Examining the Effects of Altitude on Workload Demands in Professional Basketball Players during the Preseason Phase.

Basketball involves frequent high-intensity movements requiring optimal aerobic power. Altitude training can enhance physiological adaptations, but research examining its effects in basketball is limited. This study aimed to characterize the internal/external workload of professional basketball players during preseason and evaluate the effects of altitude and playing position. Twelve top-tier professional male basketball players (Liga Endesa, ACB; guards: n = 3, forwards: n = 5, and centers: n = 4) participated in a crossover study design composed of two training camps with nine sessions over 6 days under two different conditions: high altitude (2320 m) and sea level (10 m). Internal loads (heart rate, %HRMAX) and external loads (total distances covered across speed thresholds, accelerations/decelerations, impacts, and jumps) were quantified via wearable tracking and heart rate telemetry. Repeated-measures MANOVA tested the altitude x playing position effects. Altitude increased the total distance (+10%), lower-speed running distances (+10-39%), accelerations/decelerations (+25-30%), average heart rate (+6%), time in higher-intensity HR zones (+23-63%), and jumps (+13%) across all positions (p < 0.05). Positional differences existed, with guards accruing more high-speed running and centers exhibiting greater cardiovascular demands (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 6-day altitude block effectively overloads training, providing a stimulus to enhance fitness capacities when structured appropriately. Monitoring workloads and individualizing training by playing position are important when implementing altitude training, given the varied responses.

Effect of COVID-19 on Key Performance Indicators of Spanish Professional Soccer League.

The unprecedented COVID-19 health crisis severely disrupted global sports in 2020, prompting lengthy suspensions followed by resumed competitions under abnormal behind-closed-doors conditions without fans. These disruptions necessitated tactical adaptations by coaches and teams, attempting to still achieve successful outcomes. This study investigates the pandemic's impacts on performance metrics and indicators within Spanish professional soccer. Utilizing systematic notational analysis, 760 match cases from the 2019-2020 La Liga season were examined, comprising 27 matchdays from the pre-COVID context and 11 after resumption. Multivariate tests identified significant pre/post differences and interactions for various technical indicators including shots, cards, corners, and offside calls. The pandemic was associated with a reduction from 12 to just 5 identifiable playing styles, suggestive of increased conservatism featuring more passive play, limited attacking depth, and horizontal ball movement. Such tactical changes appear provoked by condensed fixture scheduling post-lockdown, the lack of supportive crowds, and compromised player fitness/recovery. By quantifying these COVID-precipitated changes, the analysis provides tangible evidence for coaches to make informed adjustments in training and preparation for functioning effectively in disrupted environments. The findings emphasize that versatility and flexibility will be vital to optimize performance during times of unprecedented uncertainty.

Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Performance during Competition in Professional Women's Basketball Players.

The evaluation of physical fitness in team sports is enjoying greater importance in the training of professional teams. The objectives of this research were to characterize physical fitness and game indicators based on the game position. This is an empirical study, with a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional methodology. In addition, different relationships between the level of physical fitness and the game indicators during the competition were determined. Finally, a predictive analysis of the selected variables was carried out in order to know the importance of the variables in the performance and at what time of the season they had the greatest impact. For this, a professional female basketball team (n = 12) with a mean age of 25.25 ± 7.617 years, height 178.25 ± 9.206 cm and a body mass of 72.33 ± 11.657 kg was analyzed. Each player was equipped with a WIMUPRO inertial device, and all competition statistics were analyzed. The results obtained show that there were no differences among all the skills evaluated and game indicators depending on the game position. Likewise, a relationship was determined between the level of physical fitness and the technical-tactical contribution, being different between different times of the season. Moreover, physical fitness only predicted the player's final performance in the competition for female player centers in the first and second rounds of the championship, and for forwards in the first round. Four physical-physiological profiles with contributions to the different ones during the competition were also determined. Finally, three groups of female players by playing position were identified according to their sport performance, namely PIR, high, medium and low ratings, associated with physical performances. In all groups, there were significant differences between playing positions, PIR and physical performances.

Does the Physiological Response of a Triathlete Change in the Use or Absence of Drafting?

BACKGROUND: Currently, tactics play an important and decisive role in sprint distance triathlons. One of the most decisive tactical elements is drafting in the cycling sector, depending on whether or not it is allowed by the test regulations. The objective was to analyze the physiological responses in running, in relation to drafting in the cycling sector, according to level and sex. METHODS: To do this, a total of n = 44 subjects were divided into two levels (elite: they got a podium in the national championship, 15.68 ± 0.82 years; amateurs: they compete at the regional level, 15.68 ± 1.62 and 37.9 ± 1.74 years), undergoing two training sessions of four cycling-running multitransitions with variability in the permissibility of drafting were analyzed. A descriptive analysis of the variables was carried out, together with an inferential analysis to know the relationships and associations between the dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in the parameters, as related to running technique, heart rate, speed, and displacement (both between levels and sex). CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that drafting in the cycling sector generates decisive physiological responses for the running sector.

