Patient-, implant- and prosthetic-related factors on peri-implant mucositis and bone loss.

Peri-implant diseases, including peri-implant mucositis (PIM) and peri-implantitis, are a chronic inflammatory disorder triggered by bacterial biofilm in susceptible hosts. Potential risk factors for peri-implant diseases include smoking, dental plaque accumulation, poor oral hygiene, genetics, and absence of peri-implant keratinized mucosa. This cohort study aimed to evaluate the influence of patient-, implant-, and prosthetic-related factors on PIM and peri-implant bone loss (PBL) around dental implants after 1 year of loading. A total of 54 subjects (22 males and 32 females) were included in the study. Peri-implant clinical parameters were assessed and standardized periapical radiographs of each dental implant were obtained 15 days after the definitive prosthesis installation (baseline) and at 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. A total of 173 implants were evaluated. PIM affected 44.8% of the implants and no significant association was found between the investigated parameters and PIM incidence, except for type of implant connection. A significantly higher incidence of PIM (80.0%) was observed for implants with internal hexagon connection type after 1 year of follow-up (p = 0.015). Moreover, a mean PBL of 0.35 ± 1.89 mm was observed and no dental implant was affected by peri-implantitis after 1 year of function. No specific influence of patient, implant, or prosthetic factors on PBL was observed. No association was found between the occurrence of PIM/PBL and the patient-, implant-, and prosthetic-related factors investigated in this cohort study, except for the type of dental-implant connection.

Patient-, implant- and prosthetic-related factors on peri-implant mucositis and bone loss

Abstract Peri-implant diseases, including peri-implant mucositis (PIM) and peri-implantitis, are a chronic inflammatory disorder triggered by bacterial biofilm in susceptible hosts. Potential risk factors for peri-implant diseases include smoking, dental plaque accumulation, poor oral hygiene, genetics, and absence of peri-implant keratinized mucosa. This cohort study aimed to evaluate the influence of patient-, implant-, and prosthetic-related factors on PIM and peri-implant bone loss (PBL) around dental implants after 1 year of loading. A total of 54 subjects (22 males and 32 females) were included in the study. Peri-implant clinical parameters were assessed and standardized periapical radiographs of each dental implant were obtained 15 days after the definitive prosthesis installation (baseline) and at 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. A total of 173 implants were evaluated. PIM affected 44.8% of the implants and no significant association was found between the investigated parameters and PIM incidence, except for type of implant connection. A significantly higher incidence of PIM (80.0%) was observed for implants with internal hexagon connection type after 1 year of follow-up (p = 0.015). Moreover, a mean PBL of 0.35 ± 1.89 mm was observed and no dental implant was affected by peri-implantitis after 1 year of function. No specific influence of patient, implant, or prosthetic factors on PBL was observed. No association was found between the occurrence of PIM/PBL and the patient-, implant-, and prosthetic-related factors investigated in this cohort study, except for the type of dental-implant connection.

Analysis of the biocompatibility of a biocelulose and a poly L- lactic acid membrane

The use of selective barriers as resorbable membranes has become a routine clinical procedure for guided bone regeneration. Therefore, the production of membranes with a low inflammatory potential during their resorption process has become the goal of a considerable number of researches. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of poly (L- lactic acid) (PLLA) and biocelulose membranes (BC) inserted in the subcutaneous tissue on the dorsum of rats. Methods: Fifteen animals underwent surgical procedures for the insertion of 4 types of membranes: COL (Collagen membrane) ­ Control Group; BC (Biocellulose membrane); BCAg (Biocellulose membrane impregnated with Silver); PLLA (Poly (L-lactic acid) membrane). All membrane types were inserted into each animal. Animals were euthanized after 3, 7, and 15 days of the surgical procedure. Descriptive histological analyses were carried out to investigate host tissue reaction to membrane presence by assessing the anti-inflammatory process composition associated with the membrane resorption and the presence of foreign-body reaction or encapsulation. Results: The BC membranes showed a higher degree of inflammation and poor pattern of integration with the surrounding tissues than the PLLA and COL membranes. Conclusion: The PLLA and COL membranes present better biocompatibility than the BC membranes

