First report of foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides pseudobesseyi) on soybean in Colombia.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is produced in over 70,000 ha in the Altillanura Region, eastern Colombia (Agronet 2023). From 2018 to 2020, foliar symptoms like green stem and foliar retention of soybean, which in Brazil can cause up to 100% soybean yield losses (Meyer et al. 2017), were observed in soybean fields in Colombia. During 2020, samples from symptomatic plants in reproductive stages (R1-R8) were collected from different commercial soybean fields in the Altillanura Region. Over 200 samples were processed, using an incubation method described in Coyne et al. (2014). Nematodes were recovered from photosynthetic leaf tissues and enlarged nodes/buds with population densities ranging from 13 to 132 and 36 to 936 nematodes/10g, respectively. Adult females were morphologically and molecularly characterized as Aphelenchoides pseudobesseyi (Oliveira et al. 2019; Subbotin et al. 2020). Female body length (n = 20) ranged from 653.3 to 806.3 µm (mean = 723 µm ± 52.7), stylet length from 11.0 to 12.3 µm (11.8 µm ± 0.3), body diameter from 14.8 to 17.9 µm (16.3 µm ± 1.1), post-uterine sac length from 38.7 to 51.9 µm (44.6 µm ± 5.1), vulva to anus from 145.5 to 223.2 µm (172.2 µm ± 22.4), and 26% of the vulva-anus distance. Genomic DNA was extracted (QIAGEN DNeasy® Blood & Tissue kit) from a pool of nematodes. The D2A/D3B (Tenente et al. 2004) primers were used to amplify and sequence the D2/D3 expansion region of the 28S rRNA gene. PCR product (~759 bp) was purified, sequenced, deposited in GenBank (OQ930285), and compared to previously deposited sequences (e.g., KX356756, KY510840, KY510839, KY510841, KT692694, KY510842, MH187565) by means of the BLAST algorithm. Similarly, 988F and 18SR-Burs (De Jesus et al. 2016) primers were used to amplify and sequence the near full-length 18S RNA gene (SSU). PCR product was purified, sequenced, deposited in GenBank (OQ954344), and compared to previously deposited sequences (e.g., KT454962, KT943534, KT943535, KY510835, KY510836, KY510837, KY510838, MH187565). Phylogenetic Bayesian analysis (Ronquist et al. 2012) of the of the D2/D3 and 18S regions placed this nematode from Colombia in the A. pseudobesseyi clade (PP = 100). To fulfill a modified Koch's postulates, the A. pseudobesseyi population described above was used in a greenhouse assay. In total, 120 soybean plants (cv. Flor Blanca) were infected with 200 A. pseudobesseyi (females + males)/plant. Briefly, at cotyledon stage (VC), 50 µl aliquot containing 50 A. pseudobesseyi was delivered onto each cotyledon and unifoliolate leaves (200 nematodes/plant). Sterile water was delivered to 80 plants which served as control. Plants were kept in the greenhouse at approximately 25°C and covered with clear plastic bag for 72 h to maintain over 90% relative humidity. After 15, 30, 45, and 60 days, soybean plants (n = 20) were processed, A. pseudobesseyi quantified, and the average reproduction factor (final population/initial population) was 0.1, 2.9, 14.0, and 1.8, respectively. Infected plants showed symptoms of blistering leaves with malformation (midrib vein twist), and A. pseudobesseyi was not observed in control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. pseudobesseyi parasitizing soybean buds and leaves in Colombia. Soybean is an important commodity for the Altillanura Region, and it is important to monitor the risk posed by this nematode. Furthermore, a better understanding of the nematode-host interaction and epidemiology in Colombia soybean producing regions is needed.

Initial management of intraabdominal abscesses and preventive strategies for abscess recurrence in penetrating Crohn's disease: a national multicenter study based on ENEIDA registry.

INTRODUCTION: Intra-abdominal abscesses complicating Crohn's disease (CD) are a challenging situation. Their management, during the hospitalization and after resolution, is still unclear. METHODS: Adult patients with CD complicated with intraabdominal abscess who required hospitalization were included from the prospectively maintained ENEIDA registry from GETECCU. Initial strategy effectiveness and safety to resolve abscess was assessed. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate recurrence risk. Predictive factors associated with resolution were evaluated by multivariate regression and predictive factors associated with recurrence were assessed by Cox regression. RESULTS: 520 patients from 37 Spanish hospitals were included; 322 (63%) were initially treated with antibiotics alone, 128 (26%) with percutaneous drainage, and 54 (17%) with surgical drainage. The size of the abscess was critical to the effectiveness of each treatment. In abscesses < 30mm, the antibiotic was as effective as percutaneous or surgical drainage. However, in larger abscesses, percutaneous or surgical drainage was superior. In abscesses > 50mm, surgery was superior to percutaneous drainage, although it was associated with a higher complication rate. After abscess resolution, luminal resection was associated with a lower 1-year abscess recurrence risk (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.24-0.76). However, those patients who initiated anti-TNF therapy had a similar recurrence risk whether luminal resection had been performed. CONCLUSIONS: Small abscesses (<30mm) can be managed with antibiotics alone, while larger ones require drainage. Percutaneous drainage will be effective and safer than surgery in many cases. After discharge, anti-TNF therapy reduces abscess recurrence risk in a similar way to bowel resection.

