Exploratory study of the prevalence of food addiction and its relationship with executive functioning, depression, and reinforcement sensitivity in a sample of Mexican adults.

Introduction: The study of food addiction (FA) has become relevant due to its high prevalence, the negative impact on quality of life, and its association with neuropsychological and psychiatric symptoms. Several studies have provided scientific support for these associations, however, the results are contradictory. Additionally, studies have unsuccessfully elucidated the true nature of the failures in executive functioning in people with FA symptomatology, particularly when it comes to executive deficits. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to establish whether the presence of executive dysfunction, depressive symptoms and binge eating problems, as well as high reward sensitivity entails a greater severity in FA traits and high body mass index (BMI) in a sample of Mexican adults. Methods: The sample consisted of Mexican men and women between 21-59 years (n = 36); who completed self-report questionnaires and performance tests to measure the study variables. Additionally, BMI was estimated with self-reported height and weight. Results: Our results showed that a high number of FA symptoms were associated with higher executive dysfunction scores, greater reward sensitivity, and more severe depressive and binge eating problems. Furthermore, factors that are more strongly associated with higher scores of FA include severe executive deficits, greater activation of the punishment avoidance system, and persistence in the search for reward when the depressive symptoms increased. The factors that best explained changes in the estimated BMI of women were a decreased crystallized intellectual capacity and the inability to control food intake as the number of FA symptoms increased. Discussion: In summary, the cognitive functioning profile characterized by general failure of the executive functioning, as well as a greater activation of the Punishment Avoidance System and persistence in the search for reward, were associated with greater severity of FA symptoms, especially when the depressive symptomatology was severe. In parallel, the psychopathology in participants associated with FA confirms the contribution of anxious and depressive symptomatology and borderline personality traits which could facilitate the expression of clinically relevant FA symptoms in women. Finally, we found that decreased crystallized intellectual capacity and inability to control food intake were linked to higher BMI when the number of FA symptoms increased.

Terapia de remediación cognitiva en bulimia nerviosa: Un estudio de caso / Cognitive remediation therapy in bulimia nervosa: A case study

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una evaluación preliminar de la terapia de remediación cognitiva (TRE) en una paciente con bulimia nerviosa (BN). Bajo un diseño pre-post-tratamiento, la paciente (20 años de edad e índice de masa corporal [IMC] de 22.41) completó cuatro pruebas neuropsicológicas, tres medidas de síntomas de BN y dos de sintomatología psiquiátrica (depresión y ansiedad). Con base a las puntuaciones pre y post TRE fue calculado el cambio clínico objetivo (CCO). Los principales efectos neuropsicológicos se registraron en: flexibilidad de pensamiento, proceso visocontructivo, coherencia central y planificación (CCO = 0.39-0.99). También se identificaron cambios relevantes en las medidas de sintomatología psiquiátrica y de BN (CCO = 0.53-0.88), no así en el IMC. Este estudio suma evidencias respecto a la utilidad de la CRT en el tratamiento multidisciplinario, ya no solo de la anorexia nerviosa, sino que extiende su aplicabilidad a la BN.

Abstract The aim of this study was to perform a preliminary evaluation of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) in a patient with bulimia nervosa (BN). The participant was 20 years old with a 22.41kg/m2 body mass index (BMI). Under a pre-post treatment design, the patient was administered four neuropsychological tests, three measures of BN symptoms and two of psychiatric symptomatology (depression and anxiety). Based on the pre and post CRT scores, the objective clinical change (OCC) was calculated. The main neuropsychological effects were observed in cognitive flexibility, visoconstructive processing (memory and central coherence) and working memory (OCC = 0,39-0,99). Relevant changes were also identified in the measures of psychiatric symptomatology and BN (OCC = 0,53-0,88), with no change in BMI. This study adds evidence regarding the usefulness of CRT in the multidisciplinary treatment not only of anorexia nervosa, but also extends its applicability to another eating disorder, BN.

Transdiagnostic factors in symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress: a systematic review.

The current systematic review sought to identify quantitative empirical studies that focused on the transdiagnostic factors of intolerance of uncertainty, emotional dysregulation and rumination, and their relation with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The overall research aim was to examine the relationship between these transdiagnostic factors and their relation with depression and PTSD symptoms. The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Out of the 768 articles initially identified, 55 met the inclusion criteria for the current review. The results determined that intolerance of uncertainty is indirectly related to depression and PTSD symptoms, mainly through other factors including emotion dysregulation and rumination. Additionally, emotional dysregulation is a significant predictor of both depression and PTSD symptoms. Rumination is a robust factor related to depression and PTSD symptoms, this relationship was significant in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. This review provides evidence on the transdiagnostic factors of intolerance of uncertainty, emotional dysregulation and rumination in the relationship with depression and PTSD symptoms.

Online multidisciplinary treatment of binge eating disorder in people with high weight: a case series study.