Rehabilitation of a patient diagnosed with Ectodermal Dysplasia presenting hypodontia: a case report

Purpose: The study showed a patient with Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED) who was treated with implants and fixed dental prosthesis by a multidisciplinary team. Case Report: Acrylic resin dental prostheses were designed as long-term provisionals, which allowed modifications when required. After imaging and treatment planning, four implants were placed in the inter-foramenal area of the mandible and 2 years later the definitive prosthesis was fitted. In a second phase, the patient received a combination of autogenous and allogeneic bone grafts in the maxilla. The autogenous graft was removed from the retro-molar region in the mandible. He also received a fixed dental prosthesis supported by 4 implants on the position of the upper canines and second pre-molars. Conclusion: Patient reports successful outcomes and despite the long treatment, patient states is confident with his appearance and speaking improvement. Follow-up was done every six months, for 10 years, and showed encouraging post-treatment outcomes.

Impact of soft tissue graft on the preservation of compromised sockets: a randomized controlled clinical pilot study.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of the association of free gingival graft (FGG) or collagen-matrix xenograft (CMX) to deproteinized bovine bone graft (DBBG) on the preservation of post-extraction sockets with facial-wall defects. Sixteen patients who presented a maxillary tooth with a facial bone defect and indication of extraction were selected. After the surgical procedure, all the post-extraction sockets were filled with DBBG and covered with a collagen membrane. The cervical part of the socket was then sealed with either FGG or CMX. Clinical and tomographic analyses were performed at baseline and 4 months after the grafting procedure. The FGG sockets showed higher values for the width of the bone ridge than the CMX sockets at 4 months. There was no difference regarding biopsy composition. In conclusion, regardless of the type of soft tissue graft used, socket preservation with DBBG at sites presenting facial bone defects enabled implant placement without further guided bone regeneration, whether the sockets were sealed with FGG or CMX.

O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi avaliar o impacto da associação de enxerto gengival livre (FGG) ou xenoenxerto de matriz de colágeno (CMX) ao enxerto ósseo bovino desproteinizado (DBBG) na preservação de alvéolos pós-extração com defeitos da parede óssea vestibular. Foram selecionados 16 pacientes que apresentavam dente superior com defeito ósseo vestibular e indicação de extração. Após o procedimento cirúrgico, todos os alvéolos pós-extração foram preenchidos com DBBG e recobertos por membrana de colágeno. A parte cervical dos alvéolos foi então selada com FGG ou CMX. As análises clínicas e tomográficas foram realizadas no início do estudo e 4 meses após o procedimento de enxerto. Os alvéolos pós-extração tratados com FGG apresentaram maiores valores para a largura da crista óssea do que os alvéolos tratados com CMX na avaliação de 4 meses. Não houve diferenças em relação à composição da biópsia. Em conclusão, independentemente do tipo de enxerto de tecido mole utilizado, a preservação dos alvéolos com DBBG em locais com defeitos ósseos faciais permitiu a colocação do implante sem regeneração óssea guiada.

Impact of soft tissue graft on the preservation of compromised sockets / Impacto do enxerto de tecido mole na preservação de alvéolos comprometidos

ABSTRACT The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of the association of free gingival graft (FGG) or collagen-matrix xenograft (CMX) to deproteinized bovine bone graft (DBBG) on the preservation of post-extraction sockets with facial-wall defects. Sixteen patients who presented a maxillary tooth with a facial bone defect and indication of extraction were selected. After the surgical procedure, all the post-extraction sockets were filled with DBBG and covered with a collagen membrane. The cervical part of the socket was then sealed with either FGG or CMX. Clinical and tomographic analyses were performed at baseline and 4 months after the grafting procedure. The FGG sockets showed higher values for the width of the bone ridge than the CMX sockets at 4 months. There was no difference regarding biopsy composition. In conclusion, regardless of the type of soft tissue graft used, socket preservation with DBBG at sites presenting facial bone defects enabled implant placement without further guided bone regeneration, whether the sockets were sealed with FGG or CMX.