Apoyo a la lactancia materna en una unidad de cuidados neonatales / Breastfeeding support in a neonatal care unit

Introducción. La lactancia materna (LM) hace parte fundamental del cuidado integral que ofrecen los profesionales de enfermería en la Unidad de Cuidados Neonatales (UCN). Debido a la carga laboral y la delegación de diferentes acciones de cuidado, las dinámicas en estas unidades se centran en la innovación por parte del uso tecnológico, y postergan la humanización del servicio perjudicando el apoyo a la LM. Objetivo. Diseñar un programa de apoyo a la LM en la UCN. Materiales y métodos. Investigación cualitativa acción participación. Se realizaron 5 entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales de la salud expertos en LM, unos que trabajan en la unidad de la institución en que se realizó el estudio y otros externos, indagando, desde su experiencia y conocimiento, los elementos clave para el diseño de un programa de apoyo a la LM en la UCN. Resultados. Se exponen en las categorías: a. Cultura en lactancia, comprende: política institucional en lactancia y estandarización del proceso; b. Calidad, comprende: registro y control de actividades y; c. Seguimiento de indicadores y auditoría constante. Discusión. Se diseñó un programa de LM el cual será aplicado por la institución con el fin de que la LM exclusiva no se vea frustrada, por medio del acompañamiento, la capacitación, la estandarización y la promoción. Conclusión. El personal de enfermería está interesado en que se estandarice un programa que permita que la información brindada a los pacientes sea veraz y concisa, plantean la educación como pilar fundamental para el desarrollo de un programa exitoso en LM.

Introduction: Breastfeeding (BF) is an essential part of the comprehensive care nurses provide in the Neonatal Care Unit (NCU). Due to the workload and delegation of different care activities, the dynamics in these units focus on innovation using technology and postpone humanization of service, undermining BF support. Objective: To design a BF support program at NCU. Materials and methods: Qualitative participatory action research. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with health professionals with expertise in BF. Some of them worked in NCU of the health facility where the study was conducted; others were external. Their experience and knowledge were used to identify the key elements for designing a BF support program at the UCN. Results: They are presented in the following categories: a) breastfeeding culture, including institutional policy on breastfeeding and standardization of the process; b) quality, including registration and control of activities; and c) monitoring of indicators and continuous auditing. Discussion: A BF program has been designed and it will be implemented by the health facility to prevent the interruption of exclusive BF through support, training, standardization, and promotion. Conclusion: Nurses are interested in standardizing a program that allows them to provide patients with truthful and concise information, and they view education as a fundamental pillar in the development of a successful BF program.

Introdução: O aleitamento materno (AM) é parte fundamental da assistência integral oferecida pelos profissionais de enfermagem na Unidade de Terapia Neonatal (UTIN). Devido à carga de trabalho e à delegação de diferentes ações assistenciais, a dinâmica nessas unidades se concentra na inovação por meio do uso da tecnologia e adia a humanização do atendimento, em detrimento do apoio ao AM. Objetivo: Elaborar um programa de apoio ao AM na UTIN. Materiais e métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa de ação-participativa. Foram realizadas sete entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais de saúde com experiência em AM, alguns trabalhando na unidade da instituição onde o estudo foi realizado e outros de fora, indagando, a partir de sua experiência e conhecimento, sobre os elementos-chave para a elaboração de um programa de apoio ao AM na UTIN. Resultados: Eles são apresentados nas seguintes categorias: a. Cultura da amamentação, incluindo: política institucional sobre amamentação e padronização do processo; b. Qualidade, incluindo: registro e controle das atividades e; c. Monitoramento de indicadores e auditoria constante. Discussão: Um programa de AM foi projetado e será implementado pela instituição para garantir que o AM exclusivo não seja frustrado por meio de acompanhamento, treinamento, padronização e promoção. Conclusão: A equipe de enfermagem está interessada na padronização de um programa que permita que as informações fornecidas aos pacientes sejam verdadeiras e concisas, e considera a educação como um pilar fundamental para o desenvolvimento de um programa de AM bem-sucedido.

IImpact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the nursing students education in a public university in Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing student education in one public university in Medellin, Colombia. METHODS: This descriptive qualitative study used content analysis to address the following questions: (1) How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted nursing education at the University of Antioquia? (2) What were the most important challenges experienced by nursing students? (3) What was most supportive for the students during the pandemic? and (4) What were the potential opportunities and lessons learned related to nursing education? Data were collected virtually through individual online interviews with 14 undergraduate nursing students and analysed using qualitative content analysis with constant comparisons. RESULTS: Four main categories of findings related to the experience of undergraduate nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic were identified: (1) transitioning to online learning, (2) managing the digital world, (3) impacts on clinical training, and (4) work-related stressors. Key challenges included home environments that were not conducive to learning, reduced social interactions with peers and faculty, accessing technology required for online education and insufficient preparation for clinical practice. Family members and university-provided resources were important sources of student support. Whereas the pandemic limited opportunities for hands-on clinical training, the shift to online learning allowed for the development of skills related to informational technologies and telehealth. CONCLUSIONS: Undergraduate students at the University of Antioquia identified significant barriers to learning during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and transition to online learning, as well as new opportunities for the development of digital skills among both students and faculty.

