Buffalopox: An emerging zoonotic challenge.

As a variant of Vaccinia virus, Buffalopox virus is known to cause Buffalopox. In recent times, sporadic outbreaks of the infection in humans have been reported, especially in the endemic countries of Southeast Asia. Though mortality has not been high, associated morbidity is significant. Due to waning cross-protective immunity against smallpox, Buffalopox virus is one of several orthopox viruses likely to emerge or reemerge. To combat this virus, early recognition, isolation, and management of the infection in animals and humans is of prime importance. In addition, vaccination in animals and humans at risk of acquiring infection is essential as a means of limiting animal-to-animal and animal-to-human spread of the virus. With this in mind, a collaborative approach between the animal and human health sectors is indispensable.

Diagnostic markers of acute encephalitis syndrome and COVID-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children from Southern India.

Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in children poses a significant public health challenge in India. This study aims to explore the utility of host inflammatory mediators and neurofilament (NfL) levels in distinguishing etiologies, assessing disease severity, and predicting outcomes in AES. We assessed 12 mediators in serum (n = 58) and 11 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (n = 42) from 62 children with AES due to scrub typhus, viral etiologies, and COVID-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in Southern India. Additionally, NfL levels in serum (n = 20) and CSF (n = 18) were examined. Clinical data, including Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and Liverpool outcome scores, were recorded. Examining serum and CSF markers in the three AES etiology groups revealed notable distinctions, with scrub typhus differing significantly from viral and MIS-C causes. Viral causes had elevated serum CCL11 and CCL2 compared with scrub typhus, while MIS-C cases showed higher HGF levels than scrub typhus. However, CSF analysis showed a distinct pattern with the scrub typhus group exhibiting elevated levels of IL-1RA, IL-1ß, and TNF compared with MIS-C, and lower CCL2 levels compared with the viral group. Modeling the characteristic features, we identified that age ≥3 years with serum CCL11 < 180 pg/mL effectively distinguished scrub typhus from other AES causes. Elevated serum CCL11, HGF, and IL-6:IL-10 ratio were associated with poor outcomes (p = 0.038, 0.005, 0.02). Positive CSF and serum NfL correlation, and negative GCS and serum NfL correlation were observed. Median NfL levels were higher in children with abnormal admission GCS and poor outcomes. Measuring immune mediators and brain injury markers in AES provides valuable diagnostic insights, with the potential to facilitate rapid diagnosis and prognosis. The correlation between CSF and serum NfL, along with distinctive serum cytokine profiles across various etiologies, indicates the adequacy of blood samples alone for assessment and monitoring. The association of elevated levels of CCL11, HGF, and an increased IL-6:IL-10 ratio with adverse outcomes suggests promising avenues for therapeutic exploration, warranting further investigation.

Guillain-barré syndrome (GBS) with antecedent chikungunya infection: a case report and literature review.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune neuropathy. Antecedent infections have been seen to be significant triggering factors for developing GBS. Among them, arboviral infections are rapidly gaining importance as significant triggers, especially in the areas where they are endemic. Chikungunya, an arboviral infection that usually causes a self-limiting acute febrile illness can lead to GBS as one its severe complications. Herein, we describe a case of a 21-year-old female who presented with weakness in all four limbs and paresthesia. Nerve conduction study and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed axonal, demyelinating motor and sensory neuropathy with albuminocytological dissociation indicating Acute Motor and Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN) variant of GBS. Serum IgM antibodies against ganglioside GM1 were detected. Anti-Chikungunya IgM antibodies were found in both serum and CSF samples. The patient was initiated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. In view of hypoxia, she was intubated and was on mechanical ventilation. After 2 weeks of being comatose, the patient gradually improved and was discharged with no sequelae.A literature review on antecedent infections in GBS is presented alongside the case report to better understand the association of GBS with antecedent infections, especially the endemic arboviral infections like Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika. This will help in reinforcing the significance of having robust surveillance and public health control measures for infectious diseases.

SARS-CoV-2 and the nervous system: current perspectives.

SARS-CoV-2 infection frequently causes neurological impairment in both adults and children. Recent publications have described significant aspects of the viral pathophysiology associated with neurological dysfunction. In theory, neurological manifestations following SARS-CoV-2 infection may be caused directly by the effects of the virus infecting the brain or indirectly by the local and systemic immune responses against the virus. Neurological manifestations can occur during the acute phase as well as in the post-acute phase of the infection. In this review, we discuss recent literature describing the association of nervous system disorders with COVID-19.

Association of Scrub Typhus in Children with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome and Meningoencephalitis, Southern India.

Scrub typhus is an established cause of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in northern states of India. We systematically investigated 376 children with AES in southern India, using a stepwise diagnostic strategy for the causative agent of scrub typhus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, including IgM and PCR testing of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to grade its association with AES. We diagnosed scrub typhus in 87 (23%) children; of those, association with AES was confirmed in 16 (18%) cases, probable in 55 (63%), and possible in 16 (18%). IgM detection in CSF had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 82% compared with PCR. Our findings suggest scrub typhus as an emerging common treatable cause of AES in children in southern India and highlight the importance of routine testing for scrub typhus in diagnostic algorithms. Our results also suggest the potential promise of IgM screening of CSF for diagnosis of AES resulting from scrub typhus.

The emergence of human metapneumovirus G gene duplication in hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infection, India, 2016-2018.

BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) belongs to the family Pneumoviridae. It is one of the emerging respiratory viruses causing both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses. HMPV has two genotypes: A and B. These genotypes are classified into lineage A1, A2, B1 and B2. Lineage-A2 is further classified as A2a, A2b and A2c. Similarly, B2 is classified as B2a and B2b. Studies have shown the circulation of A2b, B1 and B2 lineages in India. However, a limited amount of data is available on the current circulating genotypes of HMPV in India. METHODS: Throat swab samples positive for HMPV by real-time RT- PCR, archived at Manipal Institute of Virology as a part of a hospital-based acute febrile illness surveillance study, was used from April 2016 to August 2018 by purposive sampling method. We performed the conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for twenty samples targeting the G gene and then subjected them to sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was done using MEGA X software by the Maximum Likelihood method. RESULTS: All the twenty sequences belonged to the A2c subgroup. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strains from the study have genetic relation with circulating strains in Japan, China and Croatia. Seven out of the twenty sequences showed 180-nucleotide duplication and eleven sequences showed 111-nucleotide duplication. Two sequences did not show any duplications. CONCLUSION: In the current study, we report that A2c is the sub-lineage in India from April 2016 to August 2018. This study is the first retrospective study reporting the circulation of the A2c sub-lineage among adults in India with 180- and 111-nucleotide duplications in the G gene of human metapneumovirus.