Prevalência de Blastocystis sp. em moradores de uma comunidade quilombola na região pantaneira do estado de Mato Grosso / Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in inhabitants of a quilombola community in the pantanal region of Mato Grosso state / Prevalencia de Blastocystis sp. en habitantes de una comunidad quilombola de la región del pantanal del estado de Mato Grosso

Introdução: Blastocystis sp. é o parasito mais comum encontrado nos estudos de prevalência de parasitas intestinais em diferentes populações. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência do parasita intestinal Blastocystis sp. em moradores da comunidade quilombola Distrito Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo localizada em uma área rural do Município de Poconé-MT. Método: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo e quantitativo que determinou a prevalência do parasita intestinal Blastocystis sp. que ocorreu nos meses de dezembro de 2021 a maio de 2022. A amostra final foi composta por 114 participantes. Na identificação das formas evolutivas dos parasitas intestinais nas amostras fecais foi empregado o método de Hoffman. As amostras foram analisadas com auxílio do microscópio óptico e as lâminas foram coradas com lugol, para identificação das formas evolutivas dos parasitos. Para análise descritiva foi realizado a frequência absoluta e percentual. Foram realizados cálculos para determinar a prevalência total de parasitos intestinais e a prevalência por tipo de parasitas. Resultados: A prevalência total foi de 75%, deste a maior ocorrência foi apresentada por Blastocystis sp. Conclusão: Sugerimos, que a alta prevalência deste parasito que tem por via de contaminação fecal- oral, esteja associada à falta de um saneamento adequado, bem como ao acesso da água de qualidade.

Introduction: Blastocystis sp. is the most common parasite found in studies of intestinal parasite prevalence in different populations. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis sp. in residents of the quilombola community of Distrito Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo located in a rural area of the Municipality of Poconé-MT. Method: This is a descriptive and quantitative epidemiological study that determined the prevalence of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis sp. that occurred in the months from December 2021 to May 2022. The final sample consisted of 114 participants. The Hoffman method was used to identify the evolutionary forms of the intestinal parasites in the fecal samples. The samples were analyzed with the aid of an optical microscope and the slides were stained with lugol to identify the evolutive forms of the parasites. For descriptive analysis, absolute and percentage frequency was performed. Calculations were performed to determine the total prevalence of intestinal parasites and the prevalence by type of parasites. Results: The total prevalence was 75%, of this the highest occurrence was presented by Blastocystis sp. Conclusion: We suggest, that the high prevalence of this parasite that has a fecal-oral contamination route, is associated with the lack of proper sanitation, as well as access to quality water.

Introducción: Blastocystis sp. es el parásito más común encontrado en estudios de prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en diferentes poblaciones. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del parásito intestinal Blastocystis sp. en residentes de la comunidad quilombola del Distrito Nossa Senhora Aparecida do Chumbo localizada en una zona rural del Municipio de Poconé-MT. Método: Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo y cuantitativo que determinó la prevalencia del parásito intestinal Blastocystis sp. ocurrida en los meses de diciembre de 2021 a mayo de 2022. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 114 participantes. Se utilizó el método Hoffman para identificar las formas evolutivas de los parásitos intestinales en las muestras fecales. Las muestras se analizaron con la ayuda de un microscopio óptico y los portaobjetos se tiñeron con lugol para identificar las formas evolutivas de los parásitos. Para el análisis descriptivo se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales. Se realizaron cálculos para determinar la prevalencia total de parásitos intestinales y la prevalencia por tipo de parásitos. Resultados: La prevalencia total fue de 75%, de esta la mayor ocurrencia la presentó Blastocystis sp. Conclusión: Sugerimos, que la alta prevalencia de este parásito que tiene por vía de contaminación fecal-oral, está asociada a la falta de saneamiento adecuado, así como al acceso a agua de calidad.

Prevalência de enteroparasitas em crianças atendidas pelas unidades básicas de saúde do município de Fortaleza, Ceará / Prevalence of enteroparasites in children attending basic health units in the municipality of Fortaleza, Ceará / Prevalencia de enteroparasitosis en niños atendidos en unidades básicas de salud del municipio de Fortaleza, Ceará