Education for Sustainable Development: Challenges for Postgraduate Programmes.

As the world faces progressive and interconnected global crises and conflicts, the educational expectations set out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are in jeopardy. With the COVID-19 pandemic in its third year, the war in Ukraine has exacerbated the food, energy, humanitarian, and refugee crises, all against the backdrop of an unfolding climate emergency. The aim of this research is to analyse the challenges faced by postgraduate programmes in training human talent for sustainable development on the basis of Grounded Theory. To do so, we have used a dialogical intervention through the complementary experiences of authorities of higher-education institutions that live day by day for a fair, quality, and sustainable education. With a naturalistic qualitative method, where the hermeneutic analysis procedure is structured in five phases, and with data from key informants from 9 countries, 20 interviews are obtained with key informants in Latin American and Spanish universities during 2021, according to inclusion criteria such as: belonging to a higher-education institution, with a doctorate degree, with more than 10 years of experience in management, and training in postgraduate programmes. The data are processed through ATLAS.ti9, which allows for the analysis of the key informants' discourses. The findings show that the university institutions that currently offer postgraduate programmes are considering improving the quality of education; the first challenge is to redesign the curricula according to the demands of the current and future world, incorporating technological resources and knowledge of the environment; inter- and transdisciplinary curricula that form enterprising postgraduates with a solid ethical life project; critical, complex, and systemic thinking.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the nursing students' education in a public university in Colombia / Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la formación de estudiantes de enfermería en una universidad pública de Colombia / Impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na formação de estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade pública da Colômbia

Objective. To explore the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing student education in one public university in Medellin, Colombia. Methods. This descriptive qualitative study used content analysis to address the following questions: (1) How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted nursing education at the University of Antioquia? (2) What were the most important challenges experienced by nursing students? (3) What was most supportive for the students during the pandemic? and (4) What were the potential opportunities and lessons learned related to nursing education? Data were collected virtually through individual online interviews with 14 undergraduate nursing students and analysed using qualitative content analysis with constant comparisons. Results. Four main categories of findings related to the experience of undergraduate nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic were identified: (1) transitioning to online learning, (2) managing the digital world, (3) impacts on clinical training, and (4) work-related stressors. Key challenges included home environments that were not conducive to learning, reduced social interactions with peers and faculty, accessing technology required for online education and insufficient preparation for clinical practice. Family members and university-provided resources were important sources of student support. Whereas the pandemic limited opportunities for hands-on clinical training, the shift to online learning allowed for the development of skills related to informational technologies and telehealth. Conclusion. Undergraduate students at the University of Antioquia identified significant barriers to learning during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and transition to online learning, as well as new opportunities for the development of digital skills among both students and faculty.

Objetivo. Explorar los impactos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la formación de estudiantes de enfermería en una universidad pública de Medellín, Colombia. Métodos. Este estudio cualitativo descriptivo en el que se utilizaron las siguientes preguntas: (1) ¿Cómo ha impactado la pandemia de COVID-19 en la educación de enfermería en la Universidad de Antioquia? (2) ¿Cuáles fueron los retos más importantes experimentados por los estudiantes de enfermería? (3) ¿Qué fue lo que más apoyó a los estudiantes durante la pandemia? y (4) ¿Cuáles fueron las oportunidades potenciales y las lecciones aprendidas relacionadas con la educación en enfermería? Los datos se recopilaron virtualmente mediante entrevistas individuales en línea con 14 estudiantes de enfermería y se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido cualitativo con comparaciones constantes. Resultados. Se identificaron cuatro categorías principales de hallazgos relacionados con la experiencia de los estudiantes universitarios de enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Estas categorías son (1) transición al aprendizaje en línea, (2) gestión del mundo digital, (3) impactos en la formación clínica y (4) factores de estrés relacionados con el trabajo. Entre los principales retos se encontraban los entornos domésticos poco propicios para el aprendizaje, la reducción de las interacciones sociales con los compañeros y el profesorado, el acceso a la tecnología necesaria para la educación en línea y la preparación insuficiente para la práctica clínica. Los familiares y los recursos proporcionados por la universidad fueron importantes fuentes de apoyo para los estudiantes. Mientras que la pandemia limitó las oportunidades de formación clínica práctica, el cambio a la enseñanza en línea permitió el desarrollo de habilidades relacionadas con las tecnologías de la información y la telesalud. Conclusión. Los estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad de Antioquia identificaron barreras significativas para el aprendizaje durante las restricciones de la pandemia COVID-19 y la transición al aprendizaje en línea, así como nuevas oportunidades para el desarrollo de habilidades digitales tanto entre los estudiantes como entre los profesores.