RESUMO

The Effectiveness of L-PRF in the Treatment of Schneiderian Membrane Large Perforations: Long-Term Follow-Up of a Case Series.

The perforation of the Schneiderian membrane (SM) is a common surgical complication during the sinus floor augmentation (SFA) procedure. Different approaches have been proposed to completely closer the SM perforation and to avoid graft contamination or migration and postoperative sinus infection. In this context, the leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) membranes have been proposed for SM perforation treatment because of their natural adhesive property and resistance. Thus, this case series aims to evaluate the effectiveness of L-PRF in the treatment of SM large perforations during SFA. A total of 9 SM perforations were treated in this case series. The L-PRF membranes were interposed on the perforated SM until the rupture could not be visualized. The maxillary sinus cavities were filled with deproteinized bovine mineral bone (Bio-oss, Geistlich, Switzerland), and a collagen membrane was positioned to cover the lateral access window. After 8 months, 13 implants were placed, achieving satisfactory primary stability. The osseointegration of all implants and absence of infection signs/mucus in the maxillary sinus were observed in cone beam computed tomography or panoramic radiography qualitative analysis after 3-5 years of follow-up. It can be concluded that the use of L-PRF can be considered a viable alternative for the repair of large SM perforations.

Prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implantitis after 8 to 10 years of function / Prevalência e indicadores de risco de peri-implantite após 8 a 10 anos em função

Abstract Introduction The investigation of peri-implant diseases risk indicators helps to prevent and target treatment techniques. Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the occurrence of peri-implantitis and its potential risk indicator factors, besides to assess the long-term success and survival rates of dental implants after 8 to 10 years of function. Material and method For this, fifty individuals who had received their implant-supported rehabilitation between 2003 and 2005 were included. Data regarding demographics, medical and dental history were collected and a complete clinical examination was performed. Multivariate analysis was used to identify potential risk indicator factors related to the occurrence of peri-implantitis. Overall, 211 implants had been placed; 197 were in function, 9 were still submerged, and 5 had been lost. Result Success and survival rates were 81.5% and 97.6%, respectively. Peri-implant mucositis affected 77.1% of subjects and 52.3% of implants. Peri-implantitis was diagnosed in 14 individuals (29.2%) and 25 implants (12.7%). Subjects with osteoporosis (OR = 2.84) and generalized bleeding on probing (OR = 8.03) were significantly associated with higher odds of peri-implantitis. At the implant level, visible plaque (OR = 4.45) and deep probing depths (OR = 4.47) were significantly associated with peri-implantitis. Conclusion Through these results, our study suggests that osteoporosis and generalized periodontal/peri-implant mucosa inflammation increase the likelihood of peri-implantitis.

Resumo Introdução A investigação dos fatores indicadores de risco para as doenças peri-implantares auxilia na prevenção e direcionamento das técnicas de tratamento Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi determinar a ocorrência de peri-implantite e seus potenciais fatores indicadores de risco, além de avaliar as taxas de sucesso e sobrevida em longo prazo dos implantes dentários após 8 a 10 anos de função Material e método Foram incluídos cinquenta indivíduos que receberam sua reabilitação implanto-suportada entre 2003 e 2005. Dados demográficos, história médica e odontológica foram coletados e um exame clínico completo foi realizado. A análise multivariada foi utilizada para identificar potenciais fatores indicadores de risco relacionados à ocorrência de peri-implantite. Ao todo, 211 implantes foram colocados; 197 estavam em função, 9 ainda estavam submersos e 5 haviam sido perdidos. Resultado As taxas de sucesso e sobrevivência foram de 81,5% e 97,6%, respectivamente. A mucosite peri-implantar afetou 77,1% dos indivíduos e 52,3% dos implantes. A peri-implantite foi diagnosticada em 14 indivíduos (29,2%) e 25 implantes (12,7%). Indivíduos com osteoporose (OR = 2,84) e sangramento generalizado à sondagem (OR = 8,03) foram significativamente associados a uma maior chance de peri-implantite. Ao nível do implante, a placa visível (OR = 4,45) e as maiores profundidades de sondagem (OR = 4,47) foram significativamente associadas à peri-implantite. Conclusão Por meio desses resultados, nosso estudo sugere que a osteoporose e a inflamação generalizada da mucosa periodontal / peri-implantar aumentam a probabilidade de peri-implantite.

