The Influence of the Affinity between Aggregate and Bitumen on the Mechanical Performance Properties of Asphalt Mixtures.

Two of the main problems encountered in flexible pavements are the stripping of coarse aggregates and the formation of rut depth due to increases in the volume of road traffic and heavy vehicle loads, especially in areas where speeds are low. The existence of rut depth also affects the comfort and safety of road users due to the water accumulation on the pavement surface and reducing tire/pavement friction, which can lead to hydroplaning phenomena. In this research, it was proven that the use of fillers of different origins influences the affinity between aggregates and the binder. The effect of an adhesion promoter in the mix design (such as the amine included in cellulosic fiber pellets) was also studied. Several tests were carried out to determine the binder/aggregate adhesiveness, water sensitivity and resistance to permanent deformation, to evaluate the performance of different blends. It was found that the addition of this additive increased 10% of the aggregate surfaces covered with bitumen when compared with the aggregates without this addition. As expected, the water sensitivity tests showed that the mixture with granitic filler had the lowest indirect tensile strength ratio (ITSR) value (70%), while the mixtures with limestone filler led to the highest percentages (ranging from 83 to 93%). As for the results of the wheel tracking tests (WTT), it was confirmed that the use of limestone filler translates into an improvement in the performance against the permanent deformation of the asphalt mixtures. The mixture with higher bitumen content and adhesion promoter revealed the best average results.

Toxic effect of Croton rudolphianus leaf essential oil against Biomphalaria glabrata, Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and Artemia salina.

This research investigated the effect of the Croton rudolphianus leaf essential oil (EO) on Biomphalaria glabrata embryos (at different development stages) and adults, Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, and Artemia salina (non-target organism). It was possible to identify 31 compounds in the C. rudolphianus EO through GC-MS analysis. The major compounds from this oil were (E)-caryophyllene (17.33%), an unknown compound (16.87%), bicyclogermacrene (7.1%), δ-cadinene (6.62%) and germacrene D (5.38%). After incubation for 24 h, the EO of C. rudolphianus induced the occurrence of non-viable embryos (dead and malformed), with an LC50 value of 126.54, 133.51, 143.53 and 161.95 µg/mL and an LC90 value of 202.61, 216.48, 232.98 and 271.16 µg/mL to blastula, gastrula, trochophore and veliger embryonic stages, respectively. The EO was more effective against B. glabrata adults (LC50 and LC90 = 47.89 and 78.86 µg/mL, respectively), and S. mansoni cercariae (LC50 and LC90 = 14.81 and 22.15 after 120 mins of exposure, respectively) than against B. glabrata embryos. Concerning the micronucleus assay, the mean frequency of apoptosis, binucleation and micronucleus were 45.33 ± 3.51, 19.33 ± 1.53 and 0.67 ± 0.58 per 1000 cells at 25 µg/mL, which is the highest concentration tested. The oil killed A. salina with LC50 and LC90 values (68.33 and 111.5 µg/mL, respectively) higher than those determined for adult snails and S. mansoni cercariae. In conclusion, C. rudolphianus EO had a toxic effect against B. glabrata adults and embryos, and S. mansoni cercariae. Furthermore, this oil showed to be cytotoxic to hemocytes of B. glabrata. Concerning the non-target organism assay, C. rudolphianus EO was less toxic to A. salina then to adult snails and S. mansoni cercariae. Due to this, the EO from C. rudolphianus leaves is a potential alternative for schistosomiasis control.

Avaliação do potencial erosivo de balas duras / Evaluation of erosive potencial of the hard candies