Objetivo. Explorar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na formação de estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade pública de Medellín, Colômbia. Métodos. Neste estudo qualitativo descritivo, as seguintes perguntas foram usadas para orientar a entrevista individual virtual síncrona: (1) Como a pandemia de COVID-19 impactou o ensino de enfermagem na Universidade de Antioquia? (2) Quais foram os desafios mais importantes vivenciados pelos estudantes de enfermagem? (3) O que mais apoiou os alunos durante a pandemia? e (4) Quais foram as principais oportunidades e lições aprendidas relacionadas ao ensino de enfermagem? Participaram 14 estudantes de enfermagem, as informações foram analisadas por meio de análise de conteúdo qualitativa com comparações constantes. Resultado. Foram identificadas quatro categorias principais descobertas relacionadas à experiência dos universitários de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19: (1) transição para o aprendizado online, (2) gestão do mundo digital, (3) impactos na formação clínica e (4) fatores de estresse relacionados com o trabalho. Entre os principais desafios estavam ambientes domésticos pouco propícios ao aprendizado, interações sociais reduzidas com colegas e professores, acesso à tecnologia necessária para educação online e preparação insuficiente para a prática clínica. Os familiares e os recursos fornecidos pela universidade foram importantes fontes de apoio para os estudantes. Embora a pandemia tenha limitado as oportunidades de treinamento clínico prático, a mudança para o ensino online permitiu o desenvolvimento de habilidades relacionadas à tecnologia da informação e à telessaúde. Conclusão. Os alunos de graduação que participaram da pesquisa identificaram barreiras significativas ao aprendizado durante as restrições da pandemia do COVID-19 e a transição para o aprendizado online, bem como novas oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de habilidades digitais entre alunos e professores.

Impact of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients admitted with ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), which is the principal causative agent of nosocomial diarrhoea in western countries. This has been related to complications such as need of colectomy and mortality among these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and impact of CDI in patients hospitalised with UC. METHODS: Case-control retrospective study including patients admitted due to a UC flare from January 2000 to September 2018. Porpensity score matching (PSM) was performed to minimise selection bias taking into account the small number of cases compared to controls. RESULTS: 339 patients were included; CDI in 35 (10.3%) patients. After PSM, 35 (33.33%) cases and 70 (66.67%) controls were analysed. Patients with CDI presented higher rates of readmission (52.9% vs. 21.4%, p = .001), increased mortality within the first 3 months post-discharge (5.9% vs. 0%, p = .042) and increased need of therapy intensification in the first year after admission (20.7% vs. 12.5%, p = .001). No risk factors for CDI were identified. Multivariable cox regression showed that treatment with 5-aminosalycilates at baseline (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18-0.92) and albumin <3.5 g/dL (HR 3.11, 95% CI 1.21-8.03) were associated with worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: CDI is a prevalent situation in hospitalised UC patients related to higher mortality within the first 3 months after the infection, need for therapy intensification within the first year and readmission. Our results underline the importance of CDI detection in patients with a flare of UC.

Experiencias de profesores de enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19: una mirada desde el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje / Experience of university professors in a public university in Colombia during the teaching-learning process of nursing in the COVID 19 pandemic / Vivências de docentes de enfermagem durante a pandemia da COVID-19: uma visão a partir do processo ensino-aprendizagem

Objetivo Describir las experiencias de los profesores en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje durante la pandemia en una facultad de enfermería en Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos Estudio cualitativo para el cual se realizaron once entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas. Los participantes fueron profesores universitarios de una facultad de enfermería en Medellín, Colombia. El análisis se usando elementos de la teoría fundamentada; se realizó el análisis línea a línea, lo que permitió agrupar los datos en las siguientes categorías: transformación del proceso de enseñanza -aprendizaje; efectos del proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje; redes de apoyo; lecciones aprendidas de la experiencia. Resultados La transformación del proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje, el manejo de herramientas tecnológicas, los efectos del rápido cambio en las metodologías de enseñanza, y las redes de apoyo de los docentes universitarios fueron las temáticas principales que surgieron de los participantes en cuanto a su experiencia en la educación de enfermería. Conclusión La educación de enfermería durante la pandemia en Colombia requirió de grandes esfuerzos de los profesores para continuar con el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, lo que conllevo a que se adaptaran de forma rápida, padecieran cambios en su salud, implementaran estrategias de autocuidado y requirieran apoyo de sus familiares, compañeros y amigos.