Use of alveolar distraction osteogenesis for anterior maxillary defect reconstruction.

Alveolar osteogenic distraction (AOD) is a biological process through which new bone formation occurs between bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction. This case report described the oral rehabilitation with dental implants of a patient with a vertical bone defect in the maxillary anterior region using the AOD technique. The patient presented with absence of the teeth 22, 21, 11, and 12 associated with a vertical bone defect. The AOD was performed using a supported osteodistractor device surgically installed with subsequent daily activations. After 21 days, the ideal positioning of bone fragment was confirmed and activation was ceased. Five months after the initial surgery, two dental implants were installed in the region of teeth 12 and 22. An FP3 metal-ceramic prosthesis was installed offering satisfactory esthetic results. In conclusion, the use of AOD to increase the alveolar ridge was effective and ensured rehabilitation with dental implants.

Successful Use of Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Healing of Sinus Membrane Perforation: A Case Report.

PURPOSE: The aim of this case report was to demonstrate the repair of a large sinus membrane perforation related to a sinus floor augmentation procedure, using leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF), for subsequent rehabilitation of a partially edentulous patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient presented the absence of teeth numbers 18, 17, and 16, associated with insufficient bone height because of the maxillary sinus pneumatization. A maxillary inlay bone graft was proposed, however, during the sinus floor augmentation procedure, a large portion of the sinus membrane was ruptured. To avoid interruption of the surgical procedure, membrane mending was proposed using L-PRF and collagen membranes. RESULTS: After 8 months, 2 external hexagon connection dental implants were placed in the 16 and 17 teeth regions, and a screw-retained implant-supported prosthesis was installed. CONCLUSION: The use of L-PRF associated with collagen membrane was efficient for the sealing of the sinus membrane perforation and enabled bone formation for subsequent implant installation.

Multidisciplinary approach to oral rehabilitation with dental implants after gunshot injury: A clinical report.

This clinical report describes a multidisciplinary approach to treat a patient with edentulism and a severe anatomic defect in the mandible caused by a gunshot injury by using an implant-fixed complete dental prosthesis. An immediate loading interim implant-fixed complete dental prosthesis in the mandible associated with a maxillary removable complete denture prosthesis was initially provided to restore the intermaxillary relation. Nasal floor elevation and maxillary sinus augmentation were subsequently performed to increase the maxillary bone volume. Definitive implant-fixed complete dental prostheses were placed in both arches in order to rehabilitate this initially compromised anatomic condition, which ensured patient satisfaction and improvement in masticatory function and esthetics.