Motivación, inteligencia emocional y carga de entrenamiento en función del género y categoría en baloncesto en edades escolares / Motivação, emoções e carga de treinamento de acordo com gênero e categoria no basquete em idade escolar / Motivation, emotions and training load according to gender and category in basketball at school ages

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la relación de variables motivacionales, emocionalesy la carga de entrenamiento en baloncesto teniendo en cuenta el género y la categoría de formación. Participaron 61 jóvenes entre los 13 y 16 años de edad (M= 14,23) de un club de baloncesto del sur oeste de España. Por medio de dispositivos inerciales semidió la carga interna y externa de cada deportista durante los entrenamientos. Se empleó una escala de bienestar para variables como el estrés, la fatiga, el dolor muscular, y cuestionarios de auto-informe para el esfuerzo percibido, la motivación, la inteligencia emocional y la percepción de rendimiento. Los resultados evidenciaron que la categoría U14 y en general las chicas, manifestaron más intensidad, mayor percepción de esfuerzo y de rendimiento, así como índices más altos de inteligencia emocional.La categoría U16 y los chicos, reflejaron mayor fatiga, nivel de estrés y dolor muscular, y menores dígitos de inteligencia emocional y motivación autodeterminada. A modo de conclusión, las variables de motivación más autodeterminada y de inteligencia emocional, están directamente relacionadas con la intensidad en los entrenamientos, la percepción de rendimiento y los factores de bienestar como la fatiga, el estrés y el dolor muscular en deportistas en edades escolares (AU)

The objective of this study was to describe the relationship of motivational and emotional variables and the training load in basketball at school age according to gender and training category. 61 young people between 13 and 16 years of age (M = 14.23) from a basketball club in southern Spain participated. By technological devices, the internal and external load of each athlete was measured during training, in addition, a well-being scale was used for variables such as stress, fatigue, muscle pain, and self-report questionnaires for perceived effort, motivation, emotional intelligence and perception of performance. The results showed that the under 14 category and, in general, women, showed more intensity, greater perception of effort and performance, as well as higher rates of emotional intelligence. The under 16 category and men, reflected higher fatigue, stress level and muscle pain, and lower digits of emotional intelligence and self-determined motivation. In conclusion, the most self-determined motivation and emotional intelligence variables are directly related to intensity in training, perception of performance and well-being factors such as fatigue, stress and muscle pain in athletes at school age (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a relação entre variáveis motivacionais e emocionais e a carga de treinamento no basquete em idade escolar, de acordo com o sexo e a categoria de treinamento. Participaram 61 jovens entre 13 e 16 anos (M = 14,23) de um clube de basquete do sul da Espanha. Por meio de dispositivos tecnológicos, a carga interna e externa de cada atleta foi mensurada durante o treinamento; além disso, foi utilizada uma escala de bem-estar para variáveis como estresse, fadiga, dor muscular e questionários de autorrelato para o esforço percebido, motivação, inteligência emocional e percepção de desempenho. Os resultados mostraram que a categoria U14 e, em geral, mulheres, apresentaram mais intensidade, maior percepção de esforço e desempenho, além de maiores índices de inteligência emocional. A categoria U16 e os homens em geral refletiram maior fadiga, nível de estresse e dor muscular, e dígitos maisbaixos de inteligência emocional e motivação autodeterminada. Como conclusão, as variáveis mais determinantes de motivação e inteligência emocional estão diretamente relacionadas à intensidade do treinamento, percepção de desempenho e fatores de bem-estar, como fadiga, estresse e dores musculares em atletas em idade escolar. (AU)

Individualization of Intensity Thresholds on External Workload Demands in Women's Basketball by K-Means Clustering: Differences Based on the Competitive Level.