As Enteroparasitoses são um problema socioeconômico de países subdesenvolvidos que atingem principalmente crianças, sendo um grupo de maior propensão a exposição a ambientes contaminados. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a prevalência de enteroparasitoses em crianças atendidas pelas unidades básicas de saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará, a fim de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas e terapêuticas mais eficazes para o controle dessas infecções e na saúde da população. Para isso, foram utilizadas para a análise 76 amostras fecais de crianças de 1 a 15 anos, atendidas pelas unidades básicas de saúde do município, adotando a técnica de sedimentação espontânea em água, conforme descrita por Hoffman, Pons e Janer (1934). A prevalência geral de enteroparasitas, parasitas e protozoários, foi de 51,3% na população estudada. Dentre os parasitas encontrados, os protozoários mais frequentes foram: Blastocystis hominis (55,1%) seguido de Giardia lamblia (12,2%) e Entamoeba coli (12,2%). Já os parasitas helmintos, houve ocorrência de Ascaris lumbricoides (6%) e Enterobius vermicularis (2%). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a população de crianças estudada apresentou uma alta taxa de infecção por enteroparasitas, com predomínio de protozoários intestinais. Esses achados reforçam a importância da implementação de medidas preventivas e melhoria das condições higiênico-sanitárias para o controle dessas infecções e na promoção da saúde da população.

Enteroparasitoses are a socioeconomic problem in underdeveloped countries that mainly affect children, a group with a higher propensity to be exposed to contaminated environments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of enteroparasitoses in children attending basic health units in Fortaleza, Ceará, in order to contribute to the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic measures for the control of these infections and the health of the population. For this purpose, 76 fecal samples from children from 1 to 15 years old, attended in basic health units of the city were used for analysis, adopting the technique of spontaneous sedimentation in water, as described by Hoffman, Pons and Janer (1934). The overall prevalence of enteroparasites, parasites and protozoa, was 51.3% in the studied population. Among the parasites found, the most frequent protozoans were: Blastocystis hominis (55.1%) followed by Giardia lamblia (12.2%) and Entamoeba coli (12.2%). As for the helminth parasites, there were Ascaris lumbricoides (6%) and Enterobius vermicularis (2%). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the population of children studied presented a high rate of infection by enteroparasites, with a predominance of intestinal protozoa. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing preventive measures and improving the hygienic-sanitary conditions for the control of these infections and in promoting the health of the population.

Las enteroparasitosis son un problema socioeconómico en los países subdesarrollados que afecta principalmente a los niños, grupo con mayor propensión a estar expuesto a ambientes contaminados. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la prevalencia de enteroparasitosis en niños que asisten a unidades básicas de salud en Fortaleza, Ceará, con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de medidas preventivas y terapéuticas más eficaces para el control de estas infecciones y la salud de la población. Para ello, se utilizaron para el análisis 76 muestras fecales de niños de 1 a 15 años, atendidos en unidades básicas de salud de la ciudad, adoptando la técnica de sedimentación espontánea en agua, descrita por Hoffman, Pons y Janer (1934). La prevalencia global de enteroparásitos, parásitos y protozoos, fue de 51,3% en la población estudiada. Entre los parásitos encontrados, los protozoos más frecuentes fueron: Blastocystis hominis (55,1%), seguido de Giardia lamblia (12,2%) y Entamoeba coli (12,2%). En cuanto a los helmintos parásitos, había Ascaris lumbricoides (6%) y Enterobius vermicularis (2%). En base a los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que la población infantil estudiada presenta una elevada tasa de infección por enteroparásitos, con predominio de protozoos intestinales. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de implementar medidas preventivas y mejorar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias para el control de estas infecciones y en la promoción de la salud de la población.

Ocorrência de enteroparasitas em hortaliças comercializadas no município de Cáceres-Mt / Occurrence of enteroparasites in vegetables sold in the city of Cáceres-Mt / Ocurrencia de enteroparásitos en hortalizas comercializadas en la ciudad de Cáceres-Mt

A sífilis é uma infecção causada pela bactéria Treponema pallidum, transmitida por relações sexuais, transfusões de sangue e transmissão vertical, conhecida como sífilis congênita. As gestantes devem ser testadas para sífilis pelo menos na primeira consulta pré-natal, no início do terceiro trimestre e na admissão para o parto. Os cuidados de enfermagem às gestantes com sífilis são essenciais para garantir a saúde da mãe e do feto. Portanto o estudo tem como objetivo identificar os cuidados de enfermagem na sífilis congênita oferecidos pela atenção básica em saúde. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Utilizou-se a estratégia PICo para elaboração da pergunta de pesquisa: "Quais os cuidados de enfermagem na sífilis congênita oferecidos pela Atenção Básica em Saúde?". A busca dos artigos foi realizada através de consulta online na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) na qual proporcionou as seguintes bases de dados: LILACS, MEDLINE e BDENF. Utilizou-se como critérios de inclusão artigos publicados nos anos de 2017 a 2022, em inglês e português que estavam disponíveis na integra. Por fim, 17 artigos foram selecionados para leitura na integra, mas 06 deles foram eliminados por não abordarem a questão norteadora e 02 por ser revisão. 09 artigos foram considerados adequados para a análise final. É essencial que os profissionais de enfermagem sejam capacitados e sensibilizados para a importância dessas ações, e que o cuidado seja centrado no paciente, com ênfase na humanização e na integralidade do cuidado, a fim de garantir a saúde e bem-estar das crianças e suas famílias.

