RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study is to evaluate and compare the changes associated with hepatosteatosis in diabetic obese versus diabetic normal-weight patients through ultrasonography. It is estimated that with the prevalence of about 30%-75% of obese individuals accordingto the body mass index (BMI) criteria are at increase risk of developing simple fatty live. Besides obesity, diabetes mellitus is also considered to be one of the important causes of hepatosteatosis. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in February 2015-December 2015 on a group of 181 diabetic patients, including 65 males and 116 females with an age range of 40-80 years. The patients were divided into two diabetic groups: those having a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 were included in the obese group (n = 116) and those with a BMI of 18.5-25 kg/m2 were included in the normal BMI group (n = 65). Ultrasound machine Esaote MyLab 50 equipped with a 3.5-5 MHz curvilinear multifrequency transducer was used to scan the liver. Independent samples t-test was performed to compare the liver span in the two groups. Chi-square tests were applied to compare the frequencies of fatty changes, border, and surface characteristics. RESULTS: The presence of fatty changes among obese groups was statistically significant in the diabetic obese group compared to the normal-weight individuals with P < 0.0001. Similarly, hepatic spans were found to be significantly greater in the diabetic obese group than the diabetic normal BMI group on independent samples t-test with P < 0.0001. Females were seen to develop hepatosteatosis more frequently compared to males in all diabetic individuals with P = 0.02. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that diabetic obese patients are more prone to develop hepatosteatosis as compared to normal BMI diabetic individuals.
RESUMO
The aim of this review article was to investigate the pooled sensitivity and specificity of musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) for the detection of synovitis and early bone erosion in the small joint in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, investigate the pooled sensitivity and specificity of Power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) for the detection of synovial hypervascularity in small joints in RA. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Wiley online library, Google Scholar, Research gate, E-book, BioMed Central, the Journal of Rheumatology and Springer Link were investigated from 2001 to 2017. Original researches related to the article written in English including RA, synovitis, bone erosion, grayscale, and PDUS were included in this study. The sample size, study design, sensitivity, and specificity were analyzed. The review summarizes the value of MSUS for the detection of RA as it is the first choice of modality. Results show the acceptable reliability of US for the diagnosis of early bone erosions, synovitis, and synovial hypervascularity.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The purpose of the research is to know the sonographic evaluation of urolithiasis formation with positive family history in population of Lahore because urolithiasis is a major problem in Pakistan. According to a survey in 1985-1987 the incidence rate reaches to 8.3/100,000 individuals in the Punjab. In Pakistan, urolithiasis is the sixth major cause of surgery. The study was conducted to rule out the role of positive family history in people suffering from urolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted at the Radiology department of the University of Lahore teaching hospital and Gilani Ultrasound center-Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 125 patients were included in the study which were diagnosed with urolithiasis and individuals with any other abnormality were excluded from the study. The duration of the study was from January 2017 to April 2017. Data were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS version 24. The data were reported using descriptive and inferential statistics. The quantitative variable like age was assessed using mean standard deviation and standard errors. The qualitative variables like gender were reported using percentages and frequencies. RESULTS: Urolithiasis is commonly seen in the males (77 individuals out of 125) as compared to females (48 individuals out of 125) and mid pole of right kidney is the most common site of the renal stones deposition (13.6%), and the relationship of father is mostly seen as familial history (39.2%). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that positive family history is the major predisposing factor in urolithiasis and one of the cause in the development of stones in the urinary tract or in other words people who have a history of urolithiasis in blood relations have more tendency of stone formation in any part of their lives. Its positive aspect is that we can do a screening in blood relations, especially whose parents or family members diagnosed with stones and can do preventive measures for that. Moreover, its negative aspect is that there are several causes of the stone formation in the urinary tract.
