Assessment of Role of Bisphosphonates on Dental Implant Treatment in Post-menopausal Ladies.

Objectives: To examine the impact of bisphosphonates (BPs) on dental implant treatment and alveolar bone in post-menopausal ladies. Materials and Methods: Twenty post-menopausal ladies who had at least one dental implant within the previous 5 years participated in the current study. Ten subjects were categorized into two groups: Group A had BP medication for 1.5 years, and group B received parathyroid hormone (PTH). Both groups' bone thickness and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured. Result: Group A had 5%, and group B had 5% of dental implants failures. BMD of cortical bone was 1468 ± 136 mg/mL and 1008 ± 84 mg/mL in groups A and B, correspondingly. The cortical and cancellous bone densities in both the groups were statically significant. Cortical bone thickness was insignificant in comparison. Conclusion: Both cortical and cancellous bones' bone mineral density decreased in both groups. With continued usage of BPs, the cortical bone thickness increased.

An In-vitro Evaluation of Retention Force of All PEEK, All Zirconia and Zirconia-PEEK Telescopic Attachment for Mandibular Overdentures.

The objective of this study is to compare retention capacity of mandibular implant-supported overdenture with all zirconia, zirconia-PEEK, and all PEEK telescopic attachments. Sixty acrylic resin models of mandible were used. Telescopic attachment system was made up of all zirconia, all PEEK, and zirconia-PEEK. Evaluation of retention force was done using universal testing machine. Obtained data were statistically evaluated. Highest initial force value was obtained with zirconia-PEEK group. All PEEK and zirconia-PEEK groups showed significantly decreased final retention values in comparison to their initial values. Zirconia can be regarded as the material of choice for telescopic crown, whereas polyetheretherketone and zirconia-PEEK telescopic crowns showed retention loss over a period of time.

Comparative Evaluation of Two Implant Designs Based on Bone Loss and Stability with Early Loading Method.

The study evaluated the implant bone loss and stability of implant changes with diverse designs with early placement at eight weeks and eight months' time. The subjects for the current study had partial tooth loss in the posterior mandibular arch. A total of 30 samples were split into two groups of 15, one with a flared crest module and a buttress thread design, the other with a parallel crest module and a V-shaped thread design. Ostell assessed each subject's implant stability four times, at baseline, eight weeks, four months, and eight months. At intervals of eight weeks, four months, and eight months, intraoral periapical radiographs were examined using ImageJ software to measure crestal bone loss. When Group I and Group II's implant stability quotient (ISQ) values at baseline, eight weeks, four months, and eight months were compared; Group I's ISQ values at each of the four measured time periods were statistically significant. At eight weeks in Group I, the ISQ value was very considerable. At eight weeks, four months, and eight months, there was a statistically significant bone loss in Group II in comparison to Group I. At eight months, Group II's bone loss value was very considerable. In contrast to Group II implant designs, it was found that Group I implants demonstrated enhanced implant-less bone loss and stability.

Assessment of LuxaCore, Photo Core, and Core Max II on Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Restored with ParaPosts and Fiber-Reinforced Composite Posts.

Objectives: The objective is to evaluate the efficacy of LuxaCore, Photo Core, and Core Max II on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with ParaPosts and fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts. Materials and Methods: Ninety extracted mandibular first premolar teeth were randomly grouped into nine different groups with ten samples in each. I-FRC posts, II-FRC with Photo Core, III-FRC with LuxaCore, IV-FRC with composite core, V-FRC with Core Max II, VI-para Post (PP), VII-PP with Luxa core, VIII-PP with photo Core, IX-PP with Core Max II were compared for fracture resistance. Results: The mean fracture resistance (Newton) in group I was 452± 61.5, in group II was 412.6± 42.4 (higher from group I to group V), and lower in group VI to group IX (288 to 246.5). The mean fracture resistance of group II to V was 380.1±72.1 and group VI to IX was 62.8±70.6. The difference was statistically significant (0.001). Conclusion: FRC posts exhibited higher fracture resistance as compared to ParaPosts, and fracture resistance was not dependent on the type of material used.

The Role of Prp in Third Molar Extraction Wounds: A Clinical Study.