Syphilis is an infection caused by the Treponema pallidum bacterium, transmitted by sexual intercourse, blood transfusions and vertical transmission, known as congenital syphilis. Pregnant women should be tested for syphilis at least at the first pre- natal visit, at the beginning of the third trimester, and on admission for delivery. Nursing care of pregnant women with syphilis is essential to ensure the health of the mother and fetus. Therefore, the study aims to identify the nursing care in congenital syphilis offered by primary health care. This is an integrative literature review. The PICo strategy was used to develop the research question: "What is the nursing care in congenital syphilis offered by Primary Health Care?". The search for articles was conducted through online consultation in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), which provided the following databa- ses: LILACS, MEDLINE and BDENF. The inclusion criteria used were articles published from 2017 to 2022, in English and Portuguese, which were available in full. Finally, 17 articles were selected to be read in full, but 06 of them were eliminated for not addressing the guiding question and 02 for being a review. 09 articles were considered adequate for the final analysis. It is essential that nursing professionals are trained and sensitized to the importance of these actions, and that care is patient-centered, with emphasis on humani- zation and comprehensive care, in order to ensure the health and well-being of children and their families.

La sífilis es una infección causada por la bacteria Treponema pallidum, transmitida por relaciones sexuales, transfusiones sanguíneas y transmisión vertical, co- nocida como sífilis congénita. Las embarazadas deben someterse a pruebas de detección de la sífilis al menos en la primera visita prenatal, al inicio del tercer trimestre y en el momento del ingreso para el parto. La atención de enfermería a las embarazadas con sí- filis es esencial para garantizar la salud de la madre y el feto. Por lo tanto, el estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los cuidados de enfermería en sífilis congénita ofrecidos por la atención primaria de salud. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora. Utilizou-se a estratégia PICo para elaboração da pergunta de pesquisa: "Quais os cuidados de enfer- magem na sífilis congênita oferecidos pela Atenção Básica em Saúde?". La búsqueda de artículos fue realizada a través de consulta online en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), que proporcionó las siguientes bases de datos: LILACS, MEDLINE y BDENF. Los cri- terios de inclusión utilizados fueron artículos publicados en los años 2017 a 2022, en inglés y portugués, que estuvieran disponibles en su totalidad. Finalmente, 17 artículos fueron seleccionados para lectura completa, pero 06 de ellos fueron eliminados por no abordar la pregunta orientadora y 02 por ser artículos de revisión. 09 artículos fueron considerados apropiados para el análisis final. Es fundamental que los profesionales de enfermería sean capacitados y sensibilizados sobre la importancia de estas acciones, y que la atención sea centrada en el paciente, con énfasis en la humanización y en la aten- ción integral, para garantizar la salud y el bienestar de los niños y sus familias.

Diversity, geographical distribution, and prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The genus Entamoeba includes a variety of widely distributed species adapted to live in the digestive tracts of humans and a large variety of animals of different classes. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba spp. in different classes of hosts in Brazil. Studies that analyzed hosts from several classes, including humans and domestic, wild, or captive animals, were considered. The pooled prevalence of Entamoeba spp. was calculated using the random-effects model. A total of 166 studies on humans and 16 on animals were included. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in the Brazilian population was 22% (95% CI: 21-24). The state with the highest prevalence was Paraiba with 72%, followed by Federal District with 53%, and Rondonia with 50%. In immunocompromized patients, the prevalence was 18%, and cancer (36%) was the most prevalent cause of immunosuppression. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in animal hosts was 12% (95% CI: 7-17). Captive wild animals and domestic farm animals showed the highest prevalence, with 16% and 15%, respectively. The species found more often were E. coli (86.5%), E. dispar (7.9%), and E. histolytica (3.1%). In conclusion, a high prevalence (22%) of Entamoeba spp. was found in the Brazilian population, with a prevalence of up to 50% mainly in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. The pathogenic species E. histolytica is distributed in most Brazilian regions, with significant prevalence percentages. Among animals, unidentified Entamoeba species were most prevalent in mammals.

