The Evolution of Active Learning in Response to the Pandemic: The Role of Technology.

Active learning has consistently played a significant role in education. Through interactive tasks, group projects, and a variety of engaging activities, students are encouraged to forge connections with the subject matter. However, the pandemic has necessitated that educators adapt and refine their active learning techniques to accommodate the online environment. This has resulted in stimulating innovations in the field, encompassing virtual simulations, online collaboration tools, and interactive multimedia. The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly transformed the landscape of teaching and learning, particularly in higher education. One of the most prominent shifts has been the widespread adoption of active learning techniques, which have increased student engagement and fostered deeper learning experiences. In this chapter, we examine the evolution of active learning during the pandemic, emphasizing its advantages and challenges. Furthermore, we delve into the role of advances in artificial intelligence and their potential to enhance the effectiveness of active learning approaches. As we once focused on leveraging the opportunities of remote teaching, we must now shift our attention to harnessing the power of AI responsibly and ethically to benefit our students. Drawing from our expertise in educational innovation, we provide insights and recommendations for educators aiming to maximize the benefits of active learning in the post-pandemic era.

Messages from university teachers to their students with low academic performance during online teaching necessitated by COVID-19 / Mensajes emitidos por docentes universitarios a sus estudiantes con bajos desempeños académicos durante la enseñanza en línea por COVID-19

Abstract COVID-19 generated new forms of student-teacher interactions, and it increased the use of virtual educational environments. Electronic messaging is one of the most widely used forms of communication between teachers and students. However, few studies on how teachers provide feedback motivate and encourage students to engage in academic activities in online learning environments. This study aims to characterize messages sent by university teachers to their students with low academic performance during the emergency remote teaching in the COVID-19 pandemic context. The electronic messages were obtained through the snowball sampling technique. The sample consisted of eighteen email threads facilitated by six universities. Ethical requirements for this type of research were met, and discourse or text analysis was used as a methodology with a qualitative approach and hermeneutic orientation. This study shows two main results. First, the necessary data to identify students with low academic performance can be mainly obtained from their teachers and third parties, like university authorities. Second, there are a number of elements to consider when creating messages to improve the engagement of underperforming students. These fundamental elements are: tone of voice, content of the message and moment in which the message is sent. Messages that are explicitly written for each student or group of students and messages that were written with anticipation, showed to be most effective in engaging students.

Resumen La COVID-19 generó nuevas formas de interacción estudiante-profesor e incrementó el uso de ambientes educativos virtuales, siendo la mensajería electrónica uno de las más utilizados para la comunicación en las relaciones entre ellos. En este contexto, el modo en que comunica el docente y los mensajes que emite, impactan en variables académicas de estudiantes, sobre todo en estudiantes que tienen bajos desempeños académicos. En la actualidad son escasos los estudios sobre la manera en que el docente retroalimenta, motiva e impulsa al estudiante a involucrarse en actividades académicas en los entornos de aprendizaje en línea; por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar mensajes emitidos por docentes universitarios a sus estudiantes con bajos desempeños académicos durante la enseñanza en línea por COVID-19. Se utilizó el análisis del discurso o de texto como método con enfoque cualitativo y orientación hermenéutica para caracterizar los mensajes, considerando el sentido y significado de estos, lo cual permitió rescatar la riqueza de los mensajes y analizarlos, en particular aquellos que lograron alguna respuesta de compromiso por parte de los estudiantes. Los mensajes de correo electrónico se obtuvieron a través de un muestreo no probabilístico mediante la técnica de bola de nieve. La muestra estuvo constituida por 18 cadenas de mensajes de correo, facilitados por seis universidades, que fueron emitidos durante la enseñanza en línea por COVID-19. Se cumplieron con los requerimientos éticos para este tipo de investigación. El análisis de los datos se realizó a través de tres grandes pasos: (1) revisión de la información; (2) identificación de las unidades de análisis, y (3) categorización. Dentro de los principales resultados se encuentran: (1) docentes y terceras personas (autoridades) son las fuentes de información que permiten identificar a estudiantes con bajos desempeños académicos; (2) los mensajes que utilizan los profesores para comunicarse con sus estudiantes poseen especificaciones en el tono comunicacional, contenido y momento de la comunicación que favorecen el compromiso de aquellos estudiantes que presentan bajos desempeños académicos, siendo los mensajes personalizados, anticipados y con alternativas propositivas los más efectivos, y (3) los mensajes emitidos por docentes que favorecen algún tipo de compromiso de los estudiantes son los que: utilizan un tono comunicacional personal, presentan contenido de preocupación y/o de aliento, comunican tempranamente evidencias de incumplimientos que permiten la detección, y ofrecen alternativas concretas que puede utilizar el/la estudiante para revertir la situación de incumplimiento o bajo desempeño. Además, se pudo observar que los profesores, en la comunicación con sus estudiantes, utilizan con frecuencia contenidos, evidencias y mensajes instructivos, y la razón fundamental que emplean en el mensaje es la ausencia de registro de alguna calificación. La mayoría de los docentes que participaron de este estudio envían los mensajes cuando aún les resulta posible ofrecer oportunidades al estudiante para revertir su situación académica, con frecuencia utilizan un tono de comunicación personal y el de tercera persona (impersonal), por sobre el tono institucional. Se entregan orientaciones para el diseño de mensajes electrónicos más efectivos que permitan revertir situaciones de desempeño insatisfactorio. Se concluye que para comunicarse con los estudiantes es importante diseñar mensajes con características específicas que los hagan más efectivos.

Professors' Expectations About Online Education and Its Relationship With Characteristics of University Entrance and Students' Academic Performance During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Due to COVID-19, universities have been facing challenges in generating the best possible experience for students with online academic training programs. To analyze professors' expectations about online education and relate them to student academic performance during the COVID-19 pandemic, and considering the socio-demographic, entry, and prior university performance variables of students. A prospective longitudinal design was used to analyze the expectations of 546 professors (54.8% male) in T1. In T2, the impact of the expectations of 382 of these professors (57.6% men) was analyzed, who taught courses during the first semester to a total of 14,838 university students (44.6% men). Professors' expectations and their previous experience of online courses were obtained during T1, and the students' academic information was obtained in T2. A questionnaire examining the Expectations toward Virtual Education in Higher Education for Professors was used. 84.9% of the professors were considered to have moderate to high skills for online courses. Differences in expectations were found according to the professors' training level. The professors' self-efficacy for online education, institutional engagement, and academic planning had the highest scores. The expectations of professors did not directly change the academic performance of students; however, a moderating effect of professor's expectations was identified in the previous student academic performance relationship on their current academic performance.

Expectations and Experiences With Online Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic in University Students.

Due to COVID-19, university students continued their academic training remotely. To assess the effects of emergency remote teaching (ERT), we evaluated the expectations and, subsequently, the experiences of university students about online education. This study employed a simple prospective design as its method. We assessed the expectations of 1,904 students from different discipline areas (1,106 women and 798 men; age M = 21.56; SD = 3.07) during the beginning of the first semester, March 2020 (T1), and their experiences at the end of the same academic period, September 2020 (T2). We used convenience non-probability sampling. Participants responded to the questionnaire on Expectations toward virtual education in higher education for students and the questionnaire on virtual education experiences in higher education. The results showed that students' responses reflected low expectations regarding peer relationships and comparison with face-to-face education (T1). This perception was maintained during the evaluation of experiences (T2). Students reported positive experiences regarding online teaching and learning, online assessment, and their self-efficacy beliefs at T2. Statistically significant differences between measurements were found, with the expertise presenting higher averages than expectations. Furthermore, differences by gender were identified, reporting a positive change in the scores of women. In addition, results reflected differences according to the disciplinary area, showing Social Sciences and Medical and Health Sciences students a more significant size effect. Findings regarding the empirical evidence and the implications for future teaching scenarios in Higher Education are discussed.

Learning Beliefs, Time on Platform, and Academic Performance During the COVID-19 in University STEM Students.

Due to the closure of universities worldwide because of the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching methods were suddenly transformed to an emergency remote teaching (ERT) modality. Due to the practical nature of STEM courses, students cannot participate in activities in which manipulating objects is necessary for accomplishing learning objectives. In this study, we analyze the relation among STEM students learning beliefs at the beginning of ERT (T1) with their Learning Management systems (LMS) time-on-task and their final academic performance (T2) during the first semester of ERT. We used a prospective longitudinal design. 2063 students (32.3% females) from a university in Chile participated, where the academic year starts in March and finishes in December 2020. We assessed their learning and performance beliefs through an online questionnaire answered at the beginning of the academic period (T1). Then, using learning analytics, time invested in the CANVAS LMS and the academic performance achieved by students at the end of the semester (T2) were assessed. The results show that students mainly stated negative beliefs about learning opportunities during ERT (n = 1,396; 67.7%). In addition, 48.5% (n = 1,000) of students stated beliefs of "medium" academic performance for the first semester (T1). Students with lower learning beliefs at T1 spent less time in the LMS during the semester and had a lower academic performance at T2 than students who had higher learning beliefs at T1. The implications of these findings on the role of instructors and institutions of higher education are discussed.