RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bovine anaplasmosis is an infectious disease with worldwide distribution. It spreads by various routes mainly through tick bites. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate bovine related Anaplasma spp. in cattle from three northern governorates of Egypt by serological and molecular assays, to evaluate the associated risk factors and to analyze the phylogeny of revealed A. marginale isolates. METHODS: During 2020, a total of 650 blood samples were collected from asymptomatic cattle in the governorates of Kafr El-Sheikh (n=240), Menofia (n=230), and Al-Gharbia (n=180). Sera samples were examined using the Anaplasma antibody test kit, cELISA v2. Blood genomic DNA of seropositive cattle was then examined by PCRs specific to A. marginale, A. centrale, and A. bovis. Selected positive samples were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. Risk factors (i.e. geographical area, breed, type of production, sex, age, herd size, season, husbandry system, tick infestation, and application of acaricides) were evaluated by logistic regression approach. RESULTS: In total, 130 cattle (20%, 95% CI: 17.1-23.3) were recorded seropositive for Anaplasma species. Major risk factors associated with seropositivity were being crossbred, dairy cattle, aged more than 5 years, summer season, herd size of below 300, pasture grazing, tick infestation, and not being subjected to regular treatment with acaricides. By using species-specific PCR, only A. marginale was detected. Nucleotide sequencing showed the occurrence of two different msp4 genotypes. CONCLUSION: This study shows the high prevalence of A. marginale in cattle of Kafr El-Sheikh, Al-Gharbia, and Menofia. However, the connection between Anaplasma species and their tick vectors remains unknown in Egypt and merits further investigations. Since these infections primarily spread through ixodid tick bites, effective ectoparasite control strategies, regular examination of cattle and successful chemoprophylaxis are recommended.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute pain management following thoracoscopic sympathectomy (TS) has been described in the literature. The combination of interpleural (IP) injection of bupivacaine and intramuscular injection. (I.M) NSAIDs has not been reported. Therefore we conducted this randomized controlled trial to compare this technique to other reported techniques described for postoperative analgesia following TS. METHODS: 40 patients scheduled to have TS under general anesthesia for the treatment of hyperhidrosis were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Group 1 received 1.5 mg/kg b.w I.M pethidine at end of surgery. Group 2 received ketoprofen 100 mg I.M at end of surgery. Group 3 received 0.4 ml/kg b.w interpleural bupivacaine 0.5%. Group 4 received a combination of I.M ketoprofen (100 mg) in addition to interpleural bupivacaine (0.4 ml/kg). Postoperative pain was assessed using the 11- point numeric rating score (NRS) at 7 different intervals. First, immediately on admission to PACU, every 2 hours for the next 8 hours then at 12 and at 24 hours. Pain was assessed at rest, during deep inspiration and while coughing. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis and Chi-square test for comparing of the data where P values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The NRS at rest was 3.2 (1.9), 2.4 (1.6), 3 (1.9) and 0.7 (0.9) at Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively with significant difference in Group 4 versus other Group (P < 0.05) at 2 hours postoperatively and up to 24 hours postoperatively. The same trend was also found during maximal inspiration and while coughing. Opioid consumption in 24 hours was significantly reduced in Group 4 compared to other Groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of IP bupivacaine and I.M ketoprofen provided superior analgesia when compared to each modality alone and was better than intramuscular pethidine injection in terms of NRS and the consumption of rescue morphine postoperatively. Further studies are needed on large sample size to confirm our results.