Detection of African genotype in Hyalomma tick pools during Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak, Rajasthan, India, 2019.

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic viral disease presenting with fever and hemorrhagic manifestations in humans. After several outbreaks of CCHF being reported from Gujarat since 2011 till 2019 and from Rajasthan in 2014 and 2015, the present study reports the CCHF outbreak which was recorded from five human cases in three districts Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, and Sirohi of Rajasthan state since August 2019 till November 2019. A high percent of positivity was recorded in livestock animal samples for the CCHFV IgG antibody. CCHF virus (CCHFV) positive human blood samples and Hyalomma tick pool samples were sequenced using next-generation sequencing method. Two different M segment genotypes, encoding glycoprotein precursor, were identified from tick pools in the study: first from Asian and second from African lineage. The L gene (polymerase) and the S gene (nucleocapsid) clustered in the Asian lineage. The present study illustrates the existence of two different CCHFV lineages being circulating within the Hyalomma tick pools in the Rajasthan state, India. We also observed 3.56% amino acid changes between the death and the survived case of CCHFV in the M gene. This report also sets an alarm to enhance human, tick and livestock surveillance in other districts of Rajasthan and nearby states of India. Biosafety measures, barrier nursing along with the availability of personal protective equipment and ribavirin drug will always be a mainstay in preventing nosocomial infection for proper case management.

A cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infection among Italian tourists visiting India, March 2020.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: A cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred among Italian tourists visiting India. We report here the epidemiological, clinical, radiological and laboratory findings of the first cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the tourists. METHODS: Information was collected on demographic details, travel and exposure history, comorbidities, timelines of events, date of symptom onset and duration of hospitalization from the 16 Italian tourists and an Indian with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical, laboratory, radiologic and treatment data was abstracted from their medical records and all tourists were followed up till their recovery or discharge or death. Throat and deep nasal swab specimens were collected on days 3, 8, 15, 18, 23 and 25 to evaluate viral clearance. RESULTS: A group of 23 Italian tourists reached New Delhi, India, on February 21, 2020 and along with three Indians visited several tourist places in Rajasthan. By March 3, 2020, 17 of the 26 (attack rate: 65.4%) had become positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these 17 patients, nine were symptomatic, while eight did not show any symptoms. Of the nine who developed symptoms, six were mild, one was severe and two were critically ill. The median duration between the day of confirmation for COVID-19 and RT-PCR negativity was 18 days (range: 12-23 days). Two patients died with a case fatality of 11.8 per cent. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: This study reconfirms higher rates of transmission among close contacts and therefore, public health measures such as physical distancing, personal hygiene and infection control measures are necessary to prevent transmission.

Zika virus outbreak in Rajasthan, India in 2018 was caused by a virus endemic to Asia.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in human has been reported from Gujarat and Tamil Nadu states during the year 2016 and 2017 respectively. In paucity of complete genome data of ZIKV, the analysis and prediction were not possible. Zika cases were reported in Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India during the period of 21st September 2018 to 29th October 2018. In order to understand the circulating ZIKV strain in Rajasthan state about ten human serum samples from the positive cases of Jaipur city, Rajasthan state considering the locality and clustering variations were sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Complete genome phylogenetic analysis of Jaipur city sequences with known GenBank ZIKV sequences revealed that the outbreak in Jaipur city was being caused by ZIKV belonging to Asian lineage. Partial genome sequencing revealed the presence of a pre-outbreak strain of ZIKV in Gujarat and current outbreak strain of Asian lineage in Tamil Nadu. Further sequence analysis of the five ZIKV positive samples of Jaipur revealed that the S139N and A188V mutations, linked to enhanced neurovirulence and transmission in animal models, were not found in the current outbreak strain. Whether this strain can cause birth defects and cause large outbreaks is not currently known, but they should be treated as such until more is known. With the identification of ZIKV in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and recent outbreaks of ZIKV in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states alarm for India to enhance surveillance in other states and monitor the mutation and evolutionary changes in circulating Zika strains.