Introdução: O consumo excessivo e frequente de alimentos ácidos está associado à etiologia da erosão dental. Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial erosivo de balas duras. Materiais e Métodos: Adquiriu-se em supermercados as balas TicTac® (maçã-verde/ maracujá), Halls XS® (Mentho Lyptus e Strong Lyptus), Mentos ® Kiss Mint (menta) e Mentos® Kiss Fruit® (morango). Triturou- se as balas e do pó resultante, coletou-se três (3) amostras de 15g gramas de cada sabor. Dissolveu-se cada amostra de pó em 30mL de água destilada. Este processo permitiu a leitura em triplicata do pH e acidez titulável. Mensurou-se o pH utilizando um potenciômetro e eletrodo combinado de vidro. Verificou-se a acidez titulável, adicionando-se à solução alíquotas de 100 µL de NaOH 1M, até o pH alcançar 5,5. Este procedimento foi realizado para cada um dos sabores. Submeteu-se os resultados à Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e as comparações das médias ao teste Tukey, em um nível de 5% de significância (p<0,05). Resultados: Dentre as balas analisadas apenas o sabor Mentos Kiss Mint® (menta) apresentou valor de pH superior a 5,5 (6,30), diferindo significantemente dos demais. As demais balas apresentaram valores de pH variando entre 2,50 a 2,85. A acidez titulável variou entre 400 µL a 4800 µL de NaOH 1M para alcançar pH 5,5. Os sabores Mentos Kiss Fruit® (morango) e Tic­Tac® (maçã Verde e maracujá) apresentaram acidez titulável significativamente mais elevada que os demais sabores. Conclusão: A maioria das balas analisadas apresentou potencial erosivo e seu consumo frequente pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento da erosão dental.

Introduction: The excessive and frequent ingestion of acidic foods is associated with the etiology of dental erosion. Objective: To evaluate the erosive potential of hard candies. Material and Methods: It was acquired in supermarkets the TicTac® candies (apple green / passion fruit), Halls XS® (MenthoLyptus and Strong Lyptus), Mentos Kiss® (mint and strawberry). The candies were crushed and, from the resulting powder, were collected three samples of 15 grams from each flavor. Each powder sample was dissolved in 30ml of distilled water. This process has allowed reading pH and titratable acidity in triplicate. The pH value was measured using a pot and glass combination electrode. The titratable acidity was mensured by adding aliquots of 100 µl 1N NaOH solution until the pH reached 5.5. The results were submitted to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and comparisons test of Tukey at a 5% level of significance (p <0.05). Results: Among the candies analyzed, only the Mentos® Kiss Mint Mint flavor presented pH value greater than 5.5 (6.30), differing significantly from the others. The other candies had pH values ranging from 2.50 to 2.85. The volume of 1N NaOH used to raise the pH to 5.5 ranged from 400 to 4,800 µl, and the Mentos® Kiss Fruit Strawberry and Tic-Tac® green apple and passion fruit flavor has presented the highest tritatable acidity, significantly differing from the others. Conclusion: The most of the candies analyzed presented erosive potential and their frequent consumption can contribute to the development of dental erosion.

Smoking affects the oral glucose tolerance test profile and the relationship between glucose and HbA1c in gestational diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Current smokers in the general population have a lower 2 h plasma glucose after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a higher HbA1c than non-smokers, but the relationships between OGTT/HbA1c and smoking status have not been addressed in pregnancy. We analysed glycaemic measurements in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to smoking status. METHODS: We performed a review of the prospectively collected database of the diabetes and pregnancy clinic. We included women with gestational diabetes mellitus and a singleton pregnancy who delivered between 1986 and 2006. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate patient characteristics in relation to smoking status. RESULTS: A total of 2361 women met the inclusion criteria: 556 (23.5%) were active smokers, 266 (11.3%) quit during pregnancy and 1539 (65.2%) were non-smokers. Most baseline characteristics were similar across groups. Diagnostic OGTT was performed at a gestational age of [median (25th, 75(th) centiles)] 29 weeks (26, 33). Women who smoked at the beginning of pregnancy had a higher 1-h plasma glucose than non-smokers [11.8 (11, 12.7), 11.6 (11, 12.6) and 11.5 (10.8, 12.5) mmol/l, for active smokers, those who quit during pregnancy and non-smokers, respectively, P < 0.001] and a lower 3-h plasma glucose [7.3 (5.9, 8.4), 7.6 (6.4, 8.7) and 8.0 (6.8, 9.0) mmol/l, respectively, P < 0.001]. HbA1c was higher in women who smoked at the beginning of pregnancy. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the independent association of smoking status with HbA1c and OGTT plasma glucose. CONCLUSIONS: In women with gestational diabetes mellitus who smoke at the beginning of pregnancy, the shape of the OGTT is consistent with accelerated glucose absorption, and HbA1c is higher than expected for glycaemic values.

Does Leishmaniasis disease alter the parenchyma and protein expression in salivary glands?