TITLE: Diversité, répartition géographique et prévalence d'Entamoeba spp. au Brésil : revue systématique et méta-analyse. ABSTRACT: Le genre Entamoeba comprend une variété d'espèces largement distribuées, adaptées à vivre dans le tube digestif des humains et une grande variété d'animaux de différentes classes. L'objectif de cette étude était d'étudier la prévalence, la distribution et l'épidémiologie moléculaire d'Entamoeba spp. dans différentes classes d'hôtes au Brésil. Les études qui ont analysé les hôtes de plusieurs classes, y compris les humains et les animaux domestiques, sauvages ou captifs, ont été prises en compte. La prévalence combinée d'Entamoeba spp. a été calculée à l'aide du modèle à effets aléatoires. Au total, 166 études sur l'homme et 16 sur les animaux ont été incluses. La prévalence d'Entamoeba spp. dans la population brésilienne était de 22 % (IC à 95 % : 21­24). L'état avec la prévalence la plus élevée était Paraiba avec 72 %, suivi du District fédéral avec 53 % et Rondonia avec 50 %. Chez les patients immunodéprimés, la prévalence était de 18 % et le cancer (36 %) était la cause la plus fréquente d'immunosuppression. La prévalence d'Entamoeba spp. chez les hôtes animaux était de 12 % (IC à 95 % : 7­17). Les animaux sauvages en captivité et les animaux domestiques d'élevage ont affiché la prévalence la plus élevée, avec respectivement 16 % et 15 %. Les espèces trouvées le plus souvent étaient E. coli (86,5 %), E. dispar (7,9 %) et E. histolytica (3,1 %). En conclusion, une prévalence élevée (22 %) d'Entamoeba spp. a été trouvée dans la population brésilienne, allant jusqu'à 50 % principalement dans les régions du nord, du nord-est et du centre-ouest. L'espèce pathogène E. histolytica est répartie dans la plupart des régions du Brésil, avec des pourcentages de prévalence importants. Parmi les animaux, les espèces d'Entamoeba non identifiées étaient les plus répandues chez les mammifères.

Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection in several hosts in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Blastocystis sp. affects a wide variety of animals and is the most common protozoan in human fecal samples with potential pandemic distribution. In the present study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of Blastocystis sp. in different classes of hosts in Brazil. METHODS: Studies that analyzed hosts of various classes, including humans, domestic animals, wild animals or captive animals, were considered. The pooled prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection was estimated by random effects models. RESULTS: For humans, similar prevalence rates were found for males (31.0%, 95% CI: 17.0-45.0%; weight 10%) and females (28.0%, 95% CI: 16.0-41.0%; weight 10%); the state of Mato Grosso do Sul showed the highest prevalence, with 41.0% positivity (95% CI: 36.0-46.0%; weight 2.9%). The prevalence among immunocompromised patients was 5.0% (95% CI: 3.0-7.0%; weight 10%), and the most common cause of immunosuppression was hemodialysis, with 23.0% (95% CI: 17.0-29.0%; weight 12.4%). Among classifications according to interaction with humans, wild and domestic animals presented values of 19.0% (95% CI: 7.0-31.0%; weight 42.6%) and 17.0% (95% CI: 13.0-21.0%; weight 29.6%), respectively. Among these animals, mammals (39.0%, 95% CI: 21.0-56.0%; weight 47.3%) and birds (18.0%, 95% CI: 10.0-27.0%; weight 39.3%) exhibited the highest prevalence. Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis sp. revealed greater genetic diversity for clades of subtypes (STs) ST1, ST2 and ST3. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in the Brazilian human population was 24%, which reflects the reality in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions, where prevalence rates of up to 40% were found. Among animals, mammals and birds exhibited the highest prevalence.

Serodiagnosis of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in human and canine populations living in Indigenous Reserves in the Brazilian Amazon Region.

INTRODUCTION:: Leishmaniasis is endemic to the Northern, Northeastern, Central-Western, and Southeastern regions of Brazil. We aimed to assess the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in indigenous villages located in the States of Mato Grosso and Tocantins using a serological survey conducted in May 2011. METHODS:: Serum samples were collected from 470 humans and 327 dogs living in villages of the Urubu Branco and Tapirapé Karajá indigenous reserves. The samples were analyzed for the presence of Leishmania spp. antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a crude antigen (CA) and soluble antigen (SA), and Dual Path Platform (DPP®) immunoassay for canine visceral leishmaniasis. RESULTS:: Of 470 human samples tested, two (0.4%) were positive using IFAT. Among 327 dog samples tested, 28 (8.6%) were positive using ELISA CA, five (1.5%) using ELISA SA, two (0.6%) using IFAT, and none using DPP® immunoassay with Leishmania infantum chagasi antigen. When Leishmania amazonensis antigen was used, 20 (6.1%) samples were positive using ELISA CA and four (1.2%) using IFAT. CONCLUSIONS:: There was a low prevalence of infection in the region, and significant differences among the main serological methods used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. These findings indicated that the detection of Leishmania spp. requires further study and improvement.