It has become more common that after a mandibular third molar impaction operation, platelet concentrates have been shown to be useful in aiding the healing process. The patients were examined on day 1, day 2, day 3, day 7, the first month, and the second month following surgery. There was a slew of parameters to investigate and tally up. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 people with impacted mandibular third molars were included in the research. Patients' own blood platelets were used to make the transfusion more effective. One of the sockets was selected at random to serve as the test side. Instead of the other connector, the control socket was utilized. Results: There was no statistical difference between the test and control groups when it came to pain or soft tissue healing, according to a Mann-Whitney U test used to analyze the data. T test was performed to check for edema and density in the bones. Bone density measurements on the test side were significant, whereas measurements of edema on the test side were not. There was no alveolar osteitis on any of the subjects' limbs. Conclusion: Bone and soft tissue healing may be aided by platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Several growth components are included, which aid in the healing process.

A Comparative Study of Mid-Crestal Incision and Diode Laser Shaped Incision to Assess Papilla Level in Second Stage Dental Implant Surgery.

Objectives: To assess papilla level using different techniques in a second stage dental implant surgery. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who received 45 dental implants were equally divided into 3 groups of 10 each. Group I patients were operated with a scalpel with mid-crestal incision. In group II, dental implants were exposed with a gallium-aluminum-arsenide diode laser. In group III, dental implants were exposed with I shaped incision using a scalpel. Assessment of modified gingival index (mGI), modified plaque index (mPI), and Jemt index were performed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The measurement of FAJI, FAJAdj, ST height, and CP Bone crest was performed. Results: A significant difference in crestal bone level of FAJ- I, FAJ- adj, ST height, and CP Bone crest was recorded at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months among groups I, II, and III (P < 0.05). At 6 months, both groups II and III exhibited >60% of papilla fill as compared to group I. Conclusion: Diode laser offers maximum papillary fill and resulted in less crestal bone loss as compared to mid-crestal and I shaped incision during a second stage surgery.

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Bioactive Glass, Tricalcium Phosphate, and Ozone Remineralizing Agents on Artificial Carious Lesion.

Objectives: Evaluation of efficacy of bioactive glass (BAG), tricalcium phosphate, and ozone remineralizing agents on artificial carious lesion. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 48 human premolar teeth were included for this in vitro study. Remineralization of demineralized teeth was done with respective remineralizing agents (Group A - calcium sodium phosphosilicate [BAG], Group B - tricalcium phosphate [Clinpro Tooth Crème], Group C - ozone remineralizing agents, and control group: Group D - deionized water) three times a day for 12 days for 4 min. The degree of demineralization and remineralization was evaluated with Vickers hardness number. Results: There was a decrease in microhardness from baseline to demineralization in all the groups. The difference in microhardness values from demineralization to remineralization in all the three test groups was found to be statistically highly significant. Conclusion: BAG and Tricalcium phosphate had higher remineralizing capacity, which can be used clinically to treat early carious lesions.

Association of Orthodontic Tooth Movement with Leptin Concentration in Gingival Crevicular Fluid.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the association of orthodontic tooth movement with the concentration of leptin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Materials and Methods: In thirty orthodontic patients, the concentration of leptin was assessed at baseline, 1 h, 24 h, 7 days, and 1 month after application of orthodontic force. Distalized tooth movement was evaluated by measuring the difference on dental casts at baseline and 1 month after force application. Results: Average concentration of leptin in GCF raises from baseline (T0) to 1 h after application of force (T1). There was a significant association of the overall average concentration of leptin with the degree of tooth movement (correlation coefficient = 0.625). Conclusion: There was a biphasic change in GCF leptin concentration and significant association between rates of tooth movement with GCF leptin concentration.

Analysis of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth with Different Restorative Materials: An In vitro Study.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to compare the fracture resistance of endodontic treated tooth restored with GIC, amalgam, and composite cements. Materials and Methods: Forty teeth were divided into 4 groups of 10 teeth each. Group I teeth were restored with silver amalgam. Group II teeth were restored with GIC. Group III teeth were restored with composite and Group IV teeth were control in which no alteration was performed. Testing machine applied force on teeth to detect fracture resistance. Results: The mean fracture resistance was maximum in Group IV (1050.2 N) followed by Group III (956.2 N), Group I (836.4 N), and Group II (766.4 N). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean difference of fracture resistance was significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Composite resin possesses highest fractures resistance as compared to GIC and silver amalgam.