In previous studies found in the literature speed (SP), acceleration (ACC), deceleration (DEC), and impact (IMP) zones have been created according to arbitrary thresholds without considering the specific workload profile of the players (e.g., sex, competitive level, sport discipline). The use of statistical methods based on raw data could be considered as an alternative to be able to individualize these thresholds. The study purposes were to: (a) individualize SP, ACC, DEC, and IMP zones in two female professional basketball teams; (b) characterize the external workload profile of 5 vs. 5 during training sessions; and (c) compare the external workload according to the competitive level (first vs. second division). Two basketball teams were recorded during a 15-day preseason microcycle using inertial devices with ultra-wideband indoor tracking technology and microsensors. The zones of external workload variables (speed, acceleration, deceleration, impacts) were categorized through k-means clusters. Competitive level differences were analyzed with Mann-Whitney's U test and with Cohen's d effect size. Five zones were categorized in speed (<2.31, 2.31-5.33, 5.34-9.32, 9.33-13.12, 13.13-17.08 km/h), acceleration (<0.50, 0.50-1.60, 1.61-2.87, 2.88-4.25, 4.26-6.71 m/s2), deceleration (<0.37, 0.37-1.13, 1.14-2.07, 2.08-3.23, 3.24-4.77 m/s2), and impacts (<1, 1-2.99, 3-4.99, 5-6.99, 7-10 g). The women's basketball players covered 60-51 m/min, performed 27-25 ACC-DEC/min, and experienced 134-120 IMP/min. Differences were found between the first and second division teams, with higher values in SP, ACC, DEC, and IMP in the first division team (p < 0.03; d = 0.21-0.56). In conclusion, k-means clustering can be considered as an optimal tool to categorize intensity zones in team sports. The individualization of external workload demands according to the competitive level is fundamental for designing training plans that optimize sports performance and reduce injury risk in sport.

Characterization and sex-related differences in the multi-location external workload profile of semiprofessional basketball players. A cross-sectional study.

Commonly, the monitoring of external workload has been performed using a single device on player's scapulae. The human body is a complex multi-articular system and quantification in a single location is insufficient, being necessary the assessment in multiple body locations simultaneously. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the multi-location external workload in men's and women's players and to analyze the sex-related differences during the most common movements in basketball. Twenty-six semi-professional basketball players (n = 13 men, n = 13 women) were evaluated in five tests: linear and curvilinear movements, changing of speed, jumping and in-game movements. PlayerLoadRT was evaluated at six anatomical locations simultaneously (scapulae, lumbar region, knees, and ankles) with WIMU PROTM inertial devices attached to the athlete using a full-body skinsuit. Statistical analysis was composed of a t-test of independent measures and Cohens d effect size. The main results indicated: (1) the type of movement modified the external workload supported by the musculoskeletal structures; (2) sex-related differences were found in the vertical absorption of external workload (p < 0.05); (3) no sex-related differences were shown in the horizontal profile (p > 0.16). The multi-location monitoring will allow the identification of musculoskeletal structures with high vertical absorption of external load depending on sex (men > women: scapulae-lumbar and knee-ankle; women > men: lumbar-knee) and type of movement (scapulae-lumbar: decelerations; lumbar-knee: jumping; knee-ankle: in-game), just like horizontal differences in lower limb (outer > inner leg: curvilinear). Equally movements distribution throughout training sessions, strengthening and recovery programmes of high-workload muscle groups according to player's characteristics could contributed to performance enhancement and reduce injury risk.HIGHLIGHTS Men's and women's basketball players presented different vertical musculoskeletal absorption of external workload. Men presented higher absorption in scapulae - lumbar and knee - ankle segments while women did so in the lumbar - knee segment.The type of movements had a direct effect in the multi-location external workload profile.A combined effect of sex and type of movement was found in the vertical musculoskeletal absorption of the external workload profile.No sex-related differences were found in the horizontal profile regarding the type of movement.

Scoping review of tests to assess tactical knowledge and tactical performance of young soccer players.

This scoping review aimed to systematically map studies/tests for assessing the tactical domain of young soccer players. The study followed the PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. The databases searched were Scopus, SPORTDiscus, SciELO, LILACS, and BDTD. The eligibility criteria were defined based on the elements of population, context, and concept, without restrictions on the period, language, and type of publication. Twenty-four papers were included, from 1997 to 2020, totalling 29 tests/instruments for the assessment of the tactical domain, with the majority of studies having an European sample. Twelve terms were used to nominate the tactical component, regardless of the assessment method and approach. Six tests met eight or nine criteria in the critical appraisal: TCTOF, TACSIS Spanish version, Semi-Structured Interview, TCTP-OE, GPET, and FUTSAT. Thus, it is concluded that studies and tests for the assessment of the tactical domain of young soccer players are recent and mainly European; there is no consensus about the adopted terminology; and few tests met the majority of the quality criteria. Therefore, we suggest: a) the construction/adaptation of tests with samples from other continents; b) the use of the proposed criteria; and c) that the terms tactical knowledge and tactical performance are adopted.

Exploring Physical Fitness Profile of Male and Female Semiprofessional Basketball Players through Principal Component Analysis-A Case Study.

