Prognostic heterogeneity among patients with chronic stable coronary disease: determinants of long-term mortality after treatment with percutaneous intervention.

AIMS: To evaluate the risk and predictors of death in a large population of patients with stable coronary disease treated with percutaneous intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study population comprised 1,276 patients with chronic angina or silent ischaemia who underwent elective coronary angioplasty. Baseline and in-hospital mortality data were prospectively collected for all patients during the index hospitalisation. Post-discharge outcome was assessed at out-patient clinic, by review of the patients' records, or direct phone contact. Deaths were classified as cardiac and non-cardiac. Age, peripheral arterial disease, congestive heart failure with NYHA class >or= III, triple-vessel disease, and procedural success (i.e. angiographic success for all lesions in the absence of peri-procedural infarction) remained as multivariate independent predictors of death. For the entire population 4-year cumulative all-cause and cardiac mortality were respectively 5.4% and 4.1%. Four-year mortality for patients without any multivariate predictor was 2.4%, while for patients with two or more predictors the death rate was 16.3% after four years. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with stable coronary disease undergoing percutaneous treatment have an overall low mortality rate after four years. Nevertheless, stable patients comprise a heterogeneous population in terms of risk profile, ranging from patients at very low risk of late death to individuals with a poor long-term prognosis.

Muito baixo peso ponderal em pacientes tratados com angioplastia coronária: impacto na mortalidade precoce e tardia / Very low ponderal weight in patients treated with coronary angioplasty: impact on early and late mortality

Fundamentos: Pacientes de muito baixo peso tratados com intervenção coronária percutânea têm maior risco de complicações durante a internação. Até o momento, não existem estudos para avaliar o efeito a longo prazo do baixo peso após angioplastia coronária na população brasileira. Método: Um total de 3.687 pacientes foi separado em dois grupos, de acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), calculado como peso (em quilogramas) dividido pela altura (em metros) ao quadrado: grupo baixo peso (IMC ≤ 20 kg/m²; 125 pacientes) e grupo não-baixo peso (IMC > 20 kg/m², 3.562 pacientes). A mortalidade intrahospitalar foi avaliada prospectivamente durante a internação inicial. Após a alta, a ocorrência de óbito foi acessada por meio da revisão dos registros hospitalares e contato telefônico. Resultados: Pacientes com IMC ≤ 20 kg/m² apresentavam peso, altura e IMC médios de 49,4 ± 7,1 kg, 1,62 ± 0,10 m, e 18,7 ± 1,1 kg/m², respectivamente. O peso, a altura e o IMC de pacientes com IMC > 20 kg/m² foram de 74,4 ± 13,8 kg, 1,64 ± 0,09 m, e 27,3 ± 4,3 kg/m², respectivamente (p < 0,01 para todas as características). Pacientes do grupo baixo peso apresentaram mortalidade significativamente maior que pacientes com IMC > 20 kg/m² após 2,5 anos da angioplastia (19,4% vs. 6,9%, respectivamente; hazard ratio [HR]: 2,51, intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%]: 1,61-3,91; p < 0,01). Após o ajuste multivariado para a presença de outros fatores de risco, a presença de IMC ≤ 20 kg/m² persistiu como fator independente associado a aumento da mortalidade (HR: 2,04; IC 95%: 1,28-3,25; p < 0,01)...

Background: Patients with very low weight treated with percutaneous coronary intervention have a greater risk of complications during hospitalization. So far, there have been no studies to evaluate the long-term effect of low weight after coronary angioplasty in the Brazilian population. Methods: A total of 3,687 patients were divided into two groups according to their body mass index (BMI), calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the height in metres squared: low-weight group (BMI < 20 kg/m²; 125 patients), and non-low-weight group (BMI > 20 kg/m²; 3,562 patients). The in-hospital mortality was evaluated prospectively during first admission. After discharge, death occurrence was assessed by reviewing hospital records and through telephone contact. Results: Patients with BMI ≤ 20 kg/m² presented weight, height, and BMI averages of 49.4 ± 7.1 kg, 1.62 ± 0.10 m, and 18.7 ± 1.1 kg/m², respectively. The weight, height and BMI of patients with BMI > 20 kg/m² was 74.4 ± 13.8 kg, 1.64 ± 0.09 m, and 27.3 ± 4.3 kg/m², respectively (p < 0.01 for all characteristics). Patients from the low-weight group showed significantly higher mortality than patients with BMI > 20 kg/m² 2.5 years after angioplasty (19.4% vs. 6.9%, respectively; hazard ratio [HR]: 2.51; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.61-3.91; p < 0.01). After multivariate adjustment for other risk factors, the presence of BMI ≤ 20 kg/m² persisted as an independent factor associated to increased mortality (HR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.28-3.25; p < 0.01)...