Assessment of Clinical and Radiological Outcome of Implant with Two Different Connections Con iguration: A Controlled Trial.

Objective: The objective of the study is to compare two different implant designs having different neck configuration and neck interfaces. Materials and Methods: Fifty subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups, each containing 25 subjects. In Group I, conical connection (CC) (Nobel Biocare) with back-tapered collar dental implant and in Group II, external-hexagon (EH) (Nobel Biocare) with flat-to-flat implant-abutment interface dental implant was used. Radiographic marginal bone crest level and marginal bone loss (MBL) were compared. Results: A significant less MBL was seen in Group I compared to Group II recorded at different intervals of time (P < 0.05). Conclusion: CC implants with back-tapered collar exhibited less MBL as compared to EH implants with flat-to-flat implant-abutment interface.

Assessment of Utility of Lycopene, Selenium, and Vitamin E in Management of Oral Leukoplakia.

Objectives: To assess the utility of lycopene, selenium, and vitamin E in the management of leukoplakia. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional observational prospective study, 52 patients of oral leukoplakia were divided into 2 groups. Group I patients were prescribed 6 mg of lycopene, 400 I.U. of vitamin E, and 200 µg of selenium twice a day. Group II patients were prescribed a placebo capsule. The clinical improvement was recorded in both groups. Results: The mean pretreatment size of lesion in group I was 9.24 cm2 and in group II was 8.52 cm2. Post treatment size was 1.52 cm2 in group I and 6.28 cm2 in group II. There was a significant reduction in the size of lesion in group I compared to group II (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The treatment with a combination of lycopene, selenium, and vitamin E is useful and effective in managing the cases of oral leukoplakia.

Expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and hs-CRP in the serum of patients undergoing single-sitting and multiple-sitting root canal treatment: A comparative study.

Background: In recent times, single-sitting root canal therapy has gained momentum over multiple-sitting root canal therapy due to its superior clinical outcome and less time required for treating the patient. Aim: Thus, the aim of current study was to compare the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the serum of patients undergoing single-sitting and multiple-sitting root canal treatment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional experimental study was conducted on 300 subjects who were indicated for root canal treatment. Subjects were categorized into Group I (single visit) and Group II (multiple visits).Clinical data was obtained and serum samples were collected both before and after 1 week of treatment completion. Inclusion criteria were those patients (a) over 18 years of age, (b) without any disease of inflammatory etiology, and (c) who had not previously received endodontic treatment or any related therapeutic treatment. Exclusion criteria were those (a) without a complete clinical history, (b) with greater than one indicated tooth, (c) who did not complete their treatment, and (d) with any periodontal disease. Chi-square and Student's t-test were applied. Results: It was found that in single-sitting root canal treatment, there was a statistically significant reduction in these inflammatory biomarkers, although no difference in clinical efficacy was observed. Conclusion: Single-visit root canal treatment is a better option for treatment of pulpitis compared to multiple-sitting treatment.

A CBCT assessment of bone density changes after accelerated orthodontic retraction of canine by microosteoperforations.

AIM: The study was conducted to assess the changes in bone density before and after performing accelerated orthodontic maxillary canine retraction by microosteoperforations (MOPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients (120 cone-beam computed tomography [CBCT] images) within the age group of 15 to 25 years undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with bilateral maxillary first premolar extraction were enrolled in this study. The right and left sides of the maxillary jaw in the same patients were selected as experimental and control sites. To accelerate the tooth movement, MOPs were performed distal to the canine root in the extraction space under local anesthesia with a miniscrew. Thereafter, the maxillary canine retraction was initiated using a NiTi closed coil spring. The CBCT images were taken and evaluated at the following time intervals: 1 week before MOPs(T0);1 week after MOPs(T1);3 weeks after MOPs(T2). RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction in bone density was observed at the center of resistance of canine on the experimental site (after MOPs) at 1 week and 3 weeks (T0-T1 = 0.000,0.115; T1-T2 = 0.0025,0.0117), whereas a statistically non-significant difference was found 1 week before and 3 weeks later in the control group. CONCLUSION: Accelerated orthodontics by MOPscan result in a substantial reduction in bone density during canine retraction, leading to an increase in the tooth movement rate, hence lowering the overall orthodontic treatment time.