Basketball is a sport in continuous evolution, being one of these key aspects of the players' physical fitness that has an impact on the game. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize and identify the physical fitness level and profiles of basketball players according to sex. Total of 26 semi-professional basketball players were assessed (13 male, 13 female) through inertial devices in different previously validated fitness tests. T-test for independent samples and principal component analysis were used to analyze sex-related differences and to identify physical fitness profiles. The results showed differences according to sex in all physical fitness indexes (p < 0.01; d > 1.04) with higher values in males, except in accelerometer load during small-sided games (p = 0.17; d < 0.20). Four principal components were identified in male and female basketball players, being two common ([PC1] aerobic capacity and in-game physical conditioning, [PC4 male, PC3 female] unipodal jump performance) and two different profiles (male: [PC2] bipodal jump capacity and acceleration, [PC3] curvilinear displacement; female: [PC2] bipodal jump capacity and curvilinear displacement, [PC4] deceleration). In conclusion, training design must be different and individualized according to different variables, including physical fitness profiles between them. For practical applications, these results will allow knowing the advantages and weaknesses of each athlete to adapt training tasks and game systems based on the skills and capabilities of the players in basketball.

Multi-Location External Workload Profile in Women's Basketball Players. A Case Study at the Semiprofessional-Level.

The external workload measured in one anatomical location does not determine the total load supported by the human body. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to characterize the multi-location external workload through PlayerLoadRT of 13 semi-professional women's basketball players, as well as to analyze differences among anatomical locations (inter-scapulae line, lumbar region, 2× knee, 2× ankle) and laterality (left vs. right) during five tests that represent the most common movements in basketball-(a) linear locomotion, 30-15 IFT; (b) acceleration and deceleration, 16.25-m RSA (c) curvilinear locomotion, 6.75-m arc (d) jump, Abalakov test (e) small-sided game, 10' 3 vs. 3 10 × 15-m. Statistical analysis was composed of a repeated-measures t-test and eta partial squared effect size. Regarding laterality, differences were found only in curvilinear locomotion, with a higher workload in the outer leg (p < 0.01; ηp2 = 0.33-0.63). In the vertical profile, differences among anatomical locations were found in all tests (p < 0.01; ηp2 = 0.56-0.98). The nearer location to ground contact showed higher values except between the scapulae and lumbar region during jumps (p = 0.83; ηp2 = 0.00). In conclusion, the multi-location assessment of external workload through a previously validated test battery will make it possible to understand the individual effect of external workload in each anatomical location that depends on the type of locomotion. These results should be considered when designing specific strategies for training and injury prevention.

Strength and Speed Profiles Based on Age and Sex Differences in Young Basketball Players.

Team sports are in continuous evolution, and physical performance is acquiring greater importance in the game. The assessment of physical fitness is the most reliable method for knowing if the athlete's physical fitness is appropriate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to identify profiles of physical-physiological demands with different specific tests of physical fitness related to the maximum strength of the lower body and speed. Moreover, some differences based on the sex and age of the players were identified. One hundred and forty-nine basketball players were analyzed (men n = 103 vs. women n = 46, weight: 74.74 ± 11.65 kg vs. 56.89 ± 3.71 kg, height: 184.66 ± 11.67 vs. 164 ± 4 and BMI: 21.7 ± 0.83 vs. 21.6 ± 0.90). The players performed an Abalakov test, a multi-jump test, and a repeat sprint ability test. Each player was equipped with a WIMU PRO device, and photoelectric cells were used. A MANOVA was performed to discover the differences between ages, and a t-test was used regarding sex. The results showed significant differences based on age and sex in variables related to time and Player Load/min (p < 0.001). The variables related to steps (contact, step, flight) also showed significant differences as a function of age (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.05). The multi-jump test showed differences based on age (p < 0.05 except in between jumps), but not on sex. These results confirm the importance of working together on lower body strength and speed skills. In addition, the planning of the work on these abilities must be individualized and according to the characteristics of the athlete.

