2023 Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia in Adults - Brazilian Sleep Association.

Chronic insomnia disorder (simplified in this document as insomnia) is an increasingly common clinical condition in society and a frequent complaint at the offices of different areas of health practice (particularly Medicine and Psychology). This scenario has been accompanied by a significant evolution in treatment, as well as challenges in approaching patients in an appropriately way. This clinical guideline, coordinated by the Brazilian Sleep Association and the Brazilian Association of Sleep Medicine and counting on the active participation of various specialists in the area, encompasses an update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia in adults. To this end, it followed a structured methodology. Topics of interest related to diagnosis were written based on theoretical framework, evidence in the literature, and professional experience. As for the topics related to the treatment of insomnia, a series of questions were developed based on the PICO acronym (P - Patient, problem, or population; I - Intervention; C - Comparison, control, or comparator; O - Outcome). The work groups defined the eligible options within each of these parameters. Regarding pharmacological interventions, only the ones currently available in Brazil or possibly becoming available in the upcoming years were considered eligible. Systematic reviews were conducted to help prepare the texts and define the level of evidence for each intervention. The final result is an objective and practical document providing recommendations with the best scientific support available to professionals involved in the management of insomnia.

Wearing-off in Parkinson's disease: neuropsychological differences between on and off periods.

BACKGROUND: Levodopa-associated motor fluctuations are common complications observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Although nonmotor fluctuations are a significant cause of morbidity, they frequently are not properly identified. Few studies have characterized the nonmotor emotional fluctuations and their relation to motor fluctuations. AIMS: The objective of the present study is to analyze the occurrence of fluctuations in anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as in cognitive function (memory, language, executive function, and attention), and their relation to motor fluctuations in PD patients presenting wearing-off phenomenon. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were assessed during the wearing on-off periods. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess anxiety and depression, respectively, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Weschler Memory Scale - digits (WMS) and Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA) for assessing executive functions, verbal memory, attention and work memory and verbal fluency, respectively. RESULTS: Patients presented higher depression and anxiety scores in the wearing-off period (P<0.05). Differences were also found in the semantic verbal fluency (P=0.017) and executive function (P=0.008) tests performance. CONCLUSIONS: Nonmotor symptoms such as anxiety and depression, verbal fluency, and executive function performance are influenced by motor fluctuations.

NREM sleep alpha and sigma activity in Parkinson's disease: evidence for conflicting electrophysiological activity?

OBJECTIVES: Sleep EEG spectral patterns were investigated in eight newly diagnosed, non-depressed, non-demented, drug-naïve Parkinson's disease patients compared to nine controls. METHODS: Mean relative spectral power density calculated for 0.25 Hz frequency bins and for classical EEG frequency bands. RESULTS: Differences between patients and controls were most prominent in non-REM sleep, specially around 8.6 Hz (slow alpha), 12.5 Hz (fast alpha/slow sigma) and 15 Hz (fast sigma). Slow alpha showed lower p-values over frontal and occipital electrodes, whereas fast sigma activity was more important on central and parietal sites. Significantly increased NREM sleep alpha activity was found in left and right frontal (Mann-Whitney U=12,000, p=.021; U=14,000, p=.036), left and right central (U=14,000, p=.036), left parietal and left occipital (U=13,000, p=.027; U=15,000, p=.046) areas. Increased sigma activity was found in right frontal (U=14,000, p=.036), left central (U=12,000, p=.021), left and right parietal (U=12,000, p=.021; U=13,000, p=.027) and left occipital (U=15,000, p=.046) areas. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitantly increased scalp EEG alpha and sigma activity was found during NREM sleep in initial Parkinson's disease. SIGNIFICANCE: These non-REM sleep microstructure changes may represent evidence for altered electrophysiological mechanisms leading to sleep-wake instability in early disease stages.

Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinsonis disease.

The present study demonstrates that blood samples can be used as a source of miRNA identification associated to Parkinson's disease (PD). A set of six differentially expressed microRNAs were identified. They form two groups according to their expression profile in control, non-treated, early-onset and treated Parkinson's disease subjects. While miR-1, miR-22* and miR-29 expression levels allowed to distinguish non-treated PD from healthy subjects, miR-16-2*, miR-26a2* and miR30a differentiated treated from untreated patients. This study is innovative in contributing to the development of effective PD biomarkers.

