Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Pregnancy increases the risk of OSA; however, the relationship between OSA and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We aimed (1) to evaluate OSA prevalence in GDM patients; (2) to assess the association between OSA and GDM; and (3) to determine the relationships between sleep parameters with insulin resistance (IR). METHODS: A total of 177 consecutive women (89 with GDM, 88 controls) in the third trimester of pregnancy underwent a hospital polysomnography. OSA was defined when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was ≥5h-1. RESULTS: Patients with GDM had higher pregestational body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference than controls, but no differences in snoring or OSA-symptoms, or AHI (3.2±6.0 vs. 1.9±2.7h-1, p=.069). OSA prevalence was not significantly different in both groups. We did not identify OSA as a GDM risk factor in the crude analysis 1.65 (95%CI: 0.73-3.77; p=.232). Multiple regression showed that total sleep time (TST), TST spent with oxygen saturation<90% (T90), and maximum duration of respiratory events as independent factors related with homeostasis model assessment of IR, while T90 was the only independent determinant of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. CONCLUSION: OSA prevalence during the third trimester of pregnancy was not significantly different in patients with GDM than without GDM, and no associations between OSA and GDM determinants were found. We identified T90 and obstructive respiratory events length positive-related to IR, while TST showed an inverse relationship with IR in pregnant women.

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus / Impacto de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en la diabetes mellitus gestacional

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Pregnancy increases the risk of OSA; however, the relationship between OSA and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We aimed (1) to evaluate OSA prevalence in GDM patients; (2) to assess the association between OSA and GDM; and (3) to determine the relationships between sleep parameters with insulin resistance (IR).MethodsA total of 177 consecutive women (89 with GDM, 88 controls) in the third trimester of pregnancy underwent a hospital polysomnography. OSA was defined when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was ≥5h−1.ResultsPatients with GDM had higher pregestational body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference than controls, but no differences in snoring or OSA-symptoms, or AHI (3.2±6.0 vs. 1.9±2.7h−1, p=.069). OSA prevalence was not significantly different in both groups. We did not identify OSA as a GDM risk factor in the crude analysis 1.65 (95%CI: 0.73–3.77; p=.232). Multiple regression showed that total sleep time (TST), TST spent with oxygen saturation<90% (T90), and maximum duration of respiratory events as independent factors related with homeostasis model assessment of IR, while T90 was the only independent determinant of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.ConclusionOSA prevalence during the third trimester of pregnancy was not significantly different in patients with GDM than without GDM, and no associations between OSA and GDM determinants were found. We identified T90 and obstructive respiratory events length positive-related to IR, while TST showed an inverse relationship with IR in pregnant women. (AU)

Introducción: La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) aumenta el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 e hiperinsulinemia. El embarazo aumenta el riesgo de AOS; sin embargo, la relación entre la AOS y la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) no está clara. Nuestros objetivos fueron (1) evaluar la prevalencia de AOS en pacientes con DMG; (2) evaluar la asociación entre la AOS y la DMG; y (3) determinar las relaciones entre los parámetros del sueño y la resistencia a la insulina (RI).MétodosUn total de 177 mujeres seleccionadas consecutivamente (89 de ellas con DMG, 88 controles) en el tercer trimestre del embarazo se sometieron a una polisomnografía hospitalaria. Se clasificó como AOS un índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH) de ≥5h-1.ResultadosLas pacientes con DMG presentaban un índice de masa corporal (IMC) pregestacional y una circunferencia del cuello más altos que los controles, pero no hubo diferencias en los ronquidos, otros síntomas de AOS o el IAH (3,2±6,0 frente a 1,9±2,7h-1, p=0,069). La diferencia en la prevalencia de AOS entre ambos grupos no fue significativa. No identificamos la AOS como un factor de riesgo de DMG en el análisis bruto (1,65; IC del 95%: 0,73-3,77; p=0,232). Mediante regresión múltiple se determinó que el tiempo total de sueño (TST), el TST pasado con una saturación de oxígeno <90% (T90) y la duración máxima de los eventos respiratorios eran factores independientes relacionados con el Homeostasis Model Assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), mientras que el T90 fue el único determinante independiente del Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI).ConclusiónLa diferencia de prevalencia de AOS durante el tercer trimestre del embarazo no fue significativa entre las pacientes con DMG y aquellas sin DMG, y no se encontraron asociaciones entre los factores asociados a AOS y DMG. (AU)

Influence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Systemic Inflammation in Pregnancy.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent in pregnancy and it is associated with adverse pregnancy-related outcomes such as gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and low birth weight. Maternal systemic inflammation is proposed to be one of the main intermediate mechanisms. However, the effects of OSA on systemic inflammation are unknown in normal pregnancy. Methods: Women in the 3rd trimester underwent hospital polysomnography to evaluate whether OSA increases systemic inflammation in normal pregnancy and its potential association with adverse fetal outcomes. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥ 5 h-1. Plasma cytokines levels (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were determined by multiple immunoassays. Results: We included 11 patients with OSA and 22 women with AHI < 5 h-1, who were homogeneous in age, and body mass index (BMI). Women with OSA had significant higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-8, and IL-10. We found significant correlations between AHI during REM and TNF-α (r = 0.40), IL-1ß (r = 0.36), IL-6 (r = 0.52), IL-8 (r = 0.43), between obstructive apnea index and TNF-α (r = 0.46) and between AHI and IL-1ß (r = 0.43). We also found that CT90% was related to IL-8 (r = 0.37). There were no significant differences in neonatal characteristics; however, we found inverse correlations between TNF-α and IL-8 with birth weight (both r = -0.48), while IL-8 showed a significant inverse relationship with neonatal gestational age (r = -0.48). Conclusions: OSA in our normal pregnancy population was associated with higher systemic inflammation, which was related to obstructive events, especially during REM sleep. Moreover, systemic inflammation was inversely correlated with neonatal birth weight and age.