Análisis del disfrute de los participantes en evento no competitivo: Gimnastrada de Extremadura / Analysis of the enjoyment of participants in a non-competitive event: Gimnastrada de Extremadura

La sociedad actual vive a un ritmo frenético, la preocupación por la imagen corporal, por la calidad de vida y por los hábitos saludables, conforman nuevos estilos de vida. Múltiples estudios inciden en la necesidad de crear hábitos de vida saludables desde la infancia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue medir, el grado de disfrute al participar en una manifestación deportiva no competitivo como la Gimnastrada de Extremadura, utilizando para ello la Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Los resultados muestran que el grado de disfrute ha sido positivo y elevado además de confirmar la evolución en cuanto a número de participantes, procedencia y público. Es por ello, que se debe incentivar, apoyar y difundir todas aquellas actividades físicas, deportivas y artísticas que, a nivel escolar, extraescolar y fuera del ámbito educativo se promuevan, para así favorecer y asegurar la práctica posterior que procurará en el individuo un mayor bienestar físico y psicológico y por tanto ser más felices

Nowadays, society operates at a frenetic pace. Concerns about body image, quality of life, and healthy habits are giving rise to new lifestyles and habits. There are currently multiple studies that focus on the need to encourage and adopt healthy habits in early childhood. The aim of this study was to measure the joy that children experienced while participating in non-competitive sport manifestation, such as the Gimnastrada of Extremadura, by using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). The results of this study were incredibly positive, confirming high participant enjoyment, as well as increased engagement and participation in students from diverse nationalities and socioeconomic backgrounds. Given these results, Physical Education should be incentivized both in and outside of the classroom. Professionals must take the lead by encouraging and providing support for the numerous physical, artistic, and sport-related activities that are available both in and outside of school. In this way, we may increase subsequent participation in these activities, which will contribute to greater

Evolution of Physical Fitness in Formative Female Basketball Players: A Case Study.

Over the last few years, team sports increased the amount of physical demand and its importance. Therefore, work related to physical fitness and its assessment is essential to achieving success. However, there are few studies on this subject at the formative stage. The purpose of this study was then to analyze the physical fitness of an under-18 (U18) women's team divided by game positions. In addition, physical fitness at different times of the season was characterized to identify differences and determine its evolution. To assess physical fitness, tests of aerobic and anaerobic capacities, lower body strength, centripetal force, agility and speed were carried out as designed in the SBAFIT battery. Each player was equipped with an inertial microtechnology device for the collection of data. This research is classified as empirical, with quasi-experimental methodology. The results showed significant differences in variables of the test of aerobic and anaerobic capacities, speed, agility (generic and specific), and centripetal force (right) based on game position and the moment of the season. The results also showed the importance of the specific physical aspect in relation to an optimal improvement in physical fitness, since training sessions and competition do not allow all players to improve equally or efficiently.

Physical and Physiological Profiles of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities in Young Basketball Players.

Current trends in the analysis of the physical fitness of athletes are based on subjecting the athlete to requirements similar to those found in competition. Regarding physical fitness, a thorough study of the capacities that affect the development of team sports in different ages and gender is required since the demands are not equivalent. The objective of this paper was to characterize the physical-physiological demands of athletes in an aerobic and anaerobic test specific to basketball players, as well as the evolution of the variables according to age and gender. The research was carried out in 149 players from different training categories (n = 103 male; n = 46 female). The athletes performed two field tests that evaluated both aerobic capacity and lactic anaerobic capacity. Each athlete was equipped with an inertial device during the tests. Sixteen variables (equal in both tests) were analyzed. Three of them evaluated technical-tactical aspects, four variables of objective internal load, six kinematic variables of objective external load (two related to distance and four related to accelerometry) and three neuromuscular variables of objective external load. The obtained results show significant differences in the variables analyzed according to the age and gender of the athletes. They are mainly due to factors related to the anthropometric maturation and development inherent in age and have an impact on the efficiency and technical and tactical requirements of the tests carried out and, therefore, on the obtained results in the tests.

Differences in the physical demands between handball and beach handball players / Diferenças nas exigências físicas entre jogadores de handebol e handebol de praia

Abstract Handball is one of the most practiced team sports worldwide that consists of different modalities, with the aim of reaching as many users as possible. One of the modalities with increasing interest in the last years is Beach Handball, as it takes the advantage of the absence of competitive calendar in the standardized modality so that users continue practicing. A comparative analysis was performed between standard handball (indoor) and beach handball athletes in order to determine the demands of both modalities and determine if they are similar. The competition was evaluated by analyzing external load variables: number of steps, jumps, impacts and Player load. The selected sample was composed of U-16 players from both modalities. Each player was equipped with WIMUTM inertial device. The results showed that the standard modality requires greater physical demands than the beach modality. For this reason, the physical demands of the different modalities require different training processes to obtain the best possible results in the competition.

