Resultados a largo plazo de la devascularización esofagogástrica, según técnica de Han, en el tratamiento de la hemorragia digestiva secundaria a varices esofagogástricas y trombosis portal / Long term results of periesophagogastric devascularization (Han technique) for esophagogastric variceal bleeding and portal thrombosis

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Duodenal involvement by seminomatous tumors

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Clipping for endoscopic perforations: initial success but late complication requiring surgery.

INTRODUCTION: This response discusses the article by Kim and colleagues entitled "endoscopic clip closure versus surgery for the treatment of iatrogenic colon perforations developed during diagnostic colonoscopy: a review of 115,285 patients". Iatrogenic colonoscopic perforation, although uncommon, implies serious management problems for endoscopists and surgeons. Nonoperative treatment currently is recommended under certain conditions, and endoscopic clips can primarily close iatrogenic perforations, helping to avoid surgery. Of the 27 colonoscopic perforation cases presented in the article by Kim and colleagues, 16 were managed by endoscopic clipping closure and 11 by primary surgery. Conservative treatment failed for three patients. Only perforation size obtained statistical significance among the nine variables contrasted between the 11 cases with primary surgery and the 13 cases with successful endoscopic clipping. The results for the three patients whose endoscopic closure failed are not reported. AUTHORS' OPINION: The authors of this letter think it would have been interesting if these three patients had been included in the analysis due to the high importance of discovering factors that can predict failure of endoscopic clipping for perforations. CONCLUSIONS: To call attention to possible late complications requiring surgery even when initial conservative management of endoscopic perforation succeeds, the authors of this letter present a case of a colocutaneous (actually, sigmoid-scrotal) fistula in a patient 2 weeks after an apparently successful closure of colonoscopic perforation with an "over-the-scope" clip.

High levels of proinflammatory cytokines, but not markers of tissue injury, in unaffected intestinal areas from patients with IBD.

Intestinal alterations in IBD are triggered and maintained by an overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, increased immune activation has been found in the adjacent intestinal areas without displaying any apparent histological alterations, however, the regulatory environment is not well established. Biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), from both affected and unaffected areas, and also from a group of colonic biopsies from healthy controls, were included in our study. Cytokines and markers of mucosal damage were analyzed by real-time PCR, and some of the results confirmed by western-blot and ELISA. Levels of IFNgamma, TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-23 were increased (above healthy controls) in both affected and unaffected areas from IBD. IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-27 were higher in affected areas compared to unaffected ones in UC but not CD. In general, a correlation was observed between mRNA levels of these cytokines and both iNOS and Granzyme B. SOCS-2 and SOCS-3 were also increased in the affected areas. In conclusion, the unaffected areas from IBD show increased levels of a restricted set of cytokines that may exert immune activating roles in these areas without being able to trigger tissue damage.

Facilitation and interference of the automatic information processing on a reaction time task to threat-relevant stimuli / Facilitación e interferencia del procesamiento automático de la información sobre una tarea de tiempo de reacción ante estímulos amenazantes

The purpose of this experiment was to study if the threat-relevant stimuli receive automatic processing when presented effectively masked in a priming paradigm. The prime consisted of an angry face (A) as threat-relevant stimulus and a face with neutral expression (N) as threat-irrelevant stimulus. The same stimuli (A and N) were used as target (or mask), giving four masking conditions (A/A, N/N, A/N and N/A). Furthermore, the target was considered an imperative stimulus for a reaction time (RT) task. Thirty-two subjects were exposed to 10 trials of each masking conditions with a stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) of 34 milliseconds (ms). The same number of subjects received the same trials, but with a SOA of 51 ms, this being an unmasking presentation of the stimulus. The results demonstrate that an effective masking presentation of a threat-relevant stimulus produces either facilitation or interference with the RT task, depending on whether the target (mask) is a threat-relevant or a threat-irrelevant stimulus

El objetivo de este experimento era estudiar si los estímulos amenazantes reciben procesamiento automático cuando son presentados eficazmente enmascarados en un paradigma de priming. El prime consistió en un rostro con expresión amenazante (A) y una cara con expresión neutra como estímulo irrelevante de amenaza (N). Los mismos estímulos fueron utilizados como target (o máscara), dando lugar a cuatro condiciones de enmascaramiento (A/A, N/N, A/N y N/A). Además, el target fue utilizado como un estímulo imperativo para una tarea de tiempo de reacción (TR). Treinta y dos sujetos fueron expuestos a 10 ensayos de cada condición de enmascaramiento con una asincronía del estímulo (SOA) de 34 milisegundos (ms). Otros tantos sujetos recibieron los mismos ensayos, pero con un SOA de 51 ms. Los resultados demuestran que la presentación eficazmente enmascarada de los estímulos amenazantes produce facilitación o interferencia con la tarea de TR, dependiendo de si el target (máscara) consiste en un estímulo relevante o irrelevante de amenaza