Traumatic dental injuries - practical management guide.

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) with a prevalence of 25% among school children and 33% among adults are a public health problem and can have a negative influence on the quality of life. The treatment prognosis of some teeth injuries is heavily dependent on the actions taken at the place of injury. The objective was to summarize evidence-based knowledge on the topic of TDIs and present a practical management guide for first aid in an accessible way. The authors searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The review included only papers published in 2013 or later. Tooth injuries are proven to cause physical, social as well as economic consequences. The most frequent type of injury in primary dentition is avulsion, whereas crown fractures are most common in permanent dentition. TDIs occur most often at home and in school. Certain risk factors for TDIs were identified which include, among others, male gender, younger age, obesity. The general community knowledge of correct first aid in case of dental trauma is limited. Guidelines published by the International Association of Dental Traumatology include practical recommendations for first aid after avulsion. Permanent teeth should be replanted immediately at the accident site, whereas primary teeth should not be replanted when avulsed. Broken teeth fragments ought always to be collected if possible. After dental trauma it is vital that the patients seek professional help. Measures preventing TDIs (e.g., mouthguards) should be encouraged. It is of great importance that parents, teachers, guardians or bystanders witnessing a TDI are equipped to assist after a dental trauma or give advice on first aid when needed. Raising public awareness on the topic of dental injuries is a strongly advised general objective.

[Dietary supplements - a temporary trend or an effective help in the fight against obesity and increasing physical performance]. / Suplementy diety ­ chwilowy trend czy skuteczna pomoc w walce z otyloscia i zwiekszeniem wydolnosci fizycznej.

Dietary supplements are products that are intended to supplement deficiencies in diets deficient in vitamins, micro- and macro-ingredients and biologically active substances. More and more preparations appear on the market as a result of the lack of regulations regarding the requirements that must be met by the product before being released on the market. People are increasingly reaching for this type of product, believing in the manufacturers' assurances about their effectiveness in the fight against excessive kilograms or about increasing efficiency during training. However, supplements do not have to undergo any clinical trials and therefore it is not entirely safe to use the same preparations for all people, because an excess of some substances can be even harmful and cause various side effects. The literature review covered the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Mainly articles appeared after 2013. There are many clinical studies that directly indicate the toxic effects of some substances that are found in commonly available dietary supplements on the market. Due to ignorance, very often these preparations are confused with drugs because the labels show similar ingredients. In the case of people struggling with the problem of excess weight, the best way to get rid of obesity is exercise, a healthy diet. The diet of athletes should be adjusted to cover the needs of all micro and macro ingredients. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the growing problem of the abuse of dietary supplements, without finding a deficiency in a given person, we should pay special attention to the preparations consumed by patients, bought without a prescription. This can lead to serious disturbances in the proper functioning of the body.

[Fecal calprotectin as a diagnostic marker of inflammatory bowel disease]. / Kalprotektyna w kale jako marker diagnostyczny w nieswoistych zapaleniach jelit.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of diseases characterized by chronic and recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of IBD has increased significantly in past decades. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the possibility of using fecal calprotectin in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, the assessment of the severity of the disease, the prediction of a relapse and the monitoring of remission. The literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Most of the publications included in the study are from 2013 or later. Laboratory, imaging, endoscopic and histopathological tests are used in the diagnosis of IBD. In order to confirm the diagnosis, an endoscopic examination with the collection and evaluation of histopathological specimens is required. Laboratory tests useful in the diagnosis of non-specific inflammations include non-specific tests such as the white blood cells count, ESR and CRP. Faecal calprotectin is a protein complex produced by neutrophils in the inflamed gut. The studies included in this review have shown the presence of increased levels of fecal calprotectin in patients with relapses in the course of inflammatory bowel disease. Accordingly, determination of this marker may be useful in the diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain and as screening prior to colonoscopy.

[Physical activity and aromatherapy as positive factors influencing the quality of sleep]. / Aktywnosc fizyczna i aromaterapia jako pozytywne czynniki wplywajace na jakosc snu.

Human sleep is a state of abolished consciousness controlled by circadian rhythms. It is divided into two phases depending on the electrical activity of the brain: NREM and REM, during which dreams may occur. Sleep has a key impact on a person's emotional, physical, and cognitive well-being. There are specific differences in physiological and biochemical processes during sleep. Adenosine and melatonin are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. During sleep, you can observe the secretion of growth hormone, a reduction in cortisol secretion, and a decrease in muscle tone and blood pressure. Longterm lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive disorders, and psychiatric diseases. Sleep disorders affect more and more social groups. The analysis of one's own circadian rhythms associated with the identification and adaptation of behaviors described as factors influencing sleep may have a positive impact on the optimal functioning of the body. It has been proven that physical activity and aromatherapy can have a positive effect on the quality of sleep. The aim of the study is to review of literature aimed at identifying selected factors influencing the quality of sleep together with a discussion of their importance for human health.