BACKGROUND: Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most frequent eating behavior among the general population (Guerdjikova in Med Clin 103:669-680, 2019). Many studies on interventions and BED treatments have been carried out in the United States and Europe, few have been reported in Latin American populations. People with this disorder not only have physical consequences of it but also social and psychological ones, therefore a multidisciplinary treatment approach is a good option to treat this condition. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of a multidisciplinary online intervention (i.e., psychological, nutritional, and physical activity) in patients with BED. METHOD: The design was a case series study of two clinical treatment groups, with pre-test and post-test psychometric measures along with two follow-ups (at 2 and 6 months). Fifteen people diagnosed with BED (2 men and 13 women), with a mean age of 34.93 years (SD=11.91) and a mean initial BMI of 42, participated in this study. The treatment was carried out over the span of 28 sessions, each one being two hours per week consisting of 1 hour of group therapy and 1 hour of individual therapy. There were four evaluations: pre, post and two follow-ups. RESULTS: Five patients did not complete the treatment (30%). The comparisons were made through the non-parametric Friedman test, finding a statistically significant decrease in binge eating symptoms (x2=15.57; p=.001), anxiety symptoms (x2=15.96; p=.001) and depression (x2=15.03; p=.002). There was an improvement in clarity (x2=11.60; p=.010) and emotional regulation (x2=7.75; p=.050), only in women. The patients reduced their body weight, and improved their eating and exercise habits by introducing fruits and vegetables and including 20-30 minutes of physical activity into their daily routine. Regarding the Objective Clinical Change Index, in terms of the objective clinical change, a positive change was observed in all the variables addressed. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented allowed us to conclude that the online multidisciplinary intervention was effective in the treatment of BED. Trial registration Retrospectively registered.

El consumo de bebidas dulces incrementa diferencialmente la expresión de Oxitocina en núcleos hipotalámicos / The consumption of sweet drinks differentially increases the expression of oxytocin in hypothalamic nuclei

Resumen Se reconoce la participación de la oxitocina en el control de la alimentación, pero su mecanismo de acción no se ha establecido totalmente. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del acceso intermitente a una solución de sacarosa, sobre la expresión de las neuronas del núcleo paraventricular (PVN) y del núcleo supraótico (SON) que producen oxitocina (Oxt), y caracterizar la microestructura de la conducta de beber en ratas saciadas. Se tuvieron tres grupos de ratas macho Wistar saciadas, y en la primera hora al inicio del periodo de luz, el grupo Control tuvo agua, el grupo Restringido 5g de una solución de sacarosa al 20% y el grupo Ad libitum acceso libre a la solución de sacarosa. Los sujetos incrementaron el consumo de la solución de sacarosa a pesar de estar saciados; debido a la interrupción del estado de saciedad y la demora de la satisfacción. La actividad de las neuronas de Oxt se incrementó en ambos núcleos, en el grupo Restringido la mayor expresión se observó en el SON y en el grupo Ad libitum en el PVN. No se encontró correlación entre la cantidad de bebida ingerida y la actividad de las neuronas Oxt.

Abstract The role of oxytocin in feeding control is recognized, but its mechanism of action has not been fully established. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of intermittent access to a sucrose solution on the expression of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraotic nucleus (SON) neurons that produce oxytocin (Oxt), and to characterize the microstructure of drinking behavior in satiated rats. Three groups of male Wistar rats satiated were used, and in the first hour at the beginning of the light period, a Control group had water, a Restricted group 5g of a 20% sucrose solution and Ad libitum group with free access to sucrose solution. The experimental subjects increased the consumption of the sucrose solution despite being satiated, due to the interruption of the state of satiety and the delay of the satiation process. Oxt neurons increased their activity in both nuclei, in the Restricted group the highest expression was observed in the SON and in the Ad libitum group in the PVN. No correlation was found between the amount of drink ingested and the activity of Oxt neurons.

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): systematic review of case studies / Trastorno de evitación/restricción de la ingesta de alimentos (TERIA): revisión sistemática de estudios de caso

Abstract Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) has a complex clinical presentation. Since its recognition in the DSM-5, investigations have provided data of this condition, however, its treatment has mostly been reported in case studies. Therefore, the objective of the present study was analyzed clinical characteristics and clinical interventions reported in case reports and case series studies of ARFID, from a literature review according to the PRISMA and CARE guidelines. In total, 41 articles were examined, most of the reported cases were males (53.85%) with ages between 10 to 13 (29.23%), although, 15.38% of the cases had an age range of 20 to 56. Regarding their symptoms, the most frequent was underweight (66.15%), however, 3.08% of these patients were overweight linked to carbohydrate consumption. The most frequent psychiatric comorbidities were anxiety disorders (38.46%). Lastly, the most widely used was hospital treatment (46.34%), with a multidisciplinary approach (65.85%) and as for the most used psychological intervention was Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (21.95%).

Resumen El Trastorno de evitación/restricción de la ingesta de alimentos (TERIA) tiene una presentación clínica compleja. Desde su reconocimiento en el DSM-5 se han realizado investigaciones que aportan datos de esta condición, sin embargo, su tratamiento se ha reportado mayormente en estudios de casos. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las características e intervenciones clínicas de estudios y series de casos del TERIA, a partir de una revisión de la literatura con base a los lineamientos PRISMA y CARE. En total se examinaron 41 artículos, la mayoría de los casos reportados fueron en hombres (53.85%) con edades entre 10 a 13 (29.23%), aunque, 15.38% de los casos tenían un rango de edad de 20 a 56 años. En cuanto a sus síntomas, el más frecuente fue el bajo peso (66.15%), sin embargo, 3.08% de estos pacientes presentaba sobrepeso ligado al consumo de carbohidratos. Las comorbilidades psiquiátricas más frecuentes fueron los trastornos de ansiedad (38.46%). Por último, el tratamiento más utilizado fue el hospitalario (46.34%), con abordaje multidisciplinar (65.85%) y en cuanto a la intervención psicológica más utilizada fue la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual (21.95%).