Survival/Success of Dental Implants with Acid-Etched Surfaces: A Retrospective Evaluation After 8 to 10 Years

Abstract The aim of this study was to conduct a retrospective evaluation of the survival and success rates of dental implants with acid-etched surfaces after 8-10 years of function. Forty-four patients who received 183 implants 8-10 years ago were evaluated. Clinical examinations were performed around the implants and natural teeth. The following parameters were measured: visible plaque index (VPI), marginal bleeding index (MBI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachment level (CAL). To considerer an implant as a success case, the following criteria were considered: absence of peri-implant infection and suppuration, absence of implant mobility, absence of persistent pain and dysesthesia and absence of radiolucency around the implant. Overall, 178 implants were categorized as surviving (97.3%), 155 were categorized as successful (84.7%), 5 implants (2.7%) were lost (1 in the maxilla and 4 in the mandible), and 3 implants were not under functional load (2.0 %). 20 implants were diagnosed with peri-implantitis. Thus, the survival rate was 97% and the success rate was 85%. In conclusion, implants with acid-etched surfaces showed high survival and success rates after a period of 8 to 10 years of function.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente a taxa de sobrevivência e sucesso de implantes com superfície tratada por ataque ácido após 8-10 anos de função. Um total de 44 pacientes que receberam 183 implantes há 8-10 anos foram avaliados. Foi realizado exame clínico de todos os dentes e implantes presentes na cavidade bucal. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: índice de placa visível (IPV), índice de sangramento gengival (ISG), profundidade de sondagem (PS), sangramento à sondagem (SS), nível clínico de inserção (NCI). Para a classificação de sucesso dos implantes foram considerados os seguintes critérios: ausência de infecção peri-implantar com supuração, ausência de mobilidade, ausência de dor persistente ou disestesia e ausência de radiolucência contínua ao redor do implante. Após avaliação, 178 (97.3%) implantes foram classificados como sobreviventes, 155 (84.7%) aderiram aos critérios de sucesso, 5 implantes (2.7%) foram perdidos (1 na maxila e 4 na mandíbula) e 3 implantes (2.0%) não estavam em função. 20 (11%) implantes foram diagnosticados com peri-implantite. Dessa forma, a taxa de sobrevivência foi de 97% e a taxa de sucesso de 85%. Pode-se concluir que os implantes com superfície tratada por ataque ácido apresentaram altas taxas de sobrevivência e sucesso após 8-10 em função.

Free Gingival Graft to Increase Keratinized Mucosa after Placing of Mandibular Fixed Implant-Supported Prosthesis.

Insufficiently keratinized tissue can be increased surgically by free gingival grafting. The presence or reconstruction of keratinized mucosa around the implant can facilitate restorative procedure and allow the maintenance of an oral hygiene routine without irritation or discomfort to the patient. The aim of this clinical case report is to describe an oral rehabilitation procedure of an edentulous patient with absence of keratinized mucosa in the interforaminal area, using a free gingival graft associated with a mandibular fixed implant-supported prosthesis. The treatment included the manufacturing of a maxillary complete denture and a mandibular fixed implant-supported prosthesis followed by a free gingival graft to increase the width of the mandibular keratinized mucosa. Free gingival graft was obtained from the palate and grafted on the buccal side of interforaminal area. The follow-up of 02 and 12 months after mucogingival surgery showed that the free gingival graft promoted peri-implant health, hygiene, and patient comfort. Clinical Significance. The free gingival graft is an effective treatment in increasing the width of mandibular keratinized mucosa on the buccal side of the interforaminal area and provided an improvement in maintaining the health of peri-implant tissues which allows for better oral hygiene.

Survival/Success of Dental Implants with Acid-Etched Surfaces: A Retrospective Evaluation After 8 to 10 Years.

The aim of this study was to conduct a retrospective evaluation of the survival and success rates of dental implants with acid-etched surfaces after 8-10 years of function. Forty-four patients who received 183 implants 8-10 years ago were evaluated. Clinical examinations were performed around the implants and natural teeth. The following parameters were measured: visible plaque index (VPI), marginal bleeding index (MBI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachment level (CAL). To considerer an implant as a success case, the following criteria were considered: absence of peri-implant infection and suppuration, absence of implant mobility, absence of persistent pain and dysesthesia and absence of radiolucency around the implant. Overall, 178 implants were categorized as surviving (97.3%), 155 were categorized as successful (84.7%), 5 implants (2.7%) were lost (1 in the maxilla and 4 in the mandible), and 3 implants were not under functional load (2.0 %). 20 implants were diagnosed with peri-implantitis. Thus, the survival rate was 97% and the success rate was 85%. In conclusion, implants with acid-etched surfaces showed high survival and success rates after a period of 8 to 10 years of function.