Leishmaniasis is considered a serious public health problem in several regions in Brazil and worldwide. This research aimed to perform a histopathological and proteomic study of parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands of BALB/c mice infected by Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi using histological, immunohistochemical and epifluorescence techniques. Twelve isogenic BALB/c male mice, around six- to eight-weeks old, were separated into two groups: the animals of the control group were injected with 0.15 ml of NaCl, while those in the experimental group were inoculated with 5 × 10(6) amastigote forms of Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi by the ip route. After 50 days, animals were euthanized and major salivary glands were collected to perform histological, immunohistochemical and epifluorescence techniques using anti-Caspase-2, anti-Ki-67 and anti-ß-catenin antibodies, respectively. The histological and morphometric evaluation showed clusters of mononuclear inflammatory cells and a higher area and perimeter of the parotid gland. However, none of the salivary glands had morphophysiological impairment. There was no immunoreactivity to the anti-caspase-2 antibody and Ki67 expression in acinar and ductal cells in both groups. According to the immunofluorescence staining, the ß-catenin antibodies did not show nuclear expression, suggesting no uncontrolled proliferation. The data obtained in this study showed population and morphological stability of major salivary glands after 50 days post-infection by Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi.

Assessment of toxicity of Moringa oleifera flower extract to Biomphalaria glabrata, Schistosoma mansoni and Artemia salina.

This study reports the effect of an aqueous extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. flowers on Biomphalaria glabrata embryos and adults and on Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. The extract contains tannins, saponins, flavones, flavonols, xanthones, and trypsin inhibitor activity. The toxicity of the extract on Artemia salina larvae was also investigated to determine the safety of its use for schistosomiasis control. After incubation for 24h, the flower extract significantly (p<0.05) delayed the development of B. glabrata embryos and promoted mortality of adult snails (LC50: 2.37±0.5mgmL(-1)). Furthermore, treatment with the extract disrupted the development of embryos generated by snails, with most of them remaining in the blastula stage while control embryos were already in the gastrula stage. Flower extract killed A. salina larvae with a LC50 value (0.2±0.015mgmL(-1)) lower than that determined for snails. A small reduction (17%) in molluscicidal activity was detected when flower extract (2.37mgmL(-1)) was exposed to tropical environmental conditions (UVI index ranging from 1 to 14, temperature from 25 to 30°C, and 65% relative humidity). Toxicity to A. salina was also reduced (LC50 value of 0.28±0.01mgmL(-1)). In conclusion, M. oleifera flower extract had deleterious effects on B. glabrata adults and embryos. However, unrestricted use to control schistosomiasis should be avoided due to the toxicity of this extract on A. salina.

Superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase improve the recovery of photosynthesis in sugarcane plants subjected to water deficit and low substrate temperature.

The physiological responses of C4 species to simultaneous water deficit and low substrate temperature are poorly understood, as well as the recovery capacity. This study investigated whether the effect of these abiotic stressors is cultivar-dependent. The differential responses of drought-resistant (IACSP94-2094) and drought-sensitive (IACSP97-7065) sugarcane cultivars were characterized to assess the relationship between photosynthesis and antioxidant protection by APX and SOD isoforms under stress conditions. Our results show that drought alone or combined with low root temperature led to excessive energetic pressure at the PSII level. Heat dissipation was increased in both genotypes, but the high antioxidant capacity due to higher SOD and APX activities was genotype-dependent and it operated better in the drought-resistant genotype. High SOD and APX activities were associated with a rapid recovery of photosynthesis in IACSP94-2094 plants after drought and low substrate temperature alone or simultaneously.

Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia: report of a case emphasizing histopathological, immunohistochemical and scanning electron microscopic features.

Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia (SOD) is a rare developmental disorder of the maxilla, and there is little information on its morphological features. Thus, the present article describes a case of SOD focusing on its histopathological, immunohistochemical and scanning electron microscopic features. Several dental abnormalities were present, including numerous dentin and pulp defects, altered composition of hard tissue, and proliferation of myofibroblasts in the pulp and the soft tissue surrounding affected teeth. This myofibroblastic proliferation was identified for the first time in SOD and may be involved in both bone and tooth resorption mechanisms.