Construcción y validación del Cuestionario de Pica y Rumiación (CuPRu) en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes mexicanos / Construction and validation of the Pica and Rumination Questionnaire in Mexican adolescents and young adults

La investigación de los trastornos de Pica y Rumiación se ha centrado en niños, personas con discapacidad y mujeres embarazadas, lo anterior tieneimportantes implicaciones debido a que se desconoce si estos se presentan en otras etapas del desarrollo y en otras poblaciones. Su padecimientoconduce a importantes problemas en la salud e incluso pueden llegar a derivar en la muerte, por lo que es indispensable contar con instrumentosde tamizaje válidos y confiables. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un instrumento para detectar los síntomas y conductas detrastornos de Pica y Rumiación, así como determinar sus propiedades psicométricas. Los reactivos fueron elaborados a partir de la revisión de laliteratura y posteriormente fueron sometidos a revisión por siete expertos en el área, obteniendo coeficientes V de Aiken que indican un alto acuerdoentre jueces respecto al contenido del instrumento. Asimismo, se verificó su confiabilidad a partir de los coeficientes alfa 0.85 y omega 0.93. Posteriomente se llevó a cabo un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio, donde logró una estructura de cuatro factores que explican el 48.35%de la varianza, además los siguientes índices que corroboran un ajuste adecuado CMIN = 2.41, GFI = 0.92; AGFI = 0.89; CFI = 0.93; RMR=.063y RMSEA = 0.064. Por último, se realizó la calibración de los reactivos donde se observó que todos discriminaban adecuadamente. En conclusión,las propiedades psicométricas obtenidas en este estudio demuestran que el Cuestionario de Pica y Rumiación, es válido y confiable. (AU)

Research on Pica and RuminationDisorders has focused on children, people with disabilities, and pregnant women. This has important implications because it is unknown whetherthese occur at other stages of development and in other populations. These conditions leads to important health problems and can even lead todeath, so it is essential to have valid and reliable screening instruments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop an instrument to detectthe symptoms and behaviors of Pica and Rumination disorders, as well as to determine their psychometric properties in Mexican adolescents andyoung adults. The items were prepared from the review of the literature and were subsequently submitted for review by seven experts in the area,obtaining Aiken’s V coefficients that indicate a high agreement between judges regarding the content of the instrument. Likewise, the reliability ofthe scale was verified from the calculation of the alpha and omega coefficients, where the following indices were obtained: 0.85 and 0.93. Subsequently, an Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was carried out, where a structure of four factors was achieved that explains 48.35% of thevariance, in addition to the following indices that corroborate an adequate fit CMIN = 2.41, GFI = 0.92; AGFI = 0.89; CFI = 0.93; RMR =.063 andRMSEA = 0.064. Finally, the calibration of the reagents was carried out where it was observed that all discriminated adequately. In conclusion, thepsychometric properties obtained in this study show that the Pica and Rumination Questionnaire is valid and reliable. (AU)

Suicide risk model based on the interpersonal theory of suicide: evidence in three regions of Mexico

Background: Reports of suicidal behavior have increased in Mexico for years. In order to develop a more adequate suicide prevention strategy, it is necessary to understand its predictive factors, so the purpose of this research was to propose a model of suicidal risk in young people, taking into account one of the most current theories on the subject, Joiner's interpersonal theory. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of young people with suicidal ideation from three regions of Mexico was obtained by online survey (N=411), with mean age of 17.89 years (SD. 1.2), 336 women (81.8%), and 75 men (18.2%). Results: First, a multiple linear regression model was created to predict suicidal risk based on thwarted belongingness and perceived burden with 17% explained variance; then a second model was generated with the same variables and including other factors associated with suicide such as self-injury desires, impulsivity and suicide attempts, in addition to variables associated with family conflicts, improving the explained variance to 34%. Lastly, two properly adjusted structural equation models were obtained, one focused on suicidal risk (R2=.21; RMSEA=.026; CFI=.99) and the other on ideation (R2=.18; RMSEA=.070; CFI=.98). Conclusions: The main factors that explain suicidal risk are depressive symptoms, perceived burden and desires for self-injury. Further research on the effect of painful experiences as factors that could predict suicide attempt is suggested.