Serodiagnosis of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in human and canine populations living in Indigenous Reserves in the Brazilian Amazon Region

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis is endemic to the Northern, Northeastern, Central-Western, and Southeastern regions of Brazil. We aimed to assess the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in indigenous villages located in the States of Mato Grosso and Tocantins using a serological survey conducted in May 2011. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 470 humans and 327 dogs living in villages of the Urubu Branco and Tapirapé Karajá indigenous reserves. The samples were analyzed for the presence of Leishmania spp. antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a crude antigen (CA) and soluble antigen (SA), and Dual Path Platform (DPP®) immunoassay for canine visceral leishmaniasis. RESULTS: Of 470 human samples tested, two (0.4%) were positive using IFAT. Among 327 dog samples tested, 28 (8.6%) were positive using ELISA CA, five (1.5%) using ELISA SA, two (0.6%) using IFAT, and none using DPP® immunoassay with Leishmania infantum chagasi antigen. When Leishmania amazonensis antigen was used, 20 (6.1%) samples were positive using ELISA CA and four (1.2%) using IFAT. CONCLUSIONS: There was a low prevalence of infection in the region, and significant differences among the main serological methods used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. These findings indicated that the detection of Leishmania spp. requires further study and improvement.

Seroprevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens and Tick Infestation in Dogs from Tapirapé and Karajá Indigenous Communities, Brazil.

With the aim of studying some tick-borne diseases, a total of 327 dogs (114 from Tapirapé and 213 from Karajá indigenous ethnicity, Mato Grosso, MT, Brazil) were sampled. Serum samples were submitted to the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) to detect antibodies against Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, and Rickettsia spp. Possible associations of risk factors and the occurrence of seroreativity to tick-borne agents and tick infestations were analyzed through chi-squared tests. Among 327 dogs, 46 (13.15%) were seropositive for B. vogeli and 47 (14.37%) for E. canis. The B. vogeli seroprevalence was higher for Karajá and for adult dogs (p>0.05). No association was found for E. canis seroprevalence. From 103 serum samples tested with rickettsial antigens, 90 (87%) dogs were seropositive to Rickettsia spp., with highest reactivity to Rickettsia amblyommii. Canine seropositivity to Rickettsia spp. was associated (p<0.05) with ethnicity (higher seroprevalence in Tapirapé dogs), age (higher in adults), and hunting (higher among hunting dogs). From the 327 dogs, 39 (11.9%) were infested by ticks (Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma oblongoguttatum, Amblyomma tigrinum, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Infestations by Amblyomma spp. ticks were higher in dogs from Tapirapé community and in hunting dogs (p<0.05). Regarding R. sanguineus, infestations were higher (p<0.05) among young dogs.

DETECTION OF INFECTION WITH Toxoplasma gondii IN MANATEES (Trichechus inunguis) OF THE PERUVIAN AMAZON / Detección de infección por Toxoplasma gondii en manatíes (Trichechus inunguis) de la Amazonía peruana

The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) is an aquatic mammal that inhabits freshwater environments and is endemic to the Amazon Basin. The presence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies was investigated in 19 manatees in one rescue unit in the northern region of Peru. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 12 (63.2 %) of 19 animals by using the modified agglutination test (titer, 1:25), and no association between sex and age of the animals and the presence of T. gondii antibodies was observed (p < 0.05). The results suggest a contamination by T. gondii oocysts in the aquatic environment where these animals live.

El manatí amazónico (Trichechus inunguis) es un mamífero acuático que habita en ambientes de agua dulce y es endémico de la cuenca del Amazonas. La presencia de Toxoplasma gondii se investigó en 19 manatíes, en una unidad de rescate en la región norte del Perú. Los anticuerpos contra T. gondii fueron detectados en 12 (63,2 %), de 19 animales mediante el uso de la prueba de aglutinación modificada (título, 1:25). No fue observada asociación entre el sexo y edad de los animales con la presencia de anticuerpos de T. gondii (p < 0,05). Los resultados sugieren la contaminación por ooquistes de T. gondii en el medio acuático donde viven estos animales.