Interventions performed by New Zealand community pharmacists while dispensing prescription medications.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the number and type of interventions performed by New Zealand community pharmacists when dispensing new prescriptions. METHOD: All community pharmacies in Dunedin, New Zealand (29) were asked to use a tally system to record the types of interventions performed, the time taken and the number of prescription items processed per day. Data was collected for one full week for 20 pharmacies. RESULTS: In total 24,059 prescription items were dispensed by the 20 pharmacies over one week. There were 1,551 separate interventions recorded with a recorded time of 1,684 min. These interventions occurred at a rate of 64 interventions per 1,000 prescription items. Of recorded interventions, bureaucratic and generic substitution problems accounted for 81%. These combined interventions occurred at a rate of 52 per 1,000 prescription items and totalled 50% of the time spent on prescription interventions. Whilst clinical interventions were recorded at a rate of 13 per 1,000 items, they accounted for the remaining 50% of time spent. CONCLUSION: Half of the time spent by community pharmacists in Dunedin, New Zealand on prescription interventions consists of correcting bureaucratic and legal issues, limiting the time pharmacists can spend on clinical services.

Cognitive rehabilitation combined with drug treatment in Alzheimer's disease patients: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation combined with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChE-I) treatment in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and their relatives. METHOD: Thirteen patients with mild Alzheimer's disease treated with rivastigmine 6-12 mg/day for more than two months started cognitive rehabilitation training. Before and after the cognitive rehabilitation training patients were assessed through cognitive tests, activities of daily living scale, neuropsychological battery and scales to evaluate caregivers' depressive and anxiety symptoms. Six patients were randomized to a combined treatment group (AChE-I plus cognitive rehabilitation and caregiver support) and seven patients to a control group (AChE-I only) and followed up for five months. RESULTS: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (p = 0.047) and backward digit span scores (p = 0.018) were significantly different between the groups on follow-up. The combined treatment group showed a better positive treatment effect on cognitive and neuropsychological tests applied to patients and reduction of psychiatric symptoms was observed in their caregivers (nonsignificant). CONCLUSION: Cognitive rehabilitation associated with AChE-I treatment can potentially be useful to stabilize or improve cognitive and functional performance of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and can reduce caregivers' psychiatric symptoms.

Aspectos da sexualidade e gravidez em adolescentes com artrite idiopática juvenil ( AIJ ) / Sexuality aspects and pregnancy of adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA )

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever aspectos da sexualidade, gravidez e pós-parto de três adolescentes com artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ). No período entre 1983 e 2004, 4.638 pacientes foram acompanhados na Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica do Departamento de Pediatria da FMUSP, entre os quais 537 (11,5 por cento) apresentaram o diagnóstico de AIJ (critérios do ILAR). Entre os pacientes com AIJ, três engravidaram durante o seguimento ambulatorial. A idade da primeira atividade sexual variou de 16 a 18 anos. A paciente 1 apresentou uma gestacão gemelar a termo, permanecendo em atividade da doenca durante toda a gravidez, em uso de 15mg/dia de prednisona. As pacientes 2 e 3 encontravam-se em remissão da doenca, sem uso de medicamentos, apresentando gestacão a termo sem intercorrências. A paciente 2, porém, evoluiu com recidiva da doenca um ano após o parto. Todos os recém-nascidos foram adequados para idade gestacional e evoluíram adequadamente no período neonatal. Apenas a paciente 1 necessitou de prednisona, naproxeno e cloroquina na amamentacão. O aumento da gravidez na adolescência é uma realidade nos servicos de reumatologia pediátrica, o que impõe novos debates sobre os aspectos da sexualidade e contracepcão nessa populacão.

[Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer's disease patients: multidisciplinary team report]. / Reabilitação cognitiva em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer: Relato de trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to show preliminary results of the 'combined treatment' (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor + cognitive training) on a group of mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, followed-up for 7 months. METHODS: Six mild AD patients, diagnosed according to ICD-10 and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, were included on a open trial with Rivastigmine, 6-12 mg/day, for 2 months, followed by a weekly cognitive rehabilitation group, for 5 months. Caregivers were submitted to a weekly group of counseling and support for 5 months. RESULTS: Stabilization or mild improvement of patients' cognitive and activities of daily living deficits were found, besides reduction of patients and caregivers' depressive and anxiety levels. CONCLUSION: The 'combined treatment' can help on the stabilization or result on a mild improvement of AD patients' cognitive and functional deficits. Support and counseling interventions can reduce the levels of caregivers' psychiatric symptoms.