Histological analysis and gene expression profile following augmentation of the anterior maxilla using rhBMP-2/ACS versus autogenous bone graft.

AIM: The objective of this report was to present histological characteristics and gene expression profile of newly formed bone following horizontal augmentation of the atrophic anterior maxilla using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in an absorbable collagen sponge carrier (rhBMP-2/ACS) versus an autogenous bone graft (ABG). METHODS: Bone core biopsies from 24 subjects participating in a randomized clinical trial were obtained at dental implant placement, 6 months following alveolar ridge augmentation using rhBMP-2/ACS (rhBMP-2 at 1.5 mg/ml; total dose 4.2 mg) or a particulate ABG harvested from the mandibular retro-molar region. A titanium mesh was used to provide wound stability and space for bone formation. Analysis included histological/histometric observations and gene expression profile of the newly formed bone. RESULTS: rhBMP-2/ACS yielded bone marrow rich in capillaries, undifferentiated cells and bone lining cells compared with the ABG (p = 0.002). Whereas no significant differences were observed in total bone fraction (p = 0.53), non-vital bone particles trapped in lamellar vital bone were observed in the ABG group (p < 0.001). Real-time PCR showed greater BMP-2 and RUNX2 expression for rhBMP-2/ACS over the ABG (p = 0.001 and 0.0021, respectively), while the ABG exhibited greater expression of RANKL:OPG, BSP and OPN over rhBMP-2/ACS (p = 0.01, 0.005 and 0.0009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that formative biological processes explain bone formation following implantation of rhBMP-2/ACS, whereas remodelling, resorptive/formative processes, characterizes sites receiving ABGs.

Use of a palatal pedicle flap for closure of an oroantral fistula / Fechamento de fístula bucossinusal com retalho palatino pediculado

Sinus lifting has become a routine procedure in modern implant dentistry. Despite its predictability, this type of surgery may eventually lead to serious complications and sequelae. Most of the time, such complications are due to technical failures, such as perforation of the sinus membrane during surgery, which may eventually lead to graft loss due to infection within the sinus, which finds its drainage path into the mouth and leads to an oroantral communication (OAC). Epithelization of such a draining duct characterizes an oroantral fistula (OAF). This report presents the use of a palatal pedicle flap to successfully close an OAF in a patient who had previously undergone a sinus lifting procedure. Several surgical techniques may be used in the closure of an OAF, and the choice of a particular technique is subject to the characteristics and location of the communication as well as to the preference of the surgeon. The palatal pedicle flap was successfully chosen in the present case report. The palatal pedicle flap was considered an adequate option for closure of an OAF in a single-stage surgical procedure, with no loss of either keratinized mucosa or buccal sulcus depth in the area of the fistula.

A cirurgia de elevação da mucosa do seio maxilar para enxerto ósseo e posterior colocação de implantes osseointegráveis vem se tornando um procedimento de rotina na implantodontia moderna. Embora previsível, em alguns casos, tal procedimento, pode levar a complicações e sequelas consideráveis. Na maioria das vezes, essas complicações são ocasionadas por falhas técnicas, como a perfuração da membrana sinusal no momento transcirúrgico, o que pode acarretar perda do enxerto devido a um processo infeccioso no interior do seio maxilar, cuja via de drenagem acaba provocando a comunicação com a cavidade oral. A fístula bucossinusal é caracterizada pela persistência e epitelização desse pertuito. Neste relato é apresentado um caso de fechamento de fístula bucossinusal com o uso de um retalho palatino pediculado, em um paciente que havia desenvolvido um processo infeccioso, após ter sido submetido à realização de uma cirurgia para a elevação do seio maxilar. A cirurgia para o fechamento das comunicações bucossinusais apresenta técnicas variadas, que podem ser eleitas de acordo com as preferências do operador, além da localização e características da comunicação. Para o presente relato de caso, a técnica do retalho palatino pediculado foi eleita para o tratamento cirúrgico, proporcionando a cura do paciente. A técnica do retalho palatino pediculado mostrou-se uma opção adequada para o fechamento da fístula bucossinusal em um único ato cirúrgico, sem perda de mucosa ceratinizada ou diminuição do sulco vestibular na região da fístula.