A Comparative Evaluation of Anesthetic Effectiveness of 4% Articaine vs 0.5% Bupivacaine for Lower Molar Tooth Extraction.

BACKGROUND: Safe and efficient pain control is essential for today's dental practice. This randomized controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of 0.5% bupivacaine with 4% articaine in lower molar tooth extraction. METHODS: One hundred subjects were classified into two groups, with 50 samples for each. Group A participants were managed with 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine and group B participants with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for mandibular first and second molar extraction. Criteria such as onset and duration of anesthesia, pain throughout the procedure, pain during injection, and pain after the procedure were evaluated. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) and heart rate (per minute)were evaluated for all participants. RESULTS: There was a faster onset (53.2 vs 83.1 s) and lesser duration of action (216.6 vs 298.4 min) with articaine (group B) compared to bupivacaine (group A). Thirty-eight (76.0%) participants in group A and 44 (88.0%) participants in group B did not require re-anesthesia, whereas 12 (24%) participants in group A and six (12%) participants in group B required one-time re-anesthesia and it was insignificant. CONCLUSION: Articaine has a faster onset but a relatively lower duration of action and requires statistically insignificant but lower re-anesthesia. As a result, articaine anesthesia can be efficiently recommended in oral surgical techniques.

Role of molecular techniques in PMI estimation: An update.

The time frames between death and reporting of the cadaver, known as post Mortem interval (PMI), is essential in investigation of homicide deaths, suspicious deaths, or other untimely deaths as well as natural deaths. Such information helps to connect the missing links in homicide or other relevant cases. Over the time several methods are developed which depends upon factors as several methods physiological, biochemical, entomological, and archaeological for the estimation of degradation of body with time. These methods lack precision, require expertise to achieve worthy results or authentic estimate. Although these methods are currently in use but, these evaluations are still unreliable and imprecise. Hence, we still need new methods for better estimation of PMI. Initially, the predictable morphological and chemical changes in cadaver are used as PMI indicators but, as the time since death increases, the above methods become less useful for as they can't pin point the time of death rather give a ballpark idea. With the advent of the field of molecular biology, the estimation of PMI is proposed to be executed by evaluating the degradation pattern of the biological markers (DNA, RNA, and Proteins). It is now proved that the DNA is fairly unwavering over long post-mortem phases, RNA is much more labile in nature, and sensitive to degradation in a tissue-specific manner. Thus, the main purpose (aim, agenda) of this document is to provide review that mainly focuses on potential use of RNA markers in estimation of PMI. For this Critical Review, the systematic evaluation of 47 studies is executed according to the chosen inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Study of antibiotic efficacy of topical vancomycin powder in treatment of infected mandibular fractures and soft tissue surgical site infections.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To study the antibiotic efficacy of topical vancomycin in infected mandibular fracture treatment and its effect in preventing surgical site infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised of 100 subjects of infected mandibular fractures requiring open reduction and internal fixation, randomly categorized into two equal groups of 50 each, that is, vancomycin group (N = 50) treated for infected mandibular fractures with topical vancomycin powder used as adjunct and non-vancomycin group (N = 50). Clinical parameters like hospital stay, postoperative infections, postoperative fever, abnormal swelling, purulent discharge, and fistula formation at surgical site and radiographic healing was evaluated and compared between the groups. RESULTS: Mean age of vancomycin group and non-vancomycin group was 32.5 and 33.2 years, respectively. Demographic factors of the patients like age, sex, and hospital stay (3 ± 0.5 days) did not show significant difference between two groups. Vancomycin group shows 1 hyperthermia, 2 abnormal swelling and discharge, whereas non-vancomycin group shows 6 hyperthermia, 5 postoperative abnormal swelling and discharge with statistically significant (P < 0.05). Culture sensitivity of discharged fluid shows staphylococcal + MRSA infection in two patients in vancomycin group and eight patients in non-vancomycin group. Bony healing in vancomycin group shows one patient had non-union and one had graft rejection, whereas five patients had non-union and graft rejection in non- vancomycin group. The comparative results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: From the result of our study we can conclude that routine use of vancomycin powder in surgical site as a surgical adjunct reduces the incidence of infections at surgical site when it is applied in addition to standard antibiotic prophylaxis. Topical application into a surgical wound also reduces the risk associated with parenteral administration of vancomycin.