10 points. With the evidence of clinical and echocardiographicmitral restenosis, a new percutaneous procedure was performed, with no periprocedural complications, however, achieving suboptimal outcome.

Valvotomia mitral percutânea: da primeira à terceira dilatação / Percutaneous mitral ballon valvotomy: from the first to third dilatation

Introdução: As causas de reestenose pós-valvotomia mitral percutânea dependem principalmente das características da população submetida à técnica. O objetivo deste tra balho foi comparar os resultados imediatos e tardios dos pacientes submetidos a dois ou mais procedimentos de valvotomia mitral percutânea (VMP) a um grupo de pacientes submetidos apenas a uma dilatação para o tratamento da estenose mitral grave. Método: Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo A incluiu 90 pacientes submetidos a uma primeira VMP e que, em decorrência de reestenose ecocardiográfica e clínica, foram encaminhados a uma segunda intervenção, e 9 pacientes que, pelo mesmo motivo, foram submetidos a um terceiro procedimento; e grupo B, composto de 90 pacientes selecionados por amostra aleatória simples submetidos a apenas uma dilatação, todas com sucesso. As variáveis ecocardiográficas analisadas para comparação dos resultados dentro do mesmo grupo e entre os grupos A e B foram a área valvar mitral (AVM), os gradientes diastólicos máximo (GDM) e médio (GDm), o diâmetro do átrio esquerdo e a incidência de reestenose...

Background: The causes for restenosis following percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy (PBMV) vary according to the population undergoing this technique. The aim of this study was to compare the immediate and long-term results of patients undergoing a second and third PBMV to patients submitted to a single dilatation of the mitral valve for the treatment of severe mitral stenosis. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups: group A with 90 patients who, due to clinical and echocardiographic restenosis, were submitted to more than one procedure, and group B with 90 patients, selected by a random sample who underwent a single successful procedure. The echocardiographic variables analyzed to compare the results in the same group and between groups A and B were mitral valve area (MVA), maximal and mean diastolic gradients, left atrial diameter and incidence and time to restenosis...

Papel da Ecodopplercardiografia no diagnóstico e monitoração terapêutica da trombose de prótese biológica mitral / The role of Dopplerechocardiography in the diagnosis and treatment course evaluation of a prosthetic biological mitral valve thrombosis

Trombose protética valvar tem uma incidência relatada na literatura de 0,1 a5,7 por cento / ano. Os principais fatores contribuintes são terapia anticoagulante inadequada e localização da prótese em posição mitral. Grunkemeier e Rahimtoola, na análise do risco de trombose, mostraram diferença substancial entre as próteses biológicas e mecânicas, ocorrendo preponderância de trombose nas metálicas. Trombose de prótese pode manifestar-se, clinicamente, como congestãopulmonar, perfusão periférica inadequada ou embolização sistêmica. Os pacientes evoluem com deterioração hemodinâmica aguda, mas ocasionalmente podem apresentar início insidioso e duração dos sintomaspor semanas ou meses. O ecocardiograma tem sido instrumento útil na demonstração de obstrução deprótese biológica por trombo, sendo os primeiros relatos descritos em 1976. Entretanto, a ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT), geralmente, não permite uma abordagem conclusiva nadefinição do trombo pela sua imprecisão na definição das cúspides da prótese. A ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) oferece uma janela acústica melhor na avaliação dos folhetos das próteses,particularmente em posição mitral.Quanto ao tratamento da trombose de próteses valvares, o trombolítico éeficaz em significativo número de casos. O objetivo deste relato de caso é mostrar a importância do ETT e ETE na detecção não invasiva da trombose em prótese biológica mitral e namonitoração da eficácia terapêutica trombolítica.

O Ecocardiogarma na Avaliação das Valvopatias / The ecocardiography in valvopathies avaluation

As doenças valvares e suas implicações clínicas permanecem, nos dias atuais,um desafio para a prática médica. Apesar dos grandes avanços nas técnicas diagnósticas por imagem, a análise quantitativa da gravidade das lesões valvares ainda é motivo de controvérsia e de difícil uniformização. Com suas diversas modalidades, é o método de escolha na avaliação das doenças valvares, devido ao baixo custo e à facil realização. A ecocardiografia uni e bidimensional permite o estudo da geometria espacial do coração e a interrelação anatômica entre as diversas estruturas intra e extracardíacas, a avaliação do tamanho das cavidades e função ventricular, presença de trombos intracavitários, fornecendo informações importantes para o manejo correto dos portadores de doença valvar...

Immediate and long-term follow-up of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis.

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMV) can be performed during pregnancy without significant maternal risk or fetal morbidity or mortality. However, little is known about long-term follow-up results after PMV in populations of pregnant women. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine the immediate and long-term outcomes after PMV in a large cohort of pregnant patients with severe mitral stenosis. The patient population consisted of 71 consecutive pregnant women with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis admitted to the hospital with severe congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III and IV) for PMV. All patients underwent clinical and obstetric evaluations, electrocardiography, and 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. PMV was successful in all patients, resulting in a significant increase in mitral valve area from 0.9 +/- 0.2 to 2.0 +/- 0.3 cm2 (p <0.001). At the end of pregnancy, 98% of the patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. At a mean follow-up of 44 +/- 31 months, the total event-free survival rate was 54%. The mean gestational age at delivery time was 38 +/- 1 weeks. Preterm deliveries occurred in 9 patients (13%), including 2 twin pregnancies. The remaining 66 of 75 newborns (88%) had normal weight (mean 2.8 +/- 0.6 kg) at delivery. At long-term follow-up of 44 +/- 31 months after birth, the 66 children exhibited normal growth and development and did not show any clinical abnormalities. In conclusion, PMV is safe and effective, has a low morbidity and mortality rate for the mother and the fetus, and has favorable long-term results in pregnant women with rheumatic mitral stenosis in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV.

Immediate and long-term follow-up of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMV) can be performed during pregnancy without significant maternal risk or fetal morbidity or mortality. However, little is known about long-term follow-up results after PMV in populations of pregnant women. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine the immediate and long-term outcomes after PMV in a large cohort of pregnant patients with severe mitral stenosis. The patient population consisted of 71 consecutive pregnant women with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis admitted to the hospital with severe congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III and IV) for PMV. All patients underwent clinical and obstetric evaluations, electrocardiography, and 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. PMV was successful in all patients, resulting in a significant increase in mitral valve area from 0.9 0.2 to 2.0 0.3 cm2 (p <0.001). At the end of pregnancy, 98% of the patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. At a mean follow-up of 44 31 months, the total event-free survival rate was 54%. The mean gestational age at delivery time was 38 1 weeks. Preterm deliveries occurred in 9 patients (13%), including 2 twin pregnancies. The remaining 66 of 75 newborns (88%) had normal weight (mean 2.8 0.6 kg) at delivery. At long-term follow-up of 44 31 months after birth, the 66 children exhibited normal growth and development and did not show any clinical abnormalities. In conclusion, PMV is safe and effective, has a low morbidity and mortality rate for the mother and the fetus, and has favorable long-term results in pregnant women with rheumatic mitral stenosis in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV.