Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C. A. Mey Methanol Extract: Nanoencapsulation by Mini-Emulsion Polymerization and its Release Trend under Simulated Conditions of the Human Body.

In this research, the extract of Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey. was encapsulated using the mini-emulsion polymerization method based on methyl methacrylate polymers with a nanometer size. The encapsulated extract was characterized using different analytical techniques. Furthermore, the loading efficiency and release of the plant extract were examined. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of an expectational product. The TEM and SEM imaging showed a spherical morphology for the prepared encapsulated extract. The average size of poly-methyl-methacrylate nanoparticles containing Ephedra extract was found to be approximately 47 nm. The extract loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency test demonstrated a dose-depending behavior on E. intermedia extract for both analyses, which is highly advantageous for traversing biological barriers. The release assay shows a controlled release for the extract at phosphate buffer solution (PBS). A 38 % release was calculated after 36 hours. The results obtained from the present study reveal that encapsulating the plant extract is a suitable alternative to control and increase their medicinal properties.

Captopril supported on magnetic graphene nitride, a sustainable and green catalyst for one-pot multicomponent synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene and 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine.

Captopril (CAP) is a safe, cost-effective, and environmentally organic compound that can be used as an effective organo-catalyst. Functional groups of captopril make it capable to attach to solid support and acting as promoters in organic transformations. In this work, captopril was attached to the surface of magnetic graphene nitride by employing a linker agent. The synthesized composite efficiently catalyzed two multicomponent reactions including the synthesis of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine and 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives. A large library of functional targeted products was synthesized in mild reaction conditions. More importantly, this catalyst was stable and magnetically recycled and reused for at least five runs without losing catalytic activity.

Synthesis, band gap structure and third order non-linear optical properties of zinc tungsten oxide nanocomposite using a single CW laser beam.

In this study, a composite of zinc tungsten oxide nanoparticles (W-ZnO NPs) has been synthesized via mixing Na2WO4 and zinc acetate in water, followed by dropwise addition of NaOH. The synthesized W-ZnO NPs were characterized using measurement methods such as XRD, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis. Also, the results were compared with the pure synthesized ZnO and WO3 NPs. Non-linear optical properties of the synthesized composite were measured using the Z-scan technique with a continuous wave Nd-Yag laser. The negative non-linear absorption coefficient of the components was obtained which indicates that the saturation absorption occurred in this composite. In comparison with pure ZnO NPs, non-linear absorption decreases which can be attributed to the negligible optical response of WO3 structures. Also, the negative value of the close aperture Z-scan curve shows that the thermal lensing effect is the main reason for the third-order non-linear refraction.

A strategy for As(III) determination based on ultrafine gold nanoparticles decorated on magnetic graphene oxide.

In this work, a new dendrimer modified magnetic graphene oxide (GO) was used as a substrate for electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles. The modified magnetic electrode was employed for sensitive measuring of As(III) ion as a well-established human carcinogen. The prepared electrochemical device exhibits excellent activity towards As(III) detection using the square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) protocol. At optimum conditions (deposition potential at -0.5 V for 100 s in 0.1 M acetate buffer with pH 5.0), a linear range from 1.0 to 125.0 µgL-1 with a low detection limit (calculated by S/N = 3) of 0.47 µg L-1 was obtained. In addition to the simplicity and sensitivity of the proposed sensor, its high selectivity against some major interfering agents, such as Cu(II) and Hg(II) makes it an appreciable sensing tool for the screening of As(III). In addition, the sensor revealed satisfactory results for detection of As(III) in different water samples, and the accuracy of obtained data were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) setup. Accounting for the high sensitivity, remarkable selectivity and good reproducibility, the established electrochemical strategy has great potential for analysis of As(III) in environmental matrices.

Mn(III) Schiff base complexes containing crown ether rings immobilized onto MCM-41 matrix as heterogeneous catalysts for oxidation of alkenes.

Six catalysts MnL1-MnL6, containing two crown ether rings and their analogs supported on the MCM-41 heterogeneous substrate (MnL1@MCM41-MnL5@MCM41) were synthesized and characterized. A mixture of molecular oxygen, as an oxidant, and these catalysts were used for the epoxidation of styrene. As a general result, the supported catalysts showed better performance compared with the unsupported analogs. On the other hand, the supported species, in addition to recyclability, did not require an axial base and reducing agent.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction of warfarin and gemfibrozil in biological samples using polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles via core-shell nanostructure.

Herein, polydopamine-coated Fe3 O4 spheres were synthesized using a very simple, easy, cost-effective, efficient, and fast method. First, magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3 O4 ) were synthesized and were followed by accommodating polydopamine on the surface of the prepared Fe3 O4 . The prepared polydopamine-coated Fe3 O4 spheres were utilized as a sorbent in magnetic solid phase extraction of gemfibrozil and warfarin (as the model analytes). The extracted model analytes were desorbed by a suitable organic solvent and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Under optimized condition, the linearity of the method was in the range of 0.1-200.0 µg/L for the selected analytes in water. The limits of detection were calculated to be in the range of 0.026-0.055 µg/L for warfarin and gemfibrozil, respectively. The limits of quantification were calculated to be in the range of 0.089-0.185 µg/L. The inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations were determined to be in the range of 1.4%-3.3% in three concentrations in order to calculate the method precision. Furthermore, the enrichment factors were found to be 78 and 81 for warfarin and gemfibrozil, respectively. Moreover, the calculated absolute recoveries were between 78% and 81%. The obtained recoveries indicated that the method was useful and applicable in complicated real samples.

Magnetic nanoparticle-supported eosin Y salt [SB-DABCO@eosin] as an efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst for the multi-component synthesis of chromeno[4,3-b]chromene in the presence of visible light.

Heterogeneous photocatalysts present a favourable procedure to realize green and eco-friendly organic reactions. We have demonstrated an SB-DABCO@eosin catalyst in a green one-pot multi-component protocol for the production of various chromeno[4,3-b]chromenes via condensation of aromatic aldehydes and dimedone under the photo-redox catalyst bearing eosin Y using visible light. The synthesized nanocatalyst was characterized using various physicochemical techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, EDX, UV-vis, SEM, TGA and DRS. The significant advantages of the present methodology include excellent yield, cost-effectiveness, easy work-up, 100% atom economy, broad substrate scope, easy separation and efficient recycling. Furthermore, the evidence showed that the investigated condensation reaction proceeds via a radical mechanism, which proved the need for reactive species such as OH˙ and ˙O2 - in the photocatalytic process. In addition to the improved handling and process control, the yield of products and the rate of reactions have increased considerably in the present strategy. Reproducibility studies also guarantee good reusability and stability of the nanocatalyst for at least five runs.

Creatine@SiO2 @Fe3 O4 nanocomposite as an efficient sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of escitalopram and chlordiazepoxide from urine samples through quantitation via HPLC-UV.

An efficient, cost-effective, and fast-synthesis method is presented in the current study to prepare magnetic nanoparticles covered by cheap and nitrogen-rich creatine. The hydrothermal method was used for the synthesis of the magnetic core. The prepared magnetic core was then covered by SiO2 and subsequently functionalized using creatine. The prepared creatine@SiO2 @Fe3 O4 was utilized as a sorbent in the magnetic solid-phase extraction of the selected antidepressants including escitalopram and chlordiazepoxide as the model drugs. The extracted drugs were desorbed by a suitable organic solvent and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with an ultraviolet detection system. The influence of different variables on the magnetic solid-phase extraction method was examined by the Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs for screening and optimization, respectively. Under the obtained optimum conditions, the linear ranges of the method were found to be in the range of 1-500 µg L-1 . The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.27-0.63 µg L-1 and 0.89-1.93 µg L-1 for the selected analytes, respectively. Furthermore, the enrichment factors were found to be 79.8 and 92.7 for chlordiazepoxide and escitalopram, respectively. The method was successfully employed for the analysis of selected drugs in urine samples.

Bio-inspired synthesis of palladium nanoparticles fabricated magnetic Fe3O4 nanocomposite over Fritillaria imperialis flower extract as an efficient recyclable catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes.

This current research is based on a bio-inspired procedure for the synthesis of biomolecule functionalized hybrid magnetic nanocomposite with the Fe3O4 NPs at core and Pd NPs at outer shell. The central idea was the initial modification of magnetic NP by the phytochemicals from Fritillaria imperialis flower extract, which was further exploited in the green reduction of Pd2+ ions into Pd NPs, in situ. The flower extract also acted as a capping agent for the obtained Pd/Fe3O4 composite without the need of additional toxic reagents. The as-synthesized Fe3O4@Fritillaria/Pd nanocomposite was methodically characterized over different physicochemical measures like FT-IR, ICP-AES, FESEM, EDX, TEM, XPS and VSM analysis. Thereafter, its catalytic potential was evaluated in the reduction of various nitrobenzenes to arylamines applying hydrazine hydrate as reductant in ethanol/water (1:2) medium under mild conditions. Furthermore, the nanocatalyst was retrieved using a bar magnet and recycled several times without considerable leaching or loss of activity. This green, bio-inspired ligand-free protocol has remarkable advantages like environmental friendliness, high yields, easy workup and reusability of the catalyst.

Studying Adsorption and Cellular Toxicity of Boron Nitride Nanostructure versus Melphalan Anti-ovarian Cancer Drug.

BACKGROUND: Inclusion of anticancer drugs into biocompatible nanoparticulate carriers decreases the general toxicity and improves the efficacy of clinical treatments due to the reduction of soluble circulating free drugs. METHODS: In addition, removal of emerging drug contaminants from wastewaters is a necessity that should be seriously attended. Boron nitride (BN) is a choice in drug delivery because of its many surprising properties. Here, boron nitride nanoparticles are prepared, characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) and used in the delivery of melphalan anti-cancer drug. RESULTS: Then, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out to study the adsorption of this drug on the surface of pure boron nitride fullerene via familiar hybrid functionals B3LYP and B3PW91. In addition, the polarizable continuum model (PCM) calculations show that BN is stable in water. CONCLUSION: Finally, the in vitro cellular toxicity and viability of BN nanoparticles was examined on ES-2 cancer cells. The inhibitory dose IC50 of the material confirmed acceptable cytotoxicity and nanoparticles affected the average growth of the ES-2 cancer cells.

One-pot multicomponent green LED photoinduced synthesis of chromeno[4,3-b]chromenes catalyzed by a new nanophotocatalyst histaminium tetrachlorozincate.

Histaminium tetrachlorozincate nanoparticles are prepared, characterized and applied as an effective and recoverable photocatalyst in the one-pot, green and multi-component synthesis of various chromenes by the reaction of dimedone and/or 1,3-cyclohexanedione, arylaldehyde and 4-hydroxycoumarin in high yields under solventless conditions at ambient temperature. This new catalyst is characterized by FT-IR, XRD, EDX, NMR, SEM and TEM techniques. The incorporation of histaminium ions into the framework of ZnCl4 2- significantly affected the photocatalytic activity of tetrachlorozincate such that good reusability and recyclability are attained. Moreover, reactive species such as ˙O2 - and hydroxyl radicals have proved to be active species in the presented photocatalytic reaction. In addition, the hot filtration test confirms enough stability of the photocatalyst and no significant leaching and destruction of the framework in the course of the reaction. The major advantages of the presented methodology include easy work-up, cost effectiveness, nontoxic nature, broad substrate scope, 100% atom economy, ease of separation, and environment friendly reaction conditions. Finally, the catalyst could be reused many times without significant loss of activity.

Glutathione-stabilized Fe3 O4 nanoparticles as the sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of diazepam and sertraline from urine samples through quantitation via high-performance liquid chromatography.

The synthesis and application of glutathione-coated magnetic nanocomposite were introduced with the purpose of developing a stable, cheap, operationally convenient, simple, fast, sensitive, and selective device for the microextraction of diazepam and sertraline for the first time. The prepared glutathione@Fe3 O4 nanocomposite was used as the sorbent in the form of magnetic solid-phase extraction. Afterward, the extracted analytes were desorbed by organic solvent and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Several influential variables such as desorption time, desorption volume, sample pH, extraction time, and sorbent amount were screened through Plackett-Burman design and then optimized via Box-Behnken design. The obtained results showed that the above-mentioned method enjoys a good linear range (0.2-500 µg/L) with the coefficient of determination higher than 0.9927, low limits of determination (0.07-0.24 µg/L), acceptable limits of quantification (0.22-0.93 µg/L), good enrichment factors (128 and 153), and good spiking recoveries (95-105%) for diazepam and sertraline under the obtained optimized condition. Analyzing the real samples results in the confirmation of the presented method and it can be applied for the analysis of various organic compounds in biological samples.

Graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane-coated stainless steel mesh for use in solid-phase extraction cartridges and extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

The stainless steel mesh, in the form of the disk, was coated with graphene oxide and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (GO-PDMS) by sol-gel technique. The coated stainless steel meshes are loaded in the mini-column as solid-phase extraction cartridge for the fast isolation and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from real water samples. The extracted PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, fluorene, and pyrene) were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The operation parameters affecting the extraction efficiency including sample volume, desorption conditions, and ionic strength were investigated. At optimized conditions, the linearity of this method is obtained from 0.001 to 20 ng mL-1 with 0.2 to 1.0 pg mL-1 limit of detection. For 5 replicates at 3 spiking levels (0.1, 1, and 10 ng mL-1), the relative standard deviations between 4.0 and 6.3% were achieved. The absolute extraction recovery varied from 89.1 to 94.7%. The enrichment factors were in the range of 2227-2367. The method has been employed in the determination of PAHs in the real water samples including well water, tap water, river water, and wastewater. Relative recoveries are between 95.2 and 100.9%. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of the SPE procedure using the self-assembly SPE cartridge.

Selective photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols to aldehydes with air by magnetic WO3ZnO/Fe3O4. In situ photochemical synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles.

Recently, visible light-driven organic photochemical synthesis has been a pioneering field of interest from academic and industrial associations due to its unique features of green and sustainable chemistry. Herein, WO3ZnO/Fe3O4 was synthesized, characterized, and used as an efficient magnetic photocatalyst in the preparation of a range of 2-substituted benzimidazoles via the condensation of benzyl alcohol and o-phenylenediamine in ethanol at room temperature for the first time. The key feature of this work is focused on the in situ photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohols to benzaldehydes under atmospheric air and in the absence of any further oxidant. This new heterogeneous nanophotocatalyst was characterized via XRD, FT-IR, VSM and SEM. Short reaction time, cost-effectiveness, broad substrate scope, easy work-up by an external magnet, and excellent product yield are the major advantages of the present methodology. A number of effective experimental parameters were also fully investigated to clear broadness and generality of the protocol.

The role of pramipexole functionalized MWCNTs to the fabrication of Pd nanoparticles modified GCE for electrochemical detection of dopamine.

BACKGROUND: Interest in functionalized carbon nanotubes for many applications arises from a variety on the kind of modification atoms or molecules that are attached to it. Dopamine, the feel-good hormone, release by neurons and playing an important role in body systems. Abnormal dopamine levels cause nerve disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was the design and fabrication of electrochemical sensor based on MWCNTs and Pd nanoparticles for detection and determination of dopamine in biological samples. METHODS: For this purpose, we report the synthesis of pramipexole-functionalized MWCNTs (pp-MWCNTs) for efficient capture of palladium nanoparticles and fabrication of Pd/pp-MWCNTs nanocomposite. Morphological and structural characteristics of the nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). RESULTS: This newly synthesized nanocomposite may have numerous applications in nanotechnology and sensing. We show that the synthesized nanocomposite reported here will be applicable for modifications of bare glassy carbon electrode (Pd/pp-MWCNTs/GCE) to sense of dopamine electrochemically. Two linear calibrations for dopamine are obtained over ranges of 0.01 to 10 µM and 10 to 200 µM with a detection limit of 1.4 nM. The Pd/pp-MWCNTs/GCE shows high stability and sensitivity, and an acceptable decrease of over-potential for the electrooxidation of dopamine that decreases interference in the analysis. The proposed Pd/pp-MWCNTs nanocomposite can be used as a voltammetric detector for dopamine monitoring in routine real sample analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity in sensing dopamine in biological samples. Graphical abstract Preparation of Pd/pp-MWCNTs/GCE for detection of dopamine.

Hybrid nanocomposites prepared from a metal-organic framework of type MOF-199(Cu) and graphene or fullerene as sorbents for dispersive solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Different types of hybrid nanocomposites were prepared from a copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF-199) and graphene (Gr) or fullerene (Fl). The porosity and quality of the nanocomposites were studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and BET surface area analysis. The nanocomposites are shown to be viable sorbents for the dispersive micro solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental water samples. This is due to (a) the presence of MOF-199 which leads to improved adsorption capacity, and (b) the presence of Gr or Fl on the surface of MOF-199 which enhances the interaction with PAHs. Specifically, acenaphthene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, fluorene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and pyrene were studied. A comparison of the sorbents shows MOF-199/Gr to possess the highest adsorption affinity and to be most durable, probably a result of the high porosity of graphene. Following desorption with acetonitrile, the PAHs were quantified by GC with FID detection. Under the optimum conditions, limits of detection (at an S/N ratio of 3) range from 3 to 10 pg mL-1, and the analytical ranges are linear at 0.01-100 ng mL-1 of PAHs. The relative standard deviations for five replicates at two spiking levels (0.03 and 50 ng mL-1) range from 5.0 to 7.4%. The applicability of this method was confirmed by analyzing spiked real water samples, and recoveries are between 91.9 and 99.5%. Graphical abstract Different types of the hybrid nanocomposites of the copper-based metal-organic framework MOF-199 with graphene or fullerene were synthesized and used as sorbent for the dispersive micro solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples.

Photocatalytic efficacy of supported tetrazine on MgZnO nanoparticles for the heterogeneous photodegradation of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin.

MgZnO@SiO2-tetrazine nanoparticles were synthesized and their photocatalytic efficiency was demonstrated in the decomposition of ciprofloxacin and methylene blue (MB). This new heterogeneous nanocatalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, UV-vis, DRS, FE-SEM, ICP, and CHN. Distinctive variables including photocatalyst dose, pH, and degradation time were investigated. Up to 95% photodegradation was gained under the optimum conditions (20 mg photocatalyst, 3.5 ppm MB, pH 9) by using MgZnO@SiO2-tetrazine nanoparticles after 20 min. An elementary kinetic study was carried out, and a pseudo-first-order kinetic with a reasonably high rate-constant (0.068 min-1) was derived for the MB decay. Photoluminescence (PL) studies confirmed that the photocatalytic activity of MgZnO@SiO2-tetrazine was almost consistent with the Taugh plots. Thus, it can be envisaged that the photocatalytic activity is closely related to the optical absorption. Furthermore, a photoreduction mechanism was suggested for the degradation process. Addition of scavengers and some mechanistic studies also revealed that O2˙- is the original radical accounting for the degradation of MB, considering this latter compound as a model type pollutant. Finally, efficacy of the present photocatalytic process was assessed in the degradation of ciprofloxacin as a model drug under the optimum reaction conditions.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from environmental water samples using polyamidoamine dendrimer functionalized with magnetite nanoparticles as a sorbent.

A novel polyamidoamine dendrimer functionalized with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PAMAM) had been fabricated and used as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent. The Fe3O4@PAMAM nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron spectroscopy, elemental analytical, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The MSPE method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detection system was applied for the separation/analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Major parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the selected drugs were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the enrichment factors for the proposed method were 701835. The linear range, limit of detection, correlation coefficient (r), and relative standard deviation (RSD) were found to be 0.15-500 ng mL-1, 0.050.08 ng mL-1, 0.99320.9967, and 4.5-7.0% (n = 5, 0.2, 10 and 300 ng mL-1), respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of NSAIDs in the real water samples. The recoveries of spiked water samples were in the range of 93.6-98.9% with RSDs varying from 6.1% to 9.0%, showing the good accuracy of the method.

A novel way for detection of antiparkinsonism drug entacapone via electrodeposition of silver nanoparticles/functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes as an amperometric sensor.

Silver (Ag) nanoparticles were electrochemically deposited on the film of a metformin functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (Met-MWCNT/GCE), which fabricated an Ag@Met-MWCNT nanocomposite sensor (Ag@Met-MWCNT/GCE) to detect entacapone (ENT). The Ag@Met-MWCNT nanocomposite was characterized by field emission scanning electrochemical microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, FT-IR and electrochemical tests. The modified electrode showed a large electrocatalytic activity for reduction of ENT. This improved activity indicates that Met@MWCNT plays a crucial role in the dispersion and stabilization of Ag nanoparticles on GCE. Under the optimized conditions the linear range for the detection of the ENT was obtained to be 0.05 to 70.0µM with a low detection limit of 15.3nM. The proposed sensor can effectively analyse ENT concentration in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine samples, avoiding interference, and is a promising ENT sensor due to good sensitivity, stability and low cost.

Voltammetric behavior of tiopronin on carbon paste electrode modified with nanocrystalline Fe50Ni50 alloys.

A simple and sensitive sensor was proposed for the rapid determination of tiopronin (TP) using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with synthesized nanocrystalline Ni50-Fe50 alloys (nano-Ni50-Fe50) and ferrocene carboxylic acid (FcCa). The synthesized nano-Ni50-Fe50 was characterized by different methods such as TEM, SEM and XRD. The electrochemical oxidation of TP on the nano-Ni50-Fe50/FcCa carbon paste electrode (nano-Ni50-Fe50/FcCa/CPE) was studied. The nano-Ni50-Fe50/FcCa/CPE exhibited good electrocatalytic properties towards oxidation of TP in phosphate buffer solution (pH7.0) with an overpotential of about 500 mV lower than that of the bare electrode. The rate constant for the catalytic oxidation of TP was evaluated by rotating disk voltammetry and the value of kc was found to be 3.2 × 10(7) cm(3)mol(-1)s(-1). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the determination of TP was explored at the modified electrode. The results indicated that the differential pulse response of TP was linear with its concentration in the range of 0.01-50.0 µM. The detection limit was 7.46 nM (S/N=3). The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of TP in tablet and urine samples.