Resumo O handebol é um dos esportes coletivos mais praticados em todo o mundo, que consiste em diferentes modalidades, com o objetivo de atingir o maior número possível de usuários. Uma das modalidades em expansão nos últimos anos é o Handebol de Praia, pois aproveita a ausência de calendário competitivo na modalidade padronizada para que os usuários continuem praticando. Uma análise comparativa foi realizada entre atletas de handebol padronizado (na pista) e handebol de praia, a fim de determinar as demandas de ambas as modalidades e determinar se essas demandas são semelhantes. A competição foi avaliada através da análise das variáveis externas de carga: número de etapas, saltos, impactos e Player Load. A mostra selecionada foram jogadores de ambas as disciplinas na categoria cadete. Cada jogador foi equipado com um dispositivo inercial WIMUTM. Os resultados mostraram que a modalidade padronizada exige dos atletas maior demanda física que a modalidade de praia. Por esse motivo, os requisitos físicos de ambas as modalidades exigem diferentes processos de treinamento para obter os melhores resultados possíveis na competição.

Analysis of sex-related differences in external load demands on beach handball / Análise das diferenças relacionadas ao sexo nas demandas de carga externa no handebol de praia

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to analyze the sex-related differences in beach handball workload. A total sample of 105 handballers (male, n=50; female, n=55) belonging to six U'16 teams, seven U'18 teams and eight senior teams were monitored in the final round of 2018-2019 beach handball tournament celebrated during 3-days congested-fixture design. The external load variables Steps, Jumps, Player Load, Total Impacts (>2G) and Total Impacts per Intensities (very low, 2-4G; low, 4-6G; moderate, 6-8G; high, 8-10G; very high, >10G) through WIMUTM inertial devices. Statistical analysis was composed by t-test and Cohen's d for anthropometrical variables and by MANOVA and omega partial square for sex and categories related differences. Greater values in male handballers were found in height, weight and age in each categories (U'16: p<0.05; d=0.50-2.26; U'18: p<0.05; d=0.95-2.21; senior: p<0.05; d=1.01-1.99), except in age in U'18 (p=0.97; d=0.01). Respect to external workload, differences were found related to category (p<0.01; ωp²= 0.02-0.05, small) and sex (p<0.01; ωp²= 0.04-0.21, small to high), except in Steps (p=0.47; ωp²= 0.00), finding the greatest sex-related differences in U'16 category. From the differences found in anthropometrical characteristics and external workload, their evaluation during competition allows designing specific training sessions with the purpose of sports performance enhancement in beach handball.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na carga de trabalho de handebol de praia. Uma amostra total de 105 jogadores de handebol (masculino, n = 50; feminino, n = 55) pertencentes a seis equipes sub-16, sete equipes sub-18 e oito equipes seniores foi monitorada na rodada final do torneio de handebol de praia 2018-2019 durante 3 dias de projeto. As variáveis ​​de carga externa Etapas, Saltos, Carga do jogador, Impactos totais (> 2G) e Impactos totais por intensidade (muito baixo, 2-4G; baixo, 4-6G; moderado, 6-8G; alto, 8-10G; muito alto,> 10G) foram mensurados por meio de dispositivos inerciais WIMUTM. A análise estatística foi composta pelo teste t, d de Cohen e MANOVA. Maiores valores nos handebolistas masculinos foram encontrados em estatura, massa corporal e idade em cada categoria (U'16: p <0,05; d = 0,50-2,26; U'18: p <0,05; d = 0,95-2,21; sénior: p <0,05 ; d = 1,01-1,99), exceto na idade nos U'18 (p = 0,97; d = 0,01). No que diz respeito à carga de trabalho externa, foram encontradas diferenças relacionadas à categoria (p <0,01; ωp² = 0,02-0,05, pequeno) e sexo (p <0,01; ωp² = 0,04-0,21, pequeno a alto), exceto nas etapas (p = 0,47; ωp² = 0,00), encontrando as maiores diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na categoria U'16. A partir das diferenças encontradas nas características antropométricas e na carga de trabalho externa, sua avaliação durante a competição permite projetar sessões de treinamento específicas com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho esportivo no handebol de praia.

Are there differences between the loading of an anaerobic capacity test and an agility test in basketball players? / Há diferenças entre a carga de um teste de capacidade anaeróbica e um teste de agilidade em jogadores de basquete?

Abstract The objective of this article was to know players' needs in the selected tests, to search for differences between categories and to know if there is any relationship between different tests. The sample consists of 2 teams (u-14, u-16, n=24), which were equipped with a WimuR inertial device. The selected tests were 2 agility tests and a lactic anaerobic capacity test. Neuromuscular and kinematic variables were selected. Descriptive analysis, inferential analysis and analysis of correlation among variables were carried out. Once players' needs are described, there are no significant differences among kinematic variables depending on the sample category. Nonetheless, there is relationship between kinematic and neuromuscular variables of the different tests. It is frequently claimed that capacity tests are those that cause more fatigue in athletes. For this reason, an analysis was carried out comparing a lactic anaerobic capacity test with an agility test in its two versions. The obtained results can facilitate the work and the evaluation time of a physical condition test since results of athletes in a capacity test could be known by performing tests of lesser requirement. In addition, this would avoid players from experiencing a situation of maximum effort and possible injury, also saving training time.