Objective: To describe the experiences of professors in the teaching-learning process during the pandemic in a nursing school in Medellin, Colombia. Materials and methods: Qual-itative study for which eleven individual semi-structured interviews were conducted. The participants were university professors from a nursing school in Medellin, Colombia. The analysis used elements of grounded theory; a line-by-line analysis was performed, which al-lowed grouping the data in the following categories: transformation of the teaching-learning process; effects of the teaching-learning process; support networks; lessons learned from the experience. Results: The transformation of the teaching - learning process, the management of technological tools, the effects of the rapid change in teaching methodologies, and the sup-port networks of university teachers were the main themes that emerged from the participants regarding their experience in nursing education. Conclusion: Nursing education during the pandemic in Colombia required great efforts from teachers to continue the teaching-learning process, which led to rapid adaptation, changes in their health, implementation of self-care strategies, and support from family, peers, and friends

Objectivo: Descrever as experiências dos professores no processo de ensino-aprendizagem du-rante a pandemia numa faculdade de enfermagem em Medellín, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo para o qual foram realizadas onze entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas. Os participantes eram professores universitários de uma faculdade de enfermagem de Medellín, Colômbia. A análise utilizou elementos da teoria fundamentada; foi efectuada uma análise linha a linha, que permitiu agrupar os dados nas seguintes categorias: transformação do processo de ensino-aprendizagem; efeitos do processo de ensino-aprendizagem; redes de apoio; lições apren-didas com a experiência. Resultados: A transformação do processo ensino-aprendizagem, a uti-lização de ferramentas tecnológicas, os efeitos da rápida mudança nas metodologias de ensino, e as redes de apoio de professores universitários foram os principais temas que emergiram dos participantes relativamente à sua experiência na educação em enfermagem. Conclusão: O ensi-no de enfermagem durante a pandemia na Colômbia exigiu grandes esforços por parte dos pro-fessores para continuar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, o que levou a uma rápida adaptação, a mudanças na sua saúde, à implementação de estratégias de autocuidado e ao apoio da família, dos pares e dos amigos

The role of physico-chemical interactions in the seasonality of toxic dinoflagellate cyst assemblages: The case of the NW Patagonian fjords system.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are recurrent in the NW Patagonia fjords system and their frequency has increased over the last few decades. Outbreaks of HAB species such as Alexandrium catenella, a causal agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning, and Protoceratium reticulatum, a yessotoxins producer, have raised considerable concern due to their adverse socioeconomic consequences. Monitoring programs have mainly focused on their planktonic stages, but since these species produce benthic resting cysts, the factors influencing cyst distributions are increasingly gaining recognition as potentially important to HAB recurrence in some regions. Still, a holistic understanding of the physico-chemical conditions influencing cyst distribution in this region is lacking, especially as it relates to seasonal changes in drivers of cyst distributions, as the characteristics that favor cyst preservation in the sediment may change through the seasons. In this study, we analyzed the physico-chemical properties of the sediment (temperature, pH, redox potential) and measured the bottom dissolved oxygen levels in a "hotspot" area of southern Chile, sampling during the spring and summer as well as the fall and winter, to determine the role these factors may play as modulators of dinoflagellate cyst distribution, and specifically for the cysts of A. catenella and P. reticulatum. A permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed the significant effect of sediment redox conditions in explaining the differences in the cyst assemblages between spring-summer and fall-winter periods (seasonality). In a generalized linear model (GLM), sediment redox potential and pH were associated with the highest abundances of A. catenella resting cysts in the spring-summer, however it was sediment temperature that most explained the distribution of A. catenella in the fall-winter. For P. reticulatum, only spring-summer sediment redox potential and temperature explained the variation in cyst abundances. The implications of environmental (physico-chemical) seasonality for the resting cysts dynamics of both species are discussed.

Factors Associated with Postpartum Sexual Dysfunction in Spanish Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) has a high prevalence globally, and perinatal factors favor FSD, especially in the postpartum period. The aim was to determine the prevalence and factors influencing FSD in the postpartum period; (2) Methods: An observational study carried out in three primary care centers in southern Spain, with women in the postpartum period who had a single low-risk birth. One hundred and seventeen women answered the Female Sexual Function questionnaire during the 4th month postpartum, between January 2020 and December 2021. Sociodemographic, obstetric, neonatal variables and level of self-esteem were analyzed. A multiple logistic regression model was carried out; (3) Results: 78.4% had high level of self-esteem. FSD prevalence was 89.7%. Factors related to FSD were having an instrumental vaginal delivery, women with university studies, and prenatal preparation. Maternal age ≥ 35, multiparity, pathological processes in the child, a medium-low level of self-esteem and newborn weight were associated with disorders in some of domains of sexual function; (4) Conclusions: FSD is highly prevalent in the postpartum period and is associated with preventable factors. A preventive approach by health professionals to these factors is essential. Health services should implement postpartum follow-up programs, which may coincide in time and place with newborn follow-up programs.

Social Participation in Health: A Community-Based Participatory Research Approach to Capacity Building in Two Colombian Communities.

