[Denosumab and fracture risk in kidney transplant].

Background: Kidney transplant patients bear a higher risk of bone disease. The monoclonal antibody Denosumab (Den), by binding RANKL, reduces osteoclastic activity and increases mineral density (BMD), thus limiting the risk of bone fractures. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of Den in kidney transplant patients who developed bone fractures. Methods: Thirteen kidney transplant recipients (aged from 50 to 79 years 7M and 6F, with an average 9,9 years follow up after transplantation, and nearly normal renal function (GFR 62±15 ml/min/1.73m2), who developed low-energy vertebral fractures (21 dorsal and 1 lumbar) after transplantation, had been evaluated for 2 years with Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and morphometric absorptiometry (MXA) while receiving Den (four 60-mg doses). Data for vertebral heights and posterior-anterior height ratios (P/A), and BMD values for vertebral, femoral, and radius were obtained. The immunosuppressive regimen consisted of CNI and MMF, and 8 out of 13 were taking prednisone. A fixed dose of 450.000 UI-year of cholecalciferol was prescribed to all patients. Whole-PTH, 25-OHD3, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also evaluated. Results: After 2 years of Den treatment, we observed a significative increase in vertebral T-score (from -2.12±0.35 to -1.67±0.35; p < 0.02), while T score of femoral neck and radius did not show significative variation (-1.86±0.21 versus -1.84±0.23 and -3.04±0.42 versus -3.19±0.45, respectively). We found a lower incidence of fracture/patient-year pre and post Den 0.17 [95 CI 0.11-0.24] vs 0.07 [95% CI 0.02-0.3] respectively. No significative variations were observed in whole-PTH (89.31±19.9 pg/ml versus 68.38±9.8 pg/ml), 25OHD3 (24.02±2.75ug/L versus 26.67±2.29 ug/L) and alkaline phosphatase (78.46±12.73UI/L versus 56.77±7.14UI/L). No adverse events were registered. Conclusions: Treatment with Den improve BMD in vertebral bone and possibly reduces the risk of low-energy vertebral fractures in kidney transplant patients.

What Are the Options Beyond SPF 50+? A View on Consumer Behavior and the Sensory Features of Sunscreens.

Skin cancer rates have been on the rise for decades and are still growing in spite of the availability of high-performance sunscreens that provide sufficient protection against the damaging effect of UV radiation everywhere on this globe. This paper investigates behaviors and attitudes to sunscreen use that may cause an increased UV exposure risk, for example, not using sunscreen at all. Alongside educational reasons, there is a link to some aspects of applying sunscreens that seem to be disliked universally. Therefore, the sensory features of 73 globally sourced commercial sunscreens were measured using quantitative descriptive sensory analysis. This revealed the ranges of sensory intensity currently available, which were then compared with what consumers really want, and showed that only a few sunscreens currently fulfill the needs of people in the most abundant consumer group - "dry touch seekers." All this contributes to insufficient or no use at all of sunscreens during sun exposure, which could result in significant UV dosages that turn out to be relevant for skin cancer development. A more integral approach to improving sunscreen formulas, along with more targeted communication to connect more effectively with consumers who currently show those avoidance behaviors, is needed.

Home blood pressure measurement as a systematic tool for clinical practice in CKD patients: a real-world picture.

BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is very common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and its prevalence increases with lowering estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Blood pressure (BP) control is a cornerstone in the treatment of CKD patients but still most treatment decisions are based on office BP measurement (OBPM). The aim of this cross-sectional, retrospective study is to investigate the prevalence of hypertension phenotypes in CKD patients and whether different home (HBPM) or OBPM are associated with a different CKD stage and cardiovascular comorbidities. METHODS: We analyzed 560 consecutive patients (359 men, age 70±13 years), affected by stage 3-5 CKD, who performed HBPM recording; OBPM during a single visit was also assessed. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as OBPM values ≥140/90 mmHg and HBPM values ≥135/85 mmHg, respectively. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic HBPM values were lower than OBPM values. A white coat effect (systolic BP +18±12 mmHg) was detected in 62.5%, while a masked effect (systolic BP -14±10 mmHg) was detected in 22.7%. No relationship was found between BP differences and body weight, CKD stage, eGFR or presence of diabetes. Based on OBPM, 18.6% of patients showed controlled systolic and diastolic BP, whereas 37.8% had sustained hypertension. White-coat hypertension was detected in 23.4% and Masked hypertension in 12.1%. The multiple logistic regression model showed that masked uncontrolled hypertensive patients showed a higher probability of having ischemic heart disease (OR=2.54 [1.02-6.36]), while sustained hypertension was associated with an increased prevalence of stroke in comparison to normotensive or true control BP group (OR=4.72 [1.30-17.07]). Age, gender, diabetes or CKD stage, were not different among the four hypertension phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a quite high rate of masked uncontrolled hypertension and of white coat hypertension in stage 3-5ND CKD patients. Office BP measurement, as a single tool, is an inadequate diagnostic procedure in the clinical management of CKD patients. HBPM should be routinely implemented for identifying hypertensive phenotypes and then for avoiding misdiagnosis and mistreatment of pre-dialysis CKD patients in a tertiary care setting.

The extra-phosphate intestinal load from medications: is it a real concern?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Reduction of intestinal load of phosphorus is important for the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder (MBD). However, this strategy is limited by patients' poor adherence to dietary prescription and by the existence of hidden sources of phosphorus. In addition to food containing phosphate-based additives, it was recently claimed that medications may contribute to increase the load of phosphate (P), mainly present as an excipient. To identify medications containing P as an excipient, we performed a systematic screening of medications which could potentially be prescribed for chronic oral therapies in CKD patients. METHODS: We examined 311 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and 3763 branded or generic medications, identified by the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) international classification system. RESULTS: Sixty APIs (19.3 %) included at least one medication containing P as an excipient. In total, 472 medications (12.5 %) listed P as an excipient. The prevalence of medications containing phosphate as an excipient was highest for oral antidiabetic medications (23.8 %), followed by antidepressant (19.2 %), antihypertensive (17.5 %) and gastro-intestinal tract (16.4 %) medications. All other classes showed a prevalence <10 %. Within each ATC class, the APIs at risk of containing phosphate were identified as well as the prevalence of both branded and generic medications. Calcium hydrogen phosphate was the most prevalent form (77.7 %) of phosphate as an excipient. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the prevalence of phosphate-containing medications is quite low and it is possible to identify, within each drug category, the medications containing P as an excipient. Calcium phosphate, the most prevalent form, has a lower rate of intestinal absorption than sodium phosphate salts. We did not measure the actual P content, but existing data (measured or estimated) show that it is generally low, except for a few medications that can be easily identified. Thus, the extra-phosphate load from medications may be of concern only in special cases, which could be further limited when correct information and prescriptions are given. The extra-phosphate load from P-containing food and beverages remains the main concern of hidden phosphorus sources in CKD patients.