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi conhecer as demandas dos jogadores nos testes selecionados, buscar diferenças entre categorias e buscar conhecer se havia alguma diferença entre distintas provas. A amostra foi formada por duas equipes (sub-14, sub-16; n = 24) que foram monitorados com dispositivo de inércia WimuR. Selecionaram-se dois testes de agilidade e um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática, e testes para variáveis neuromusculares e cinemáticas. Empregou-se a análise descritiva e inferencial. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as variáveis cinemáticas, dependendo da categoria da amostra, porém houve relação entre as variáveis cinemáticas e neuromusculares. Afirma-se frequentemente queos testes de capacidade são os que causam maior fadiga no atleta. Por esse motivo, foi realizada uma análise na qual um teste de capacidade anaeróbica lática foi comparado com um teste de agilidade em suas duas versões. Os resultados obtidos podem facilitar o trabalho e o tempo de avaliação do teste de aptidão física, pois, ao realizar testes de menor exigência, os resultados do atleta podem ser conhecidos em um teste de capacidade, evitando que ele enfrente uma situação de esforço máximo, uma possível lesão e economia tempo de treinamento .

Physical fitness in basketball players: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Physical fitness is a performance factor that is characterized by its ability to be assessed using closed tests. Among the existing tests today, there are no data on which are the most optimal ones for the sport for which they are applied. Tests of a generic nature are widely used regardless of the sample of players or the sport to which is being referred as they allow to compare the performance among athletes. In spite of this, it is necessary to identify and develop specific tests of physical fitness for each sport. Thus, the main purpose of this review on physical fitness in basketball players was to identify and group the different tests described in the literature up until November 2018. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was conducted in the different data base to systematically ascertain the most commonly used tests for assessing physical fitness in basketball players. A total of 40 articles were selected, after passing the selection and exclusion criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Finally, they were classified according to the tests assessed in each document. The capacities more frequently studied in literature are jump (N.=21) aerobic capacity (N.=17) and anaerobic capacity (N.=16). On the contrary, the least common evaluated capacities are speed and agility (N.=14). CONCLUSIONS: The results and discussion showed that few specific tests are used to assess this quality in athletes. The analyzed bibliography reveals the lack of design and use of specific tests to highlight the qualities involved in the targeted sport.

Diferencia en el Aprendizaje del Baloncesto según el Género y Metodología de Enseñanza / Difference in Learning Basketball according to Gender and Teaching Methodology / Diferença na aprendizagem do basquete de acordo com o sexo metodologia de ensino

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias en el aprendizaje del baloncesto según la metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje y el género de los alumnos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 85 escolares, 49.41% chicos y el 50.59% chicas, distribuidos en dos grupos de quinto y sexto de Educación Primaria. A cada grupo se le aplicó un programa de intervención, a un grupo bajo una metodología Tactical Game Approach (n = 42) y a otro bajo una metodología de Instrucción Directa (n = 41). Ambos programas de intervención fueron diseñados y validados previamente por un panel de expertos. Como herramienta de evaluación se utilizó el Instrumento para la Medida del Aprendizaje y el Rendimiento en Baloncesto. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos para caracterizar la muestra y la prueba t de muestras independientes para comparar el género según la metodología de enseñanza en el pretest y el postest. Los resultados muestran mejoras en ambos géneros en los alumnos del programa TGB. El rendimiento de los alumnos masculinos y femeninos en el pretest no se diferenciaban según el método. Tras realizar los programas de intervención los alumnos masculinos y femeninos del programa TGB se diferencian de forma significativa y con un tamaño del efecto grande de sus homólogos del programa DIB. Destaca que en el género femenino hay aún más diferencias que entre los programas del género masculino tras haber acabado el programa de intervención como por ejemplo rendimiento de toma de decisión (p ≤ .01), de eficacia y ejecución técnica (p ≤ .05), e indicador de rendimiento total (p ≤ .05)