Prevalence and Possible Risk Factors of Peri-implantitis: A Concept Review.

AIM: The purpose of this review is to estimate the prevalence of peri-implantitis, as well as to determine possible risk factors associated with its development in patients treated with oral implants. BACKGROUND: Although implant therapy has been identified as a successful and predictable treatment for partially and fully edentulous patients, complications and failures can occur. Peri-implantitis is considered a biologic complication that results in bone loss around implants and may lead to implant treatment failure. RESULTS: A great variation has been observed in the literature regarding the prevalence of peri-implantitis according to the diagnostic criteria used to define peri-implantitis. The prevalence ranges from 4.7 to 43% at implant level, and from 8.9 to > 56% at patient level. Many risk factors that may lead to the establishment and progression of peri-implantitis have been suggested. There is strong evidence that presence and history of periodontitis are potential risk factors for peri-implantitis. Cigarette smoking has not yet been conclusively established as a risk factor for peri-implantitis, although extra care should be taken with dental implant in smokers. Other risk factors, such as diabetes, genetic traits, implant surface roughness and presence of keratinized mucosa still require further investigation. CONCLUSION: Peri-implantitis is not an uncommon complication following implant therapy. A higher prevalence of peri-implantitis has been identified for patients with presence or history of periodontal disease and for smokers. Until now, a true risk factor for peri-implantitis has not been established. Supportive maintenance program is essential for the long-term success of treatments with oral implants. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The knowledge of the real impact of peri-implantitis on the outcome of treatments with oral implants as well as the identification of risk factors associated to this inflammatory condition are essential for the development of supportive maintenance programs and the establishment of prevention protocols.

Reabilitação protética de maxila anterior atrófica enxertada com osso autógeno: relato de caso clínico com acompanhamento longitudinal de um ano / Prosthetic rehabilitation of atrophic anterior maxilla grafted with autologous bone: a case report with a 1-year follow-up

O tratamento reabilitador com utilização de implantes em áreas estéticas, muitas vezes, necessita de procedimentos de enxertia óssea prévia para o restabelecimento das estruturas anatômicas reabsorvidas. O aumento ósseo horizontal do rebordo alveolar tem sido indicado para correção de rebordos com espessura insuficiente para instalação de implantes. Neste tipo de cirurgia, o uso de telas de titânio como mantenedoras tridimensionais de espaços para formação óssea tem se mostrado uma modalidade segura e previsível. Neste trabalho, foi reportada a reabilitação protética de um caso clínico em que o restabelecimento ósseo anatômico na região de pré-maxila edêntula foi realizado utilizando-se osso autógeno particulado e tela de titânio. Após seis meses da cirurgia inicial foram instalados dois implantes e, após o período cicatricial de seis meses, foram carregados com prótese provisória, sendo acompanhados por um ano através de parâmetros clínicos e radiográficos. A partir de então, foi confeccionada a prótese definitiva. De maneira geral, este caso clínico demonstra o sucesso obtido na reconstrução do rebordo alveolar residual parcialmente edêntulo, por meio de enxerto ósseo autógeno associado à malha de titânio, permitindo a osseointegração de implantes e o suporte de cargas mastigatórias.