Síndrome coronária aguda sem supradesnível de ST de alto risco: a mortalidade intra-hospitalar é proporcionl ao retardo para a intervenção / High risk unstable coronary syndrome: in-hospital mortality is increased with delayed intervention

Fundamentos: Estudos recentes mostram que uma abordagem invasiva rotineira para pacientes com síndrome coronária aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST diminui eventos em relação a uma abordagem conservadora, mas o tempo ideal para esta abordagem ainda é motivo de debate. Método: No período de maio/2003 a novembro/ 2005, 466 pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio, sem supradesnível do segmento ST, foram submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea, em nossa instituição. Excluímos aqueles pacientes com instabilidade hemodinâmica à admissão. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com o tempo entre a admissão e a realização da angioplastia: 1) Grupo Precoce (intervenção ≤ 6 horas) com 152 pacientes e 2) Grupo Tardio (intervenção >6 horas) com 314 pacientes. Foram analisados os dados do procedimento e a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Resultados: Os dois grupos foram semelhantes quanto às suas características clínicas, exceto pela maior freqüência de cirurgia coronária prévia no Grupo Tardio. Pacientes no Grupo Precoce foram tratados com uma mediana de 3 horas (intervalo interquartil 2-4 horas) e, no Grupo Tardio, após 23 horas (intervalo interquartil 14-48 horas). Pacientes tratados precocemente apresentaram mortalidade intrahospitalar significativamente menor que os pacientes do Grupo Tardio (0,7 vs. 4,8%; p=0,02). À análise multivariada, idade, insuficiência cardíaca e tempo de tratamento foram identificados como preditores independentes de óbito hospitalar. Conclusão: A realização de angioplastia precoce parece reduzir o risco óbito intra-hospitalar em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnível do segmento ST tratados no dia-a-dia. O impacto clínico da implementação de protocolos de tratamento acelerado para estes pacientes deve ser avaliado no ambiente de estudos randomizados.

Background: Several studies have shown that routine invasive strategies reduce major events compared to a conservative strategy for patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation. However, the optimal time to institute this approach is still debatable. Methods: From May 2003 to November 2005, 466 patients with myocardial infarction without ST elevation, excluding patients with hemodynamic instability, were treated by percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in our hospital. Patients were divided in 2 groups according to time from admission to PCI: 1) Early Group (≤6 h) involving 152 patients and 2) Late Group (>6 h) including 314 patients. Procedure data and in-hospital mortality were analyzed. Results: Baseline clinical characteristics were similar in both groups, except for prior CABG that was more frequent in late group. Median time from admission to PCI was 3 hours (interquartile interval: 2-4hours) in the Early Group and 23 hours (interquartile interval: 14-48hours) in the Late Group. In-hospital mortality was significantly reduced in the Early Group (0.7 vs. 4.8%; p=0.02). Age, heart failure and time from admission to PCI were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Early PCI for myocardial infarction without ST elevation seems to reduce the inhospital mortality in the daily practice. The clinical impac of this accelerated invasive strategy needs to be evaluated in randomized trials.