The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in basketball learning according to the teaching-learning methodology and the gender of the students. The sample consisted of 85 schoolchildren, 45.26% boys and 54.74% girls, divided into two groups of fifth and sixth Primary Education. An intervention program was applied to each group, to a group under a Tactical Game Approach methodology (n = 42) and to another under a Direct Instruction methodology (n = 41). Both intervention programs were designed and validated previously by a panel of experts. The Instrument for the Measurement of Learning and Performance in Basketball was used as an evaluation tool. Descriptive analyzes were carried out to characterize the sample and the t test of independent samples to compare gender according to the teaching methodology in the pretest and the posttest. The results show improvements in both genders in the students of the TGB program. The performance of the male and female students in the pretest did not differ according to the method. After carrying out the intervention programs, the male and female students of the TGB program differ significantly and with a large effect size of their counterparts in the DIB program. It stands out that in the feminine gender there are even more differences than between the programs of the masculine gender after having finished the program of intervention as for example yield of decision making (p ≤ .01), of efficiency and technical execution (p ≤ .05), and total performance indicator (p ≤ .05)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as diferenças na aprendizagem do basquetebol de acordo com a metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem e o gênero dos alunos. A amostra foi composta por 85 estudantes, 49,41% de meninos e 50,59% de meninas, divididos em dois grupos do quinto e sexto ensino Fundamental. Cada grupo recebeu um programa de intervenção, um grupo sob uma metodologia Tactical Game Approach (n = 42) e outro sob uma metodologia de Instrução Direta (n = 41). Ambos os programas de intervenção foram projetados e validados anteriormente por um painel de especialistas. O Instrumento para a Medida de Aprendizagem e Desempenho no Basquetebol foi utilizado como ferramenta de avaliação. Análises descritivas foram realizadas para caracterizar a amostra e o teste t de amostras independentes para comparar o gênero segundo a metodologia de ensino no pré-teste e no pós-teste. Os resultados mostram melhorias em ambos os sexos nos alunos do programa TGB. O desempenho dos estudantes do sexo masculino e feminino no pré-teste não diferiu de acordo com o método. Após a realização dos programas de intervenção, os estudantes do sexo masculino e feminino do programa TGB diferem significativamente e com um tamanho de efeito grande de suas contrapartes no programa DIB. Destaca-se que no gênero feminino há ainda mais diferenças do que entre os programas do gênero masculino após ter terminado o programa de intervenção como por exemplo desempenho de tomada de decisão (p≤ .01), eficiência e execução técnica (p ≤.05) e indicador de desempenho total (p ≤ 0,05)

¿Se entrena como se compite? Análisis de la carga en baloncesto femenino / Is training carried out the same as competition? Analysis of load in women´s basketball

El impacto que genera la competición en los deportistas es necesario analizarlo de forma objetiva y científica. El conocimiento de las demandas fisiológicas y cinemáticas de la competición deportiva, es uno de los factores que permitirá establecer óptimos procesos de entrenamiento. Por ello, los principales objetivos de esta investigación fueron caracterizar y analizar las diferencias entre el entrenamiento y la competición real en un equipo senior femenino de baloncesto, durante la temporada 2015/16. El diseño de esta investigación es empírico con metodología cuantitativa, que se centra en analizar las relaciones y diferencias entre variables. La variable independiente fue la Situación de Juego, categorizada en Small Sided Games, Full Game y Competición. Se registraron cinco variables dependientes: Impactos, Pasos y Saltos por minuto (cinemáticas); y Frecuencia Cardíaca Media y Máxima (de carga interna). Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo y se utilizó el modelo general lineal univariante para establecer diferencias entre las categorías de la variable Situación de Juego. Por último, la prueba Post Hoc de Bonferroni se empleó para identificar las diferencias entre grupos. Los resultados mostraron que se obtienen valores más altos en la competición que las situaciones de entrenamiento en el caso de la Frecuencia Cardiaca Media y Máxima, y en el caso de los pasos por minuto. Los entrenadores deben tener en cuenta estos resultados para adecuar el entrenamiento a los requerimientos de la competición (AU)

It is necessary to analyze the impact that the competition have on athletes, in an objective and scientific way. The knowledge of the physiological and kinematic demands in sports competition is one of the factor that will establish optimal training processes. Therefore, the main objectives of this research were to characterize and analyze the differences between training and real competition in a women's senior basketball team during 2015/16 season. The design of this research is empirical with quantitative methodology, which focuses on analyzing the relationships and differences between variables. The independent variable was the Game Situation, categorized in Small Sided Games, Full Game and Competition. Five dependent variables were recorded: Impacts, Steps and Jumps per minute (kinematic variables); and Average and Maximum Heart Rate (internal load). A descriptive analysis was performed and the univariate general linear model was used to differentiate between categories of the variable Game Situation. Finally, Bonferroni Post Hoc test was used to identify differences between groups. The results showed that higher values of Average and Maximum Heart Rate and Steps per minute were found in competition. Coaches should consider these results to adapt the training to the requirements of the competition (AU)