BACKGROUND: In Latin America, community participation in health issues is subject to corrupt and self-serving interest. Research recommends strengthening communities' abilities to develop actions that involve them in the coproduction of their health. OBJECTIVES: This study aims (1) to understand social participation in health based on the discourse of community leaders and institutional representatives and (2) to design and implement an educational strategy for capacity building within two communities in Colombia. METHODS: The study used a community-based participatory research partnership between researchers, community leaders, and institutional representatives. To understand social participation in health, 17 interviews were conducted with leaders and institutional representatives. Based on this assessment, an educational strategy was designed and implemented with residents of two communities, which resulted in 28 people taking part in 14 pedagogical workshops. The strategy was evaluated through focus groups and the results of the project were validated by all the interested parties. RESULTS: Interviewees' perception of participation is reduced to access to health care services. They identified that the agencies and institutions promote participation only to comply with the law. The communities stated that they had few tools to resolve situations that violate their right to health. Therefore, leaders and researchers developed an educational strategy custom tailored, so the community could acquire the capacities to confront injustices and bureaucracy in the health system and public services. CONCLUSIONS: This participatory research empowered communities to defend their right to health. The findings are a reference for social participation in health initiatives in similar contexts.

Prevotella: A Key Player in Ruminal Metabolism.

Ruminants are foregut fermenters that have the remarkable ability of converting plant polymers that are indigestible to humans into assimilable comestibles like meat and milk, which are cornerstones of human nutrition. Ruminants establish a symbiotic relationship with their microbiome, and the latter is the workhorse of carbohydrate fermentation. On the other hand, during carbohydrate fermentation, synthesis of propionate sequesters H, thus reducing its availability for the ultimate production of methane (CH4) by methanogenic archaea. Biochemically, methane is the simplest alkane and represents a downturn in energetic efficiency in ruminants; environmentally, it constitutes a potent greenhouse gas that negatively affects climate change. Prevotella is a very versatile microbe capable of processing a wide range of proteins and polysaccharides, and one of its fermentation products is propionate, a trait that appears conspicuous in P. ruminicola strain 23. Since propionate, but not acetate or butyrate, constitutes an H sink, propionate-producing microbes have the potential to reduce methane production. Accordingly, numerous studies suggest that members of the genus Prevotella have the ability to divert the hydrogen flow in glycolysis away from methanogenesis and in favor of propionic acid production. Intended for a broad audience in microbiology, our review summarizes the biochemistry of carbohydrate fermentation and subsequently discusses the evidence supporting the essential role of Prevotella in lignocellulose processing and its association with reduced methane emissions. We hope this article will serve as an introduction to novice Prevotella researchers and as an update to others more conversant with the topic.

Biosafety measures to prevent COVID-19 in healthcare professionals: an integrative review / Medidas de bioseguridad para prevenir el COVID-19 en profesionales de la salud: una revisión integradora / Medidas de biossegurança para prevenção da Covid-19 em profissionais de saúde: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the main biosafety measures for preventing COVID-19 in healthcare professionals. Methods: this is an integrative literature review, with studies published between January and July 2020, on the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELo, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane CINAHL databases. The selection of studies followed the PRISMA recommendations. Results: among the 2,208 publications identified, 12 studies comprised the sample, which enabled the analysis in four thematic categories: The importance of using recommendations about the use of personal protective equipment; The restructuring of new operational and clinical routines and flows in the practice of services; Monitoring professionals, especially testing; Conducting training. Conclusions: the phenomena involved are innumerable, covering operational management and the training of teams to deal with highly infectious pathogens and disease outbreaks.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las principales medidas de bioseguridad para la prevención de COVID-19 en profesionales de la salud. Métodos: revisión integradora de la literatura, con estudios publicados entre enero y julio de 2020, en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELo, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane CINAHL. La selección de los estudios siguió las recomendaciones de la guía PRISMA. Resultados: de las 2.208 publicaciones identificadas, 12 estudios conformaron la muestra, lo que permitió el análisis en cuatro categorías temáticas: la importancia de utilizar recomendaciones sobre el uso de equipos de protección personal; La reestructuración de nuevas rutinas y flujos operativos y clínicos en la práctica de los servicios; Monitoreo de profesionales, especialmente pruebas; Realización de formación. Conclusiones: los fenómenos involucrados son innumerables, abarcando la gestión operativa y la capacitación de equipos para enfrentar patógenos altamente infecciosos y brotes de enfermedades.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as principais medidas de biossegurança para prevenção da COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura, com estudos publicados entre janeiro e julho de 2020, nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELo, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane CINAHL. A seleção dos estudos seguiu as recomendações da diretriz PRISMA. Resultados: dentre as 2.208 publicações identificadas, 12 estudos compuseram a amostra, os quais possibilitaram a análise em quatro categorias temáticas: A importância do emprego das recomendações acerca do uso dos equipamentos de proteção individual; A reestruturação de novas rotinas e fluxos operacionais e clínicos na prática dos serviços; A realização de monitoramento dos profissionais, em especial a testagem; A realização de treinamentos. Conclusões: os fenômenos envolvidos são inúmeros, abrangendo a gestão operacional e a capacitação das equipes para lidarem com patógenos altamente infecciosos e situações de surtos de doenças.