WHOQOL-OLD assessment of quality of life in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease: influence of sleep and depressive symptoms / Qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-OLD) em idosos com doença de Parkinson: influência de sintomas do sono e depressivos

OBJECTIVE: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease with a number of motor and non-motor features that can affect quality of life. In this study, we aimed to assess quality of life, as well as to evaluate the potential determinants of quality of life, such as sleep quality, motor and depressive symptoms, in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study in which we applied the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults in 57 Parkinson's disease patients over 60 years of age. RESULTS: Total World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults score was found to be associated with Parkinson's disease severity (rs = -0.43; p < 0.001). World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults scores for sensory abilities (facet 1) and social participation (facet 4) were higher among the patients with mild Parkinson's disease than among those in the more advanced stages (rs = -0.43; p < 0.001). Facet 1 scores were found to be associated with Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale score (rp = -0.46 and rp = 0.41; p < 0.001, respectively). The Geriatric Depression Scale score showed an association with the total score on the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults (rp = -0.70; p < 0.001) CONCLUSION: Quality of life in Parkinson's disease patients can be assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults. Greater Parkinson's disease severity can worsen patient quality of life, as can the presence of depressive symptoms.

OBJETIVO: A doença de Parkinson é uma enfermidade neurodegenerativa com diversas manifestações motoras e não-motoras que podem provocar impacto na qualidade de vida. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença de Parkinson com idade superior a 60 anos por meio do questionário World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults e possíveis fatores determinantes, tais como qualidade de sono, sintomas motores e depressivos. MÉTODO: Foi realizado estudo transversal avaliando a qualidade de vida pelo questionário World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults em 57 pacientes com doença de Parkinson. RESULTADOS: World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults total apresentou associação com a severidade da doença de Parkinson (r s= -0,43; p < 0,001). As facetas de habilidade sensorial e de participação social apresentaram maior pontuação nos indivíduos com estágio leve em comparação ao grupo com doença de Parkinson avançada. World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults (faceta-I) apresentou associação com Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburg e Escala de Sono na Doença de Parkinson (r p= -0,46 e r p = 0,41; p < 0,001, respectivamente). A Escala Geriátrica de Depressão apresentou associação com World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults (r p = -0,70; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença de Parkinson pode ser avaliada pelo questionário World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults e foi demonstrado que a severidade da doença de Parkinson e os sintomas depressivos podem comprometer negativamente a qualidade de vida.

WHOQOL-OLD assessment of quality of life in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease: influence of sleep and depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease with a number of motor and non-motor features that can affect quality of life. In this study, we aimed to assess quality of life, as well as to evaluate the potential determinants of quality of life, such as sleep quality, motor and depressive symptoms, in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study in which we applied the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults in 57 Parkinson's disease patients over 60 years of age. RESULTS: Total World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults score was found to be associated with Parkinson's disease severity (rs = -0.43; p < 0.001). World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults scores for sensory abilities (facet 1) and social participation (facet 4) were higher among the patients with mild Parkinson's disease than among those in the more advanced stages (rs = -0.43; p < 0.001). Facet 1 scores were found to be associated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale score (rp = -0.46 and rp = 0.41; p < 0.001, respectively). The Geriatric Depression Scale score showed an association with the total score on the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults (rp = -0.70; p < 0.001) CONCLUSION: Quality of life in Parkinson's disease patients can be assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults. Greater Parkinson's disease severity can worsen patient quality of life, as can the presence of depressive symptoms.

Psychometric properties of the Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale--Brazilian version.

Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) is a specific scale for the assessment of sleep disturbances in subjects with Parkinson's Disease (PD). This cross-sectional study set out to validate the PDSS in a Brazilian Portuguese Version (PDSS-BR). Ninety-five patients with PD participated in the study; their PD symptoms were evaluated by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS sections I-IV) and Hoehn and Yahr scale. Patients completed Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and PDSS-BR. PDSS-BR internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha: 0.82; all PDSS-BR items were significantly and positively associated with total score). Test-retest reliability for total PDSS-BR score was 0.94. PDSS-BR score was highly correlated with sleep PSQI scale (r(s) = -0.63; p < 0.0001) and moderately with ESS (r(s) = -0.32; p < 0.001) and UPDRS sections I (r(s) = -0.38; p < 0.0001) and II (r(s) = -0.36; p < 0.0001) and BDI (r(s) = -0.55; p < 0.0001). Depressive symptoms, as determined by the BDI, were associated with significantly worse quality of nocturnal sleep, as measured by the PDSS-BR. The psychometric attributes of the PDSS-BR were satisfactory and consistent with those of previous studies. In summary, PDSS-BR can be useful for clinical and research purposes in Brazil.