Incidência e preditores de óbito precoce e tardio em octagenários brasileiros tratados com intervenção coronária percutânea / Brazilian octogenarians treated with coronary intervention: incidence and predictors for early and late death

Introdução: Pacientes idosos com coronariopatia obstrutiva apresentam-se, freqüentemente, como um dilema clínico de difícil manejo, comumente necessitando o controle concomitante de múltiplas comorbidades. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar a sobrevida precoce e tardia de pacientes octagenários brasileiros tratados com angioplastia coronária. Método: Um total de 246 pacientes consecutivos com idade ≥ 80 anos, tratados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, com intervenção coronária percutânea, foram incluídos. Características basais e do procedimento foram coletadas, prospectivamente. Após a alta, a ocorrência de óbito foi avaliada por meio da revisão dos registros hospitalares e de contato telefônico. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes era de 83,7 ± 3,0 anos (mínimo 80 anos, máximo 94 anos). A sobrevida global aos 30 dias, 1 ano e 2 anos foi de 86,7%, 78,1% e 76,0%, respectivamente. Somente o infarto agudo à admissão e a presença de doença coronária triarterial foram identificados como preditores multivariados de óbito (Infarto à admissão: HR ajustado 1,76; IC95% 1,08 ­ 2,87; p=0,02. Doença triarterial: HR ajustado 1,83; IC95% 1,12 ­ 2,99; p=0,02). Pacientes sem infarto à admissão ou doença triarterial apresentaram sobrevida de 85,7% após 2 anos, enquanto somente 56,8% com ambas as características estavam vivos ao término do seguimento. Conclusão: Octagenários tratados com angioplastia coronária apresentam mortalidade geral relativamente alta, principalmente no primeiro ano após o procedimento. No entanto, o subgrupo de pacientes sem características de risco apresentam boa sobrevida pósprocedimento, ao longo dos dois primeiros anos de evolução.

Background: Elderly patients with obstructive coronary disease are frequently a clinical dilemma, usually in need of management for multiple comorbidities. The present study aims at evaluating the short- and long-term survival of Brazilian octogenarians treated with coronary angioplasty. Methods: A total of 246 consecutive patients aged ≥ 80 years, treated with percutaneous coronary intervention in the Brazilian Public Health System comprise the study population. Baseline and procedural characteristics were collected prospectively. After discharge the occurrence of death was evaluated through the review of medical records and phone contact. Results: Mean age was 83.7 ± 3.0 years (range 80 years to 94 years). The overall survival at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years were 86.7%, 78.1% and 76.0%, respectively. Only acute infarction at admission and the presence of triplevessel disease were identified as multivariate predictors of death (Infarction at admission: adjusted HR 1.76; 95%CI 1.08 ­ 2.87; p=0.02. Triple-vessel disease: adjusted HR 1.83; 95%CI 1.12 ­ 2.99; p=0.02). Patients without infarction at admission or triple-vessel disease reported an 85.7% survival rate after 2 years, while only 56.8% were alive after 2 years when both conditions were present. Conclusions: Octogenarians treated with coronary angioplasty report an overall high mortality rate, especially in the first year postprocedure. However, the subgroup of patients who are not high risk shows good survival rate along the first two years after the procedure.

Angiographic segment size in patients referred for coronary intervention is influenced by constitutional, anatomical, and clinical features.

BACKGROUND: Factors influencing the size of target vessels of patients referred for coronary intervention are poorly defined. We aimed to investigate in a large series of patients undergoing percutaneous intervention the relation of constitutional, anatomical, and clinical features with the reference diameter of coronary vessels treated with stenting. METHODS: A total of 4,850 de novo coronary lesions, non-ostial and non-bifurcational, located in native vessels were analyzed. The following pre-specified characteristics were analyzed to reflect the relation between constitutional, anatomical, and clinical features on reference vessel diameter: age, gender, height, weight, proximal location, vessel, diabetes, hypertension, multivessel disease, and clinical presentation. RESULTS: The average reference diameter was 2.66+/-0.50 mm. All pre-specified markers had a significant relation with the vessel reference diameter at univariate analysis, except by hypertension which showed a strong tendency. However, at multivariate analysis, only diabetes, proximal location, multivessel disease, clinical presentation, vessel, weight, and height were identified as independent predictors of reference vessel diameter. CONCLUSION: Reference diameter of coronary vessels at the site of lesions treated by stenting is significantly influenced by a variety of characteristics. We hypothesize that the treated segment size of patients undergoing stenting ultimately reflects the conjoint effect of several different factors, including constitutional, anatomical, and clinical features.