Introducción: Los reportes de conducta suicida en México han aumentado por años. Para desarrollar una estrategia más adecuada de prevención del suicidio es necesario comprender sus factores predictores, por lo que el propósito de la presente investigación fue proponer un modelo del riesgo suicida en jóvenes tomando en cuenta una de las teorías más vigentes en cuanto al tema, la teoría interpersonal de Joiner. Método: Se obtuvo por encuesta online una muestra no probabilística de jóvenes con ideación suicida de tres regiones de México (N=411), con una edad media de 17.89 años (DE. 1.2), 336 mujeres (81.8%) y 75 hombres (18.2%). Resultados: Primero se conformó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para predecir riesgo suicida a partir del sentido de pertenencia frustrado y la carga percibida con 17% de varianza explicada; después se generó un segundo modelo con las mismas variables e incluyendo otros factores asociados al suicidio como los deseos de autolesión, impulsividad e intentos suicidas, además de variables asociadas a conflictos familiares, mejorando la varianza explicada hasta un 34%. Por último, se obtuvieron dos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales con ajuste adecuado, uno enfocado en riesgo suicida (R2=.21; RMSEA=.026; CFI=.99) y otro en la ideación (R2=.18; RMSEA=.070; CFI=.98). Conclusiones: Los principales factores que explican el riesgo suicida son los síntomas depresivos, la carga percibida y los deseos de autolesión, se sugiere seguir investigando sobre el efecto de experiencias dolorosas como factores que podrían predecir el intento suicida.

Suicide risk model based on the interpersonal theory of suicide: evidence in three regions of Mexico / Modelo de riesgo suicida basado en la teoría interpersonal del suicidio: evidencia en tres regiones de México

Background: Reports of suicidal behavior have increased in Mexico for years. In order to develop a more adequate suicide prevention strategy, it is necessary to understand its predictive factors, so the purpose of this research was to propose a model of suicidal risk in young people, taking into account one of the most current theories on the subject, Joiner's interpersonal theory. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of young people with suicidal ideation from three regions of Mexico was obtained by online survey (N=411), with mean age of 17.89 years (SD. 1.2), 336 women (81.8%), and 75 men (18.2%). Results: First, a multiple linear regression model was created to predict suicidal risk based on thwarted belongingness and perceived burden with 17% explained variance; then a second model was generated with the same variables and including other factors associated with suicide such as self-injury desires, impulsivity and suicide attempts, in addition to variables associated with family conflicts, improving the explained variance to 34%. Lastly, two properly adjusted structural equation models were obtained, one focused on suicidal risk (R2=.21; RMSEA=.026; CFI=.99) and the other on ideation (R2=.18; RMSEA=.070; CFI=.98). Conclusions: The main factors that explain suicidal risk are depressive symptoms, perceived burden and desires for self-injury. Further research on the effect of painful experiences as factors that could predict suicide attempt is suggested.

Introducción: Los reportes de conducta suicida en México han aumentado por años. Para desarrollar una estrategia más adecuada de prevención del suicidio es necesario comprender sus factores predictores, por lo que el propósito de la presente investigación fue proponer un modelo del riesgo suicida en jóvenes tomando en cuenta una de las teorías más vigentes en cuanto al tema, la teoría interpersonal de Joiner. Método: Se obtuvo por encuesta online una muestra no probabilística de jóvenes con ideación suicida de tres regiones de México (N=411), con una edad media de 17.89 años (DE. 1.2), 336 mujeres (81.8%) y 75 hombres (18.2%). Resultados: Primero se conformó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para predecir riesgo suicida a partir del sentido de pertenencia frustrado y la carga percibida con 17% de varianza explicada; después se generó un segundo modelo con las mismas variables e incluyendo otros factores asociados al suicidio como los deseos de autolesión, impulsividad e intentos suicidas, además de variables asociadas a conflictos familiares, mejorando la varianza explicada hasta un 34%. Por último, se obtuvieron dos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales con ajuste adecuado, uno enfocado en riesgo suicida (R2=.21; RMSEA=.026; CFI=.99) y otro en la ideación (R2=.18; RMSEA=.070; CFI=.98). Conclusiones: Los principales factores que explican el riesgo suicida son los síntomas depresivos, la carga percibida y los deseos de autolesión, se sugiere seguir investigando sobre el efecto de experiencias dolorosas como factores que podrían predecir el intento suicida.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Nine Item ARFID Screen (NIAS) in Mexican youths.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is defined by limited volume or variety of food intake motivated by the sensory properties of food, fear of aversive consequences, or lack of interest in food or eating associated with medical, nutritional, and psychosocial impairment. Currently, two of the most widely validated measures are The Eating Disturbances in Youth-Questionnaire (EDY-Q) and the Nine Item ARFID Screen (NIAS). The latter has proven valid and reliable for assessing this disorder. OBJECTIVE: To validate a culturally sensitive adaptation of the NIAS instrument and evaluate its psychometric properties in Mexican youths. METHOD: The sample consisted of 800 participants aged 12-30 (M = 18.56, SD = 3.52) from Mexico City and Hidalgo public educational institutions. RESULTS: The S-NIAS obtained a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84, adequate construct validity adjustment rates: CMIN = 1.88; GFI = 0.97; AGFI = 0.94; CFI = 0.98; RMR = 0.050; and RMSEA = 0.047. Measurement invariance by gender, age, and survey administration which show that construct is understood in the same way across both groups and despite the change from paper-and-pencil to online survey administration. CONCLUSION: The psychometric properties of the Spanish Nine Item ARFID Screen (S-NIAS) indicate that it is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating symptoms associated with ARFID in this sample of youths. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Although there are advances in studying ARFID, their epidemiological data comes mainly from a few countries. Furthermore, these data are scarcer due to the lack of validated screening and assessment instruments available in a variety of world languages; having instruments for the evaluation of ARFID symptoms is essential because it could function as an auxiliary means for the detection and prevention of people at risk.