Electrophysiological correlates of sleep disturbance induced by acute and chronic administration of D-amphetamine.

Sleep disturbance is the strongest predictor of manic relapse and is considered one of the most important objective measures of treatment response in bipolar disorder (BD). However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sleep disturbance in BD are poorly understood. The administration of psychostimulants to rodents can trigger a number of manic-like behaviors. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effects of single and repeated D-amphetamine (AMPH) administration on sleep patterns in rats. Sleep was continuously monitored during light periods after single and repeated (7 days) injections of AMPH (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline in adult Wistar rats using electrocorticogram and electromyographic recordings. Acute injections of AMPH suppressed sleep for the first 2 h, and were followed by a gradual increase in the amount of sleep. Both slow wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) were compromised. Repeated exposure to AMPH led to a drastic disruption of the sleep-wake cycle that was mainly characterized by a decrease of PS during all time-points recorded in comparison to the saline group. Furthermore, both acute and chronic AMPH administration induced longer latencies to both SWS and PS. These findings suggest that AMPH produces profound sleep disturbances and decreases PS sleep. Given that some of these abnormalities are observed in individuals with BD, this animal model can provide a means to investigate neurobiological aspects of sleep disturbance in BD, as well as their response to mood stabilizers.

Quality of life in a Brazilian sample of patients with Parkinson's disease and their caregivers.

OBJECTIVE: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor disabilities and increasing dependence on others for daily life activities with consequent impact on patients' and caregivers' quality of life. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed in which quality of life was assessed by the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire in 21 patients with Parkinson's disease and their respective caregivers. RESULTS: Significant differences between patients and caregivers were found in physical (p < 0.001) and psychological (p = 0.002) domains. In the Parkinson's disease group there was a significant inverse correlation between the psychological domain and duration of disease (p = 0.01), as well as between social domain and severity of disease (p = 0.001). There was a positive correlation between physical domain scores and number of people living in the same house (p = 0.02). The only significant finding in the group of caregivers was an inverse correlation between the social domain and the patients' age (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Duration, severity of the disease and the number of people living in the same house were the most important predictors of quality of life of Parkinson's disease patients. The age of the patients was the only significant predictor found in the caregivers' quality of life. In order to complement our findings, further short-form questionnaires should be validated for Brazilian samples of Parkinson's disease.

Quality of life in a Brazilian sample of patients with Parkinson's disease and their caregivers / Qualidade de vida de uma amostra de pacientes brasileiros portadores da doença de Parkinson e seus cuidadores

OBJECTIVE: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor disabilities and increasing dependence on others for daily life activities with consequent impact on patients' and caregivers' quality of life. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed in which quality of life was assessed by the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire in 21 patients with Parkinson's disease and their respective caregivers. RESULTS: Significant differences between patients and caregivers were found in physical (p < 0.001) and psychological (p = 0.002) domains. In the Parkinson's disease group there was a significant inverse correlation between the psychological domain and duration of disease (p = 0.01), as well as between social domain and severity of disease (p = 0.001). There was a positive correlation between physical domain scores and number of people living in the same house (p = 0.02). The only significant finding in the group of caregivers was an inverse correlation between the social domain and the patients´ age (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Duration, severity of the disease and the number of people living in the same house were the most important predictors of quality of life of Parkinson's disease patients. The age of the patients was the only significant predictor found in the caregivers' quality of life. In order to complement our findings, further short-form questionnaires should be validated for Brazilian samples of Parkinson's disease.

