The effect of thermal treatment of whole soybean flour on the conversion of isoflavones and inactivation of trypsin inhibitors.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the thermal treatment of whole soybean flour (WSF) on the conversion of isoflavones and the inactivation of trypsin inhibitors. Soybeans were ground and whole soybean flour was obtained and subjected to heat treatment in an oven for 10, 15 and 20min at 100, 150 and 200°C according to a 3(2) experimental design. The response functions were taken to be the contents of different isoflavone forms and the residual activity of trypsin inhibitors. The thermal treatment in the oven altered the content and profile of the different isoflavones forms. At 200°C for 20min, there was a higher conversion of malonylglycosides to acetylglycosides, ß-glycosides and aglycones and a significant reduction in the activity of trypsin inhibitors. Mathematical models were established to estimate the process parameters in obtaining the WSF with isoflavone conversions and reductions in trypsin inhibitor activity.

Effects of a methanolic fraction of soybean seeds on the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)

Since the anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of soy isoflavones may be mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), the present study investigated whether the methanolic fractions obtained from soybean seeds (E1) and soybean seed coats with hypocotyls (E2) could influence PPARα, PPARγ and PPARβ/δ transcriptional activity. The isoflavones from E1 and E2 were quantified by HPLC analysis. E1 and E2 were rich in isoflavones (daidzin, glycitin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, malonylglycitin, malonylgenistin, daidzein, glycitein, and genistein). Moreover, E1 and E2 showed no evidence of genetically modified material containing the gene CP4 EPSPS. To investigate PPAR transcriptional activity, human promonocytic U-937 cells were treated with E1 and E2 (200, 400, 800, and 1600 µg/mL), positive controls or vehicle. Data are reported as fold-activation of the luciferase reporter driven by the PPAR-responsive element. Dose-response analysis revealed that E1 and E2 induced the transcriptional activity of PPARα (P < 0.001), with activation comparable to that obtained with 0.1 mM bezafibrate (positive control) at 1600 µg/mL (4-fold) and 800 µg/mL (9-fold), respectively. In addition, dose-response analysis revealed that E1 and E2 activated PPARβ/δ (P < 0.05), and the activation at 800 µg/mL (4- and 9-fold, respectively) was comparable to that of 0.1 mM bezafibrate (positive control). However, no effect on PPARγ was observed. Activation of PPARα is consistent with the lipid-lowering activity of soy isoflavones in vivo, but further studies are needed to determine the physiological significance of PPARβ/δ activation.

Effects of a methanolic fraction of soybean seeds on the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR).

Since the anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of soy isoflavones may be mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), the present study investigated whether the methanolic fractions obtained from soybean seeds (E1) and soybean seed coats with hypocotyls (E2) could influence PPARalpha, PPARgamma and PPARbeta/delta transcriptional activity. The isoflavones from E1 and E2 were quantified by HPLC analysis. E1 and E2 were rich in isoflavones (daidzin, glycitin, genistin, malonyldaidzin, malonylglycitin, malonylgenistin, daidzein, glycitein, and genistein). Moreover, E1 and E2 showed no evidence of genetically modified material containing the gene CP4 EPSPS. To investigate PPAR transcriptional activity, human promonocytic U-937 cells were treated with E1 and E2 (200, 400, 800, and 1600 microg/mL), positive controls or vehicle. Data are reported as fold-activation of the luciferase reporter driven by the PPAR-responsive element. Dose-response analysis revealed that E1 and E2 induced the transcriptional activity of PPARalpha (P < 0.001), with activation comparable to that obtained with 0.1 mM bezafibrate (positive control) at 1600 microg/mL (4-fold) and 800 microg/mL (9-fold), respectively. In addition, dose-response analysis revealed that E1 and E2 activated PPARbeta/delta (P < 0.05), and the activation at 800 microg/mL (4- and 9-fold, respectively) was comparable to that of 0.1 mM bezafibrate (positive control). However, no effect on PPARgamma was observed. Activation of PPARalpha is consistent with the lipid-lowering activity of soy isoflavones in vivo, but further studies are needed to determine the physiological significance of PPARbeta/delta activation.