Implant-supported dental rehabilitation in aesthetic areas often requires bone-grafting procedures in order to reconstruct the previously resorbed anatomic structures. Horizontal augmentation has been indicated in the presence of insufficient bone thickness prior to the installation of implants. The use of titanium meshes as a tridimensional space-maintaining structure for bone growth has been reported as a safe and predictable procedure. In this paper we report the prosthetic rehabilitation of a clinical case in which the bone anatomy of an edentulous anterior maxilla was re-established through the use of particulate autologous bone graft and titanium mesh. Six months after the grafting surgery two dental implants were installed. After the six-month osseointegration period the implants were loaded with provisional prostheses and followed-up through clinical and radiographic parameters for one more year, period after which definitive prosthesis were installed. This report demonstrates that dental implants are able to successfully osseointegrate and withstand mid-term masticatory forces when installed in a partially edentulous residual alveolar ridge, which was previously reconstructed using a titanium mesh and particulate autologous bone graft.

Calvarial autogenous bone graft for maxillary ridge and sinus reconstruction for rehabilitation with dental implants.

Autogenous bone grafting is the gold-standard technique for bone augmentation procedures prior to implant placement. If the amount of available intraoral donor bone is insufficient, it is necessary to harvest bone graft from extraoral sites, such as calvaria. Although this technique is well established, only a few case reports show the histological analysis of the grafted bone at the moment of implant placement. This article reports the case of a 48-year-old female patient with a critical atrophic maxillary ridge reconstructed using autogenous calvarial bone graft prior to implant placement, with clinical and histological evaluation. Bone was collected under general anesthesia from the parietal bone. The outer cortical originated the bone blocks, and the medullar bone layer between was collected to be used in the sinus augmentation procedure, together with 5 of the bone blocks triturated. Six months after bone augmentation, 8 implants were placed in the grafted area and 2 biopsies were retrieved (anterior and the posterior regions), allowing the visualization of the bone-remodeling process in the grafted areas. The patient had a stable recovery. Our results showed that although necrotic bone could still be seen in the outer layer of the grafted area, the interface between this necrotic bone and the already remodeled bone was consistent with biocompatibility. Two-year radiographic evaluation showed success of the grafts and the implants in supporting an esthetic and functionally stable prosthesis. Summarizing, calvarial bone grafts are a viable alternative for the attainment of adequate bone volume prior to implant placement.

Utilização da rhBMP-2 para aumento ósseo na região anterior de maxila: relato de caso clínico com reabilitação protética provisória / Alveolar bone augmentation in the anterior maxilla using rhbmp-2: a case report with provisional prosthetic rehabilitation

O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar um caso clínico com implantes instalados na região anterior da maxila submetida ao procedimento de aumento ósseo horizontal com rhBMP-2. Uma paciente do sexo feminino, 52 anos, com severa perda óssea na região anterior da maxila constatada por tomografia computadorizada, recebeu rhBMP-2 associado a esponjas de colágeno bovino tipo 1 e malha de titânio fixada por parafusos específicos. Após seis meses de cicatrização, foi possível verificar na tomografia uma imagem hiperdensa correspondente ao volume ósseo mineralizado neoformado, e dois implantes foram instalados nas regiões 12 e 22. Após novos seis meses, os implantes foram expostos e os procedimentos reabilitadores foram iniciados. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: índice de placa visível e sangramento marginal, profundidade de sondagem e sangramento a sondagem, estabilidade pelo método de frequência de ressonância e perda óssea marginal. A rhBMP-2 demonstrou ser um substituto viável para o osso autógeno no procedimento de aumento ósseo horizontal de maxila atrófica, possibilitando reabilitação com implantes dentários. O tecido ósseo neoformado foi capaz de proporcionar a osseointegração dos implantes e suportar cargas mastigatórias pelo período de seis meses. Com base nos parâmetros avaliados, pôde-se concluir que os implantes instalados na região anterior da maxila submetida ao procedimento de aumento ósseo horizontal com rhBMP-2 apresentaram sucesso a curto prazo.