Reabilitaçäo cognitiva em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer: Relato de trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar / Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer's disease patients: multidisciplinary team report

OBJETIVO: Apresentar resultados preliminares do 'tratamento combinado' (inibidor da acetilcolinesterase + treinamento cognitivo), em um grupo de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA) leve, acompanhados por 7 meses. MÉTODO: Seis pacientes com diagnóstico de DA leve, de acordo com critérios diagnósticos da CID-10 e NINCDS-ADRDA, foram submetidos a ensaio clínico aberto com Rivastigmina, 6-12 mg/dia, por 2 meses, seguido por grupo de reabilitaçäo cognitiva semanal, por 5 meses. Os familiares/cuidadores foram atendidos em grupo semanal de suporte e aconselhamento, por 5 meses. RESULTADOS: Ao final do acompanhamento, houve: estabilizaçäo ou discreta melhora dos déficits cognitivos e das atividades de vida diária dos pacientes; estabilizaçäo ou reduçäo dos níveis de depressäo e ansiedade nos pacientes e familiares. CONCLUSÄO: O 'tratamento combinado' pode auxiliar na estabilizaçäo ou resultar em leve melhora dos déficits cognitivos e funcionais de pacientes com DA leve. As intervençöes de suporte e aconselhamento podem reduzir o nível de sintomas psiquiátricos de seus familiares. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: demência, doença de Alzheimer, inibidor da acetilcolinesterase, reabilitaçäo cognitiva, atividades de vida diária, cuidadores

A case of keratoconjunctivitis due to ewingella americana and a review of unusual organisms causing external eye infections

We report the isolation of Ewingella americana from the conjunctivae of a 38 year old female physician with keratoconjunctivitis associated with the use of soft contact lens. The patient was treated sucessfully with topical ciprofloxacin. The source of the infection remains unknown. All contact lens cleaning materials used by the patient were sterile. Since the patient was a physician, and this organism has been recorded as a cause of nosocomial infections, we checked whether cases of Ewingella americana had been reported, but none were identified. We have identified 39 bacterial species, 27 fungi, 4 viruses, 7 protozoa, 4 helminths, and 2 arthropods which rarely have been associated with keratitis or conjunctivitis. Infectious diseases specialists and ophthalmologists must be aware of the many different causes of this illness, including ewingella americana. This organism is a rare bacterial cause of keratoconjunctivitis not previously reported in Brazil. It should be added to the list of unusual cases of external eye infections.

Coprophilous fungi of the horse.

A total of 1267 microfungi, including 35 Myxomycetes, were recorded from the fecal samples of the 60 horses; of these 395 were found on 20 saddle-horse feces, 363 on 20 race-horses and 509 on 20 working horses. Eighty two species representing 53 genera were recorded; of these 7 were Zygomycetes, 18 Ascomycetes, 1 Basidiomycetes and 25 Fungi Imperfecti: 2 Myxomycetes. Common coprophilous fungi are in decreasing order Pilobolus kleinii, Saccobolus depauperatus, Mucor hiemalis, Lasiobolus ciliatus, Podospora curvula, Petriella guttulata, M. circinelloides, Coprinus radiatus, Dictyostelium mucoroides, Sordaria fimicola, C. miser, C. stercorariusm, Acremonium sp., Coprotus granuliformis, Graphium putredinis, Iodophanus carneus, Chaetomium murorum, Podospora communis, P. inaequalis, P. setosa, Saccobolus versicolor and Cladosporium cucumerinum. Species of Myrothecium verrucaria, Actinomucor elegans, Kernia nitida, Spiculostilbella dendritica and Mucor parvispora were found exclusively in working-horses feces. Badhamia sp., Anixiopsis stercoraria, Echinobotryum state of D. stemonitis, Geotrichum candidum and Oidiodendron sp. were found only in saddle-horses feces. Chlamidomyces palmarum, Philocopra sp. were found exclusively in race-horses feces. Notes on infrequent or interesting fungi include Thamnostylum piriforme, Phialocephala dimorphospora, Rhopalomyces elegans and Spiculostilbella dendritica.