Stimulation of melanocortin-3 receptors accelerates the satiation process and increases the α-MSH expression in high-fat diet-fed rats.

The knowledge about the role of MC3 receptors (MC3r) in the regulation of feeding behavior is limited. The present study was conducted to determine whether MC3r mediates the hypophagic effects of the melanocortins under conditions of positive energy balance. Male Wistar rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 days and on day 16 the animals received an intracerebroventricular injection of the following treatments: Vehicle, D-Trp8-γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH; MC3r agonist), SHU9119 (MC3r/MC4r antagonist), or D-Trp8-γ-MSH+SHU9119. Food intake was measured and the behavioral satiety sequence (BSS) analysis was carried out during the first hour of the dark phase. The c-Fos and α-MSH immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was evaluated 60 min later the onset of food intake. The results indicated that D-Trp8-γ-MSH decreased the ingestion of the HFD and this effect is associated with the early development of the satiation process Moreover, the D-Trp8-γ-MSH increased the accumulation of the α-MSH in the ARC and the c-Fos activity in the PVN. The antagonist SHU9119 partially prevented the D-Trp8-γ-MSH-induced hypophagia. Moreover, behavioral analysis suggests that central activation of MC3r accelerated the cessation of feeding in conditions of positive energy balance; the possible role of MC4r is discussed. Present data indicate that central stimulation of MC3r prevented the overconsumption of the HFD without affecting the natural satiation process, suggesting a potential use of MC3r for the treatment of eating disorders that are stimulated by hypercaloric diets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

CB1/5-HT/GABA interactions and food intake regulation.

Despite historically the serotonergic, GABAergic, and cannabinoid systems have been shown to play a crucial role in the central regulation of eating behavior, interest in the study of the interactions of these neurotransmission systems has only now been investigated. Current evidence suggests that serotonin may influence normal and pathological eating behavior in significantly more complex ways than was initially thought. This knowledge has opened the possibility of exploring the potential clinical utility of new therapeutic strategies more effective and safer than the current approaches to treat pathological eating behavior. Furthermore, the nature and complexity of the interactions between these neurotransmitter systems have provided a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms not only of eating behavior and eating disorders but also of some of the comorbidities associated with modulation of cortical circuits, which are involved in high order cognitive processes. Accordingly, in the present chapter, the clinical and experimental findings of the interactions between serotonin, GABA, and cannabinoids are synthesized, emphasizing the pharmacological, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical aspects that could potentially improve the current therapeutic approaches against pathological eating behavior.

Melanocortinas y su participación en el desarrollo de la obesidad

Resumen La obesidad y el sobrepeso son problemas de origen multifactorial, la interacción de los factores ambientales, genéticos y conductuales parecen ser la clave en el desarrollo de esta patología. Los receptores MC3 (rMC3) y MC4 (rMC4), participan en la regulación del balance energético (consumo de alimento, gasto energético y peso corporal), su mutación genética está asociada con el incremento de la adiposidad y el desarrollo de la obesidad. El conocimiento que se tiene de estos receptores y su función aún es limitado, principalmente con respecto a los rMC3 y, aunque los rMC4 se están posicionando como un blanco terapéutico potencial para el tratamiento de la obesidad, se requiere de mayor investigación clínica. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este documento es presentar evidencia de la participación de los receptores MC3 y MC4 en el desarrollo de la obesidad, a través de los resultados encontrados en algunas investigaciones, tanto en modelos animales como en humanos.

Abstract Obesity and overweight are problems of multifactorial origin, the interaction of environmental, genetic, and behavioral factors seems to be the key in the development of this pathology. The MC3 (rMC3) and MC4 (rMC4) receptors participate in the regulation of energy balance (food intake, energy expenditure and body weight), their genetic mutation is associated with increased adiposity and the development of obesity. Knowledge of these receptors and their function is still limited, mainly with respect to rMC3 and, although rMC4 are positioning themselves as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, further clinical research is required. Therefore, the purpose of this document is to present the participation of MC3 and MC4 receptors in the development of obesity, through the results found in some investigations, both in animal and in human´s models.

Conductas alimentarias de riesgo, percepción de prácticas parentales y conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria / Risk eating behaviors, perception of parental practices and assertive behaviors in high school students / Risk eating behaviors, perception of parental practices and assertive behaviors in high school students

RESUMEN Introducción. Se considera que la adolescencia tardía es una etapa de vulnerabilidad para la salud psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), prácticas parentales y conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria de acuerdo con el sexo. Método. Con un diseño no-experimental de tipo transversal, participaron 200 estudiantes mexicanos (104 hombres y 96 mujeres) de una preparatoria pública, con edad promedio de 16.52 (DE = 1.05 años), quienes después de un consentimiento informado contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) la cual posee nueve subescalas, cuatro hacia el padre (PPp) y cinco hacia la madre (PPm) y la Escala de Conducta Asertiva (CABS, por sus siglas en inglés), todos validados para población mexicana. Resultados. Se encontraron asociaciones diferenciales de acuerdo con el sexo: en las mujeres el EAT-26-Total se asoció con: CABS-Total, Comunicación paterna, Imposición y Control Psicológico materno (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectivamente); mientras que, en los hombres sólo se asoció con Imposición paterna (rs = -.30). El CABS-Total se asoció con todas las subescalas de las PPm en las mujeres (rango rs = .22 a .36) y en los hombres solo con Comunicación, Control Psicológico y Conductual (rs = .30 .35, -.23) Conclusión. En los estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria -en las mujeres en mayor grado- a mayor CAR mayor estilo agresivo (no asertividad), mayor control psicológico materno y menor control conductual materno.

ABSTRACT Background. Late adolescence is considered a risk stage for psychological health. The objective of this research was evaluating the association among risk eating behaviors (REB), parental practices and assertive behavior in high school students according to sex. Method. With a non-experimental design and transversal study participated 200 students (104 men and 96 women) from a public high school with age mean of 16.52 (SD = 1.05 years), who after signing informed consent fulfilled the Eating Attitudes Test- 26 (EAT), the Scale of Parental Practices for Adolescents (PP-A) which has nine subscales, four towards the father (PPf) and five towards the mother (PPm) and the Assertive Behavior Scale (CABS), all of them validated for Mexican population. Results . Differential associations were found according to sex: in women, EAT-26-Total was associated with CABS-Total, parental Communication, maternal Imposition and maternal Psychological Control (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectively); but in men, was only associated with parental Imposition (rs = -.30). The CABS-Total was associated with all PPm subscales in women (range rs = .22 to .36) and in men only with Communication, Psychological and Behavioral Control (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusion . The high school students-women to a greater degree- higher REB greater aggressive style (no assertiveness), greater maternal psychological control and less maternal behavioral control.

ABSTRACT Background : Late adolescence is considered a risk stage for psychological health. The objective of this research was evaluating the association among risk eating behaviors (REB), parental practices and assertive behavior in high school students according to sex. Method : With a non-experimental design and transversal study participated 200 students (104 men and 96 women) from a public high school with age mean of 16.52 (SD = 1.05 years), who after signing in- formed consent fulfilled the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT), the Scale of Parental Practices for Adolescents (PP-A) which has nine subscales, four towards the father (PPf) and five towards the mother (PPm) and the Assertive Behavior Scale (CABS), all of them validated for Mexican population. Results : Differential associations were found according to sex: in women, EAT-26-Total was associated with CABS-Total, parental Communication, maternal Imposition and maternal Psychological Control (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectively); but in men, was only associated with parental Imposition (rs = -.30). The CABS-Total was associated with all PPm subscales in women (range rs = .22 to .36) and in men only with Communication, Psychological and Behavioral Control (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusion : The high school students -women to a greater degree- higher REB greater aggressive style (no assertiveness), greater maternal psychological control and less maternal behavioral control.

RESUMEN Introducción : Se considera que la adolescencia tardía es una etapa de vulnerabilidad para la salud psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), prácticas parentalesPublication published by the Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica - IPOPS Work under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria de acuerdo con el sexo. Método : Con un diseño no-experimental de tipo transversal, participaron 200 estudiantes mexicanos (104 hombres y 96 mujeres) de una preparatoria pública, con edad promedio de 16.52 (DE = 1.05 años), quienes después de un consentimiento informado contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) la cual posee nueve subescalas, cuatro hacia el padre (PPp) y cinco hacia la madre (PPm) y la Escala de Conducta Asertiva (CABS, por sus siglas en inglés), todos validados para población mexicana. Resultados : Se encontraron asociaciones diferenciales de acuerdo con el sexo: en las mujeres el EAT- 26-Total se asoció con: CABS-Total, Comunicación paterna, Imposición y Control Psicológico materno (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectivamente); mientras que, en los hombres sólo se asoció con Imposición paterna (rs = -.30). El CABS-Total se asoció con todas las subescalas de las PPm en las mujeres (rango rs = .22 a .36) y en los hombres solo con Comunicación, Control Psicológico y Conductual (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusión : En los estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria -en las mujeres en mayor grado- a mayor CAR mayor estilo agresivo (no asertividad), mayor control psicológico materno y menor control conductual materno.

Body dissatisfaction and quality of life: contribution to the occurrence of anomalous eating behaviors in administrative personnel in hospitals / Insatisfacción corporal y calidad de vida: contribución a la ocurrencia de conductas alimentarias anómalas en administrativos hospitalarios