Biosafety measures to prevent COVID-19 in healthcare professionals: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the main biosafety measures for preventing COVID-19 in healthcare professionals. METHODS: this is an integrative literature review, with studies published between January and July 2020, on the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELo, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane CINAHL databases. The selection of studies followed the PRISMA recommendations. RESULTS: among the 2,208 publications identified, 12 studies comprised the sample, which enabled the analysis in four thematic categories: The importance of using recommendations about the use of personal protective equipment; The restructuring of new operational and clinical routines and flows in the practice of services; Monitoring professionals, especially testing; Conducting training. CONCLUSIONS: the phenomena involved are innumerable, covering operational management and the training of teams to deal with highly infectious pathogens and disease outbreaks.

Barriers and facilitators to breastfeeding support practices in a neonatal intensive care unit in Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess breastfeeding support practices and related barriers and facilitators in a large Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal (NICU) in Medellín, Colombia, as part of a broader quality improvement initiative to enhance breastfeeding support. METHODS: A mixed-methods descriptive design was used to collect data on care practices and outcomes related to NICU breastfeeding support. Data sources included the Neo-BFHI's self-assessment questionnaire of breastfeeding policies and practices, clinical observations, and a retrospective review of 51 patient charts. RESULTS: Of the 51 charts reviewed, 98% of the infants received breastmilk during their hospitalization but the majority (84%) also received formula and only 8% of infants were exclusively breastfed at the time of NICU discharge. All NICU staff received education on mother and baby-friendly care, and the unit complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk substitutes. However, resources to support lactation (e.g., access to breastfeeding specialists, breast pumps, written teaching materials for parents) were limited, and infants were only allowed to consume milk expressed within the hospital. Mother-infant separation, as well as staff beliefs and care routines, also limited important breastfeeding support practices such as skin-to-skin care and early initiation of direct breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: The self-assessment questionnaire and observations revealed a high value for breastfeeding and a family-centered approach to care in the NICU. Key challenges to sustaining breastfeeding in the NICU included a lack of facilities for supporting parental presence, barriers to expression and provision of mother's milk, and a high rate of bottle-feeding with formula.

Barriers and facilitators to breastfeeding support practices in a neonatal intensive care unit in Colombia

Objective. To assess breastfeeding support practices and related barriers and facilitators in a large Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal (NICU) in Medellín, Colombia, as part of a broader quality improvement initiative to enhance breastfeeding support. Methodology. A mixed-methods descriptive design was used to collect data on care practices and outcomes related to NICU breastfeeding support. Data sources included the Neo-BFHI's self-assessment questionnaire of breastfeeding policies and practices, clinical observations, and a retrospective review of 51 patient charts. Results. Of the 51 charts reviewed, 98% of the infants received breastmilk during their hospitalization but the majority (84%) also received formula and only 8% of infants were exclusively breastfed at the time of NICU discharge. All NICU staff received education on mother and baby-friendly care, and the unit complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk substitutes. However, resources to support lactation (e.g., access to breastfeeding specialists, breast pumps, written teaching materials for parents) were limited, and infants were only allowed to consume milk expressed within the hospital. Mother-infant separation, as well as staff beliefs and care routines, also limited important breastfeeding support practices such as skin-to-skin care and early initiation of direct breastfeeding. Conclusion. The self-assessment questionnaire and observations revealed a high value for breastfeeding and a family-centered approach to care in the NICU. Key challenges to sustaining breastfeeding in the NICU included a lack of facilities for supporting parental presence, barriers to expression and provision of mother's milk, and a high rate of bottle-feeding with formula.

Objetivo. Evaluar las prácticas de apoyo a la lactancia materna y las barreras y los facilitadores relacionados en una gran unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal (UCIN) de Medellín, Colombia. Métodos. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo de métodos mixtos para recopilar información sobre las prácticas de atención y los resultados relacionados con el apoyo a la lactancia materna en la UCIN. Las fuentes de datos incluyeron la encuesta de autoevaluación de las políticas y las prácticas de lactancia materna de Neo-BFHI, observaciones clínicas y una revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de pacientes. Resultados. De las 51 historias clínicas revisadas, el 98% de los bebés recibieron leche materna durante su hospitalización, pero la mayoría (84%) también recibió fórmula y solo el 8% de los bebés fueron amamantados exclusivamente al momento del alta de la UCIN. Todo el personal recibió educación sobre cuidado amigable a las madres y sus bebés, y la unidad cumplió con el Código Internacional de Comercialización de Sustitutos de la Leche Materna. Sin embargo, los recursos para apoyar la lactancia (por ejemplo, el acceso a especialistas, extractores de leche, material didáctico escrito para los padres) fueron limitados y los bebés solo podían consumir leche extraída dentro del hospital. La separación madre-hijo, así como las creencias del personal y las rutinas de atención, también limitaron prácticas importantes de apoyo como el cuidado piel con piel y el inicio temprano de la lactancia materna directa. Conclusión. El cuestionario de autoevaluación y las observaciones revelaron un alto valor de la lactancia materna y un enfoque de atención centrado en la familia en la UCIN. Los desafíos clave incluyeron la falta de instalaciones para apoyar la presencia de los padres, las barreras para la extracción y el suministro de leche y una alta tasa de alimentación con biberón con fórmula.