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia. Pregnancy increases the risk of OSA; however, the relationship between OSA and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. We aimed (1) to evaluate OSA prevalence in GDM patients; (2) to assess the association between OSA and GDM; and (3) to determine the relationships between sleep parameters with insulin resistance (IR). METHODS: A total of 177 consecutive women (89 with GDM, 88 controls) in the third trimester of pregnancy underwent a hospital polysomnography. OSA was defined when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was ≥5h-1. RESULTS: Patients with GDM had higher pregestational body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference than controls, but no differences in snoring or OSA-symptoms, or AHI (3.2±6.0 vs. 1.9±2.7h-1, p=.069). OSA prevalence was not significantly different in both groups. We did not identify OSA as a GDM risk factor in the crude analysis 1.65 (95%CI: 0.73-3.77; p=.232). Multiple regression showed that total sleep time (TST), TST spent with oxygen saturation<90% (T90), and maximum duration of respiratory events as independent factors related with homeostasis model assessment of IR, while T90 was the only independent determinant of quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. CONCLUSION: OSA prevalence during the third trimester of pregnancy was not significantly different in patients with GDM than without GDM, and no associations between OSA and GDM determinants were found. We identified T90 and obstructive respiratory events length positive-related to IR, while TST showed an inverse relationship with IR in pregnant women.

A single early introduction of HIV-1 subtype B into Central America accounts for most current cases.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants show considerable geographical separation across the world, but there is limited information from Central America. We provide the first detailed investigation of the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in six Central American countries. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on 625 HIV-1 pol gene sequences collected between 2002 and 2010 in Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Belize. Published sequences from neighboring countries (n = 57) and the rest of the world (n = 740) were included as controls. Maximum likelihood methods were used to explore phylogenetic relationships. Bayesian coalescence-based methods were used to time HIV-1 introductions. Nearly all (98.9%) Central American sequences were of subtype B. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 437 (70%) sequences clustered within five significantly supported monophyletic clades formed essentially by Central American sequences. One clade contained 386 (62%) sequences from all six countries; the other four clades were smaller and more country specific, suggesting discrete subepidemics. The existence of one large well-supported Central American clade provides evidence that a single introduction of HIV-1 subtype B in Central America accounts for most current cases. An introduction during the early phase of the HIV-1 pandemic may explain its epidemiological success. Moreover, the smaller clades suggest a subsequent regional spread related to specific transmission networks within each country.

Especies de Cándida en el Hospital Nacional de Niños 1995-2001 / Species of candida in the Hospital Nacional de Niños

Se efectuó un estudio retrospectivo de los aislamientos de especies de Candida realizados en el Laboratorio Clínico del Hospital Nacional de Niños. El total de aislamientos fue de 2 021 especies, de las cuales un 74 por ciento fueron C. albicans, 12 por ciento C. tropicalis, 8 por ciento C. parasilopsis y 6 por ciento otras especies tales como C. famata, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei y C. lusitaniae. Las especies tropicalis y parasilopsis fueron encontradas principalmente en muestras de sangre, al igual que la albicans. Se recalca la importancia de la identificación de la especie de Candida aislada y de realizar la prueba de sensibilidad, debido a que se ha demostrado la resistencia de algunos de estos organismos a los antifúngicos utilizados rutinariamente.

Diarreas invasivas por Aeromonas hydrophila / Diarrhea invasive by Aeromonas hydrophila

Se presenta el hallazgo de niños con diarreas atribuibles a Aeromonas hydrophila pero que presentan características de diarrea invasiva, contrastando con lo esperado para este agente, donde el desarrollo de diarrea secretoria es lo esperado.

Cepas productoras de beta lactamasa de efecto expandido en el Hospital Nacional de Niños / Producing beta stocks lactamase of effect expanded in the Hospital Nacional de Niños

Entre las bacterias, la resistencia antimicrobiana ha crecido en forma alarmante en los últimos años y en este campo se ha avanzado mucho, en especial, en los métodos de detección de esta resistencia, dentro de los cuales se destaca la beta lactamasa de efecto expandido o ESBL, para la cual se empleó un método automatizado. Se estudiaron 127 cepas para un 46.5 por ciento de positividad general, siendo Klebsiella pneumoniae la bacteria más frecuente con un 77.9 por ciento de presentación, seguida por Escherichia coli y Klebsiella oxytoca. Se demuestra que en las unidades de Neonatología y Cuidados Intensivos se aislan cepas ESBL positivo con mayor frecuencia.

Comparación de dos métodos automatizados para la determinación de Proteína C Reactiva en pacientes pediátricos / Comparison of two methods automated for the C-reactive Protein determination in pediatric patients

Se realiza la comparación de los sistemas automatizados SYNCHRON CX 9 y ARRAY 360 para la determinación de PCR, utilizando un total de 148 muestras de suero. Se concluye que existe una buena concordancia entre ambos métodos con un factor de correlación de 0.92. El análisis de PCR utilizando el sistema SYNCRHON es una alternativa en nuestro medio para realizar esta determinación de una manera cuantificada, rápida y sensible.

Serratia marcescens: análisis de 432 aislamientos Hospital Nacional de Niños / Serratia marcescens: analysis of 432 isolations Hospital Nacional de Niños

El presente informe, se presenta la información obtenida, sobre los archivos de la División de Microbiología del Hospital Nacional de Niños. Se hace énfasis en el tipo de muestra en la que se aisló el agente, en el aumento en el número de aislamientos, en la sensibilidad antimicrobiana mostrada por la bacteria y algunas otras características especiales de estos aislamientos.