Abstract The purpose of this study involved assessing the predictive capacity of the body mass index (BMI), body image, positive and negative affect, attitudes toward obese individuals and quality of life (QL) related to the anomalous eating behaviors of administrative personnel of Mexico City's health sector; aside from knowing gender differences and BMI in study variables. A total of 181 administrative employees took part in the study, divided according to their BMI (normal weight, overweight, obese) who filled out a personal data sheet and self-report questionnaires. Findings of this study indicate that body dissatisfaction, along with the perception of vitality and physical well-being may partially explain the presence of the anomalous eating behaviors that promotes excessive weight gain. Additionally, significant differences in positive affect were observed between sexes, aside from differences between the obese and normal weight groups regarding body dissatisfaction, negative affect, physical performance, physical role and social performance.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la capacidad predictiva de variables como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la imagen corporal, el afecto positivo y negativo, las actitudes hacia la gente obesa y la calidad de vida (CV) sobre las conductas alimentarias anómalas del personal administrativo del sector salud en la Ciudad de México, además de conocer las diferencias entre los sexos y del IMC en las variables de estudio. En total, participaron 181 trabajadores administrativos, divididos según su IMC (normopeso, sobrepeso, obesidad), que completaron una hoja de datos generales y cuestionarios de autorreporte. En general, se encontró que la insatisfacción de la imagen corporal, aunada a la percepción de vitalidad y bienestar físico, podría explicar en parte la presencia del comportamiento alimentario anómalo, el cual favorece a la ganancia excesiva de peso corporal. Adicionalmente, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los sexos en el afecto positivo, además de diferencias entre el grupo con obesidad y el grupo normopeso en insatisfacción corporal, afecto negativo, funcionamiento físico, rol físico y funcionamiento social.

Cognitive remediation therapy in Mexico as a treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A case study.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) as part of the treatment of a patient with anorexia nervosa (AN) from Mexico. The participant was a 21-year-old woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 14.7, who had suffered from the disorder for 10 years. Using a pre-post treatment design, changes were evaluated using four neuropsychological tests, two tests to measure the AN symptoms and two to measure psychological distress (depression and anxiety). BMI was also evaluated before and after the intervention. The results of the present study were similar to those reported for patients from English-speaking countries. The average percentage of favorable change in the different measures was higher than 30%, except for BMI, which increased by only 21%. The results suggest that the inclusion of CRT in AN treatment programs in Mexico is a potentially viable option.

Children with obesity: peer influence as a predictor of body dissatisfaction.

PURPOSE: To analyze self-esteem, as well as the different peer influence components (messages, interactions and likability) as predictors of body dissatisfaction in children with obesity. METHOD: A total of 123 children aged between 10 and 12 years were divided into two groups according to their body mass index. The group with obesity was comprised of 36 boys and 21 girls and the group with normal weight of 32 boys and 34 girls. All of the participants answered the Body Shape Questionnaire-16, the Inventory of Peer Influence on Eating Concerns, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. RESULTS: The hierarchical multiple regression analysis for each group showed that likability and peer messages explain 67% of the body dissatisfaction variance in children with obesity and 54% in children with normal weight. CONCLUSION: Peer influence predicted body dissatisfaction in children; however, children with obesity assimilate messages from their peers differently compared with children with normal weight.

Valoración de la imagen corporal en preescolares: Percepción de padres e hijos / Assessment of body image in preschoolers: Perception of parents and children

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la percepción corporal (PC) de preescolares y compararla con la que sus padres tienen de ellos. Participaron 48 preescolares (Medad = 5 años, DE = 0.5), 21 niños y 27 niñas, y sus padres (47 papás y 48 mamás). Los niños fueron pesados y medidos, contestaron el instrumento Siete Figuras de Collins (SFC) y, con relación a éste, siete preguntas sobre alimentación, belleza y salud. A los padres se les aplicó el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal, las Figuras de Stunkard, además de las SFC para que identificaran la figura real (FR) e ideal (FI) de sus hijos. Para describirse, los preescolares refirieron mayormente la figura normopeso, coincidiendo con sus padres. Fue mínima la proporción de preescolares que se percibieron con obesidad (presente en 29-30%); mientras que ningún padre la identificó en sus hijos. El 50% de los preescolares eligió siluetas más delgadas a su índice de masa corporal (IMC), pero no emaciadas. Como FR, la mayoría de los padres eligió la normopeso para los niños y con sobrepeso ligero para las niñas; como FI eligieron, para ambos sexos, aquélla con sobrepeso ligero. En conclusión, la PC del preescolar discrepó entre la real y la percibida, independientemente de su IMC y sexo. Los padres tampoco tuvieron una adecuada PC de sus hijos.

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the body perception (BP) of preschoolers and compare it with the one reported by their parents. A total of 48 preschoolers participated (Mage = 5 years, SD = 0.5), 21 boys, 27 girls, and their parents (47 fathers and 48 mothers). The children were weighed and measured, also they answered the instrument Seven Figures of Collins (SFC) and seven questions about food, beauty and health. The parents answered the Body Image Questionnaire (BSQ), the Stunkard Figures, as well as the SFCs to identify the real (RF) and ideal figure (IF) of their children. When children described themselves, they mostly referred the normal figure, coinciding with their parents. A very small proportion of preschoolers perceived themselves with obesity (around 29-30%); while any parent identified their children with obesity. The 50% of preschoolers chose thinner silhouettes than their body mass index (BMI), but not emaciated. For RF, most parents chose normal weight for boys and light overweight for girls; for IF parents chose, for both sexes, the one with light overweight. In conclusion, the preschool BP disagreed between reality and perception, regardless of their BMI and gender. The parents also did not have an adequate BP for their children.

CB1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus modulate the release of 5-HT and GABA to stimulate food intake in rats.