Objetivo. Avaliar as práticas de apoio à amamentação e as barreiras e facilitadores relacionados em uma grande Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal -UTIN- em Medellín, Colômbia. Métodos. Um desenho descritivo de métodos mistos foi usado para coletar informações sobre as práticas de cuidado e resultados relacionados ao apoio à amamentação na UTIN. As fontes de dados incluíram a Pesquisa de Autoavaliação de Políticas e Práticas de Amamentação da Neo-IHAC, observações clínicas e uma revisão retrospectiva dos registros dos pacientes. Resultados. Dos 51 prontuários analisados, 98% dos bebês receberam leite materno durante a internação, mas a maioria (84%) também recebeu fórmula e apenas 8% dos bebês foram amamentados exclusivamente na alta da UTIN. Todos os funcionários da UTIN receberam educação sobre cuidados amigáveis para mães e bebês, e a unidade estava em conformidade com o Código Internacional de Comercialização de Substitutos do Leite Materno. No entanto, os recursos para apoiar a amamentação (por exemplo, acesso a especialistas em amamentação, extratores de leite, materiais de treinamento escritos para os pais) eram limitados e os bebês só podiam consumir leite extraído dentro do hospital. As separações mães-bebês, bem como as crenças da equipe e rotinas de cuidado, também limitaram práticas importantes de apoio à amamentação, como cuidados pele a pele e início precoce da amamentação direta. Conclusão. O questionário de autoavaliação e as observações revelaram alto valor para a amamentação e uma abordagem centrada na família para o cuidado na UTIN. Os principais desafios para manter a amamentação na UTIN incluíram a falta de instalações para apoiar a presença dos pais, barreiras para extrair e fornecer leite materno e uma alta taxa de alimentação com mamadeira com fórmula.

Lower methane emissions were associated with higher abundance of ruminal Prevotella in a cohort of Colombian buffalos.

BACKGROUND: Ruminants burp massive amounts of methane into the atmosphere and significantly contribute to the deposition of greenhouse gases and the consequent global warming. It is therefore urgent to devise strategies to mitigate ruminant's methane emissions to alleviate climate change. Ruminal methanogenesis is accomplished by a series of methanogen archaea in the phylum Euryarchaeota, which piggyback into carbohydrate fermentation by utilizing residual hydrogen to produce methane. Abundance of methanogens, therefore, is expected to affect methane production. Furthermore, availability of hydrogen produced by cellulolytic bacteria acting upstream of methanogens is a rate-limiting factor for methane production. The aim of our study was to identify microbes associated with the production of methane which would constitute the basis for the design of mitigation strategies. RESULTS: Moderate differences in the abundance of methanogens were observed between groups. In addition, we present three lines of evidence suggesting an apparent higher abundance of a consortium of Prevotella species in animals with lower methane emissions. First, taxonomic classification revealed increased abundance of at least 29 species of Prevotella. Second, metagenome assembly identified increased abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and another species of Prevotella. Third, metabolic profiling of predicted proteins uncovered 25 enzymes with homology to Prevotella proteins more abundant in the low methane emissions group. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that higher abundance of ruminal Prevotella increases the production of propionic acid and, in doing so, reduces the amount of hydrogen available for methanogenesis. However, further experimentation is required to ascertain the role of Prevotella on methane production and its potential to act as a methane production mitigator.

Early development and metabolic rate of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi under different scenarios of temperature and pCO2.

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions have led to ocean acidification and a rise in the temperature. The present study evaluates the effects of temperature (10, 15 and 20 °C) and pCO2 (400 and 1200 µatm) on the early development and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Only temperature has an effect on the hatching and development times of nauplius I. But both factors affected the development time of nauplius II (

Fin Erosion of Salmo salar (Linnaeus 1758) Infested with the Parasite Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall & Bravo 2000).

Fin condition is a simple indicator of fish welfare, which anticipates detrimental effects on fish in aquaculture systems. This study evaluated the fin condition of Salmo salar at different abundances of the parasite Caligus rogercresseyi. Fish were exposed to infestation with copepodids and the cohort was allowed to develop to the adult stage. The relative fin index was measured. Significant differences between infested and control fish for both pectoral and anal fins were observed. Moreover, there were significant negative relationships between fin condition and parasite abundances for pectoral, anal, and pelvic fins, suggesting that infestations with C. rogercresseyi could be a possible cause for fin damage in Atlantic salmon. Moreover, this damage was associated with increased stress levels, suggesting that damage can be related to physiological changes on infested fish. According to these results, pectoral fin assessments have the potential to provide information on the welfare of fish with C. rogercresseyi infestation. Determining the causes of poor fin development may improve fish welfare, even when infested by parasites.