Endocannabinoids and their receptors not only contribute to the control of natural processes of appetite regulation and energy balance but also have an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity. CB1 receptors (CB1R) are expressed in several hypothalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), where induce potent orexigenic responses. Activation of CB1R in the PVN induces hyperphagia by modulating directly or indirectly orexigenic and anorexigenic signals; however, interaction among these mediators has not been clearly defined. CB1R mRNA is expressed in serotonergic neurons that innervate the PVN, and activation of 5-HT receptors in the PVN constitutes an important satiety signal. Some GABAergic terminals are negatively influenced by 5-HT, suggesting that the hyperphagic effect of CB1R activation could involve changes in serotonergic and GABAergic signaling in the PVN. Accordingly, the present study was aimed to characterize the neurochemical mechanisms related to the hyperphagic effects induced by activation of CB1R in the PVN, studying in vitro and in vivo changes induced by direct activation these receptors. Here, we have found that the neurochemical mechanisms activated by stimulation of CB1 receptors in the PVN involve inhibition of 5-HT release, resulting in a decrease of serotonergic activity mediated by 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors and inducing disinhibition of GABA release to stimulate food intake. In conclusion, these neurochemical changes in the PVN are determinant to the cannabinoid-induced stimulation of food intake. Our findings provide evidence of a functional connection among CB1R and serotonergic and GABAergic systems on the control of appetite regulation mediated by endocannabinoids.

Effects of a high-fat diet on behavioral eating patterns / Efeitos de uma dieta com alto conteúdo de gordura sobre padrões comportamentais alimentares / Efectos de una dieta con alto contenido de grasas sobre patrones conductuales alimentarios

Abstract Excessive consumption of high-fat food has been associated with increased prevalence of obesity. The physiological and metabolic effects of high-fat diets have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the behavioral mechanisms associated with the development of obesity induced by consumption of these diets has been less explored. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the changes in the behavioral feeding patterns produced by the consumption of a high-fat diet during 10 days. Male Wistar rats with free access to food were assigned to one of two groups, and for 10 days, they had access to a high-fat diet (45 % calories from fat) or to a standard diet. Detailed analysis of feeding behavior was performed on days 1, 5 and 10 at the beginning of the dark period. The results showed that subjects exposed to the high-fat diet accumulated more body fat and showed increased feeding efficiency, in absence of excessive body weight increase or alterations in the behavioral satiety sequence pattern. These findings suggest that exposure to high-fat diets may produce behavioral changes before excessive gain of body weight occurs, primarily affecting control mechanisms of feeding efficiency.

Resumo O consumo excessivo de alimentos com alto conteúdo de gordura tem sido associado com o aumento da obesidade. Os efeitos fisiológicos e metabólicos do consumo de dietas altas em gordura têm sido estudados extensamente, contudo os mecanismos comportamentais relacionados com o desenvolvimento da obesidade pelo consumo dessas dietas têm-se explorado em menor medida. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as mudanças nos padrões comportamentais da alimentação produzidas pelo consumo de uma dieta alta em gordura durante dez dias. Utilizaram-se ratos de laboratório macho Wistar, com acesso livre ao alimento, designados a um de dois grupos, e durante dez dias estiveram sob uma dieta alta em gordura (45 % de calorias provenientes de gorduras) ou uma dieta padrão de laboratório. Nos dias 1, 5 e 10, realizou-se uma análise detalhada do comportamento alimentar ao início do período de escuridão. Os resultados mostraram que os sujeitos expostos à dieta alta em gordura acumularam mais gordura corporal e tiveram maior eficiência da alimentação do que o outro grupo, sem aumento do peso corporal nem alterações do padrão da sequência de saciedade comportamental. Isso sugere que a exposição a dietas com alto conteúdo de gordura pode produzir mudanças comportamentais antes de apresentar um ganho de peso excessivo, o que afeta principalmente os mecanismos de controle de eficiência alimentar.

Resumen El consumo excesivo de alimentos con alto contenido de grasas se ha asociado con el incremento de la obesidad. Los efectos fisiológicos y metabólicos del consumo de dietas altas en grasa han sido estudiados extensamente; sin embargo, los mecanismos conductuales asociados al desarrollo de la obesidad por el consumo de estas dietas se han explorado en menor medida. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar los cambios en los patrones conductuales de la alimentación producidos por el consumo de una dieta alta en grasas durante diez días. Se utilizaron ratas macho Wistar con acceso libre al alimento, asignadas a uno de dos grupos, y durante diez días estuvieron bajo una dieta alta en grasa (45 % de calorías provenientes de grasas) o una dieta estándar de laboratorio. En los días 1, 5 y 10 se realizó un análisis detallado de la conducta alimentaria al inicio del periodo de oscuridad. Los resultados mostraron que los sujetos expuestos a la dieta alta en grasa acumularon más grasa corporal y tuvieron mayor eficiencia de la alimentación que el otro grupo, sin incremento del peso corporal ni alteraciones del patrón típico de la secuencia de saciedad conductual. Esto sugiere que la exposición a dietas con alto contenido de grasas puede producir cambios conductuales antes de que se presente una ganancia de peso excesivo, lo que afecta principalmente los mecanismos de control de eficiencia alimentaria.