OBJETIVO: A doença de Parkinson é uma enfermidade neurodegenerativa comum caracterizada por disfunção motora e níveis crescentes de dependência para atividades da vida diária, com conseqüente impacto sobre a qualidade de vida dos pacientes e seus cuidadores. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal avaliando qualidade de vida por meio do questionário WHOQOL-BREF em 21 pacientes com doença de Parkinson e seus respectivos cuidadores. RESULTADOS: Diferenças significativas entre pacientes e cuidadores foram encontradas nos domínios físico (p < 0,001) e psicológico (p = 0,002) do questionário WHOQOL-BREF. No grupo dos pacientes, houve uma significativa correlação inversa entre o domínio psicológico e duração da doença (p = 0,01), assim como entre domínio social e gravidade da doença (p = 0,001). Houve uma correlação positiva entre domínio físico e número de pessoas vivendo na mesma casa (p = 0,02). O único achado significativo no grupo dos cuidadores foi uma correlação inversa entre o domínio social e a idade do paciente (p = 0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Duração, gravidade e número de pessoas vivendo na mesma casa foram os fatores preditores mais importantes sobre a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com doença de Parkinson. A idade dos pacientes foi o único fator preditor encontrado sobre a qualidade de vida dos cuidadores. Outros questionários de aplicação curta devem ser validados para amostras brasileiras de pacientes com doença de Parkinson no sentido de complementar nossos achados.

[Psychodynamic group treatment for generalized social phobia]. / Psicoterapia psicodinâmica em grupo para fobia social generalizada.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of psychodynamic group therapy in patients with generalized social phobia. METHODS: Thirty patients were included in a randomized single-blind clinical trial comparing psychodynamic group treatment (PGT) with a credible placebo control group (CPC). PGT was carried out within a 12-session psychodynamically-oriented group psychotherapy. Control patients received a treatment package of lecture-discussion and support group for 12 weeks which was compared to PGT. Each participant completed the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) and the Clinical Global Impression Scale(CGI) at pretreatment assessment and after 12 weeks of treatment. Data analysis was carried out using a repeated measures ANOVA. Patients were excluded if they were under any kind of pharmacotherapy or psychotherapic treatment. RESULTS: Both groups demonstrated significant pretreatment-to-posttreatment change on most measures. On the LSAS, PGT patients were rated as more improved than controls at posttest assessment (F(1,28)=4.84, p=0.036). Baseline data of completers did not show differences between both groups in the demographic variables and outcome variables used. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that PGT was [corrected] superior to a credible placebo control group in the treatment of generalized social phobia, in a 12-week randomized single-blind clinical trial.

Changes in S100B cerebrospinal fluid levels of rats subjected to predator stress.

Predator stress is a type of psychogenic stress induced by an innate recognition of threat. S100B, a calcium-binding protein secreted by astrocytes, has been associated with neurotrophic or neurotoxic action in several neuropsychiatric disorders. It has been recently demonstrated that serum S100B levels in rats are increased after stress by immobilization [S. Scaccianoce, P. Del Bianco, G. Pannitteri, F. Passarelli, Relationship between stress and circulating levels of S100B protein, Brain Res. 1004 (2004) 208-11]. This study aimed to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) S100B in rats after an acute stress situation, which is induced by exposure to a predator. S100B was measured in CSF and in hippocampal and cortical slices by ELISA. Forty-three male Wistar rats, aged 70 days, were randomly assigned to handled (control) or stressed groups (exposed to a cat for 5 min). CSF and brain tissue were removed 1 or 24 h after the procedures. Rats exposed to the cat demonstrated a biphasic change in CSF S100B levels. An increase was observed at 1 h after cat exposure, and a decrease was observed 24 h later, although this was not accompanied by changes in S100B content in hippocampus or cerebral cortex. The effectiveness of the stressor used was confirmed by increased freezing response (during cat exposure) and increased anxiety in the plus maze test (1 h after cat exposure). These results indicate that CSF S100B is changed by stress, reinforcing the possibility that this protein is involved in the adaptive response to stress and/or in secondary neuropsychiatric disorders.

Psicoterapia psicodinâmica em grupo para fobia social generalizada: [errata] / Psychodynamic group treatment for generalized social phobia: [erratum]

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a efetividade do tratamento psicodinâmico em grupo de pacientes com fobia social generalizada. MÉTODOS: 30 pacientes foram incluídos em um estudo randomizado, simples-cego, comparando Terapia Psicodinâmica de Grupo (TPG) com um Grupo de Controle Placebo com Credibilidade (CPC). A TPG foi conduzida em 12 sessões de terapia de orientação psicodinâmica em grupo. Os pacientes do grupo controle receberam um pacote de aulas-discussões e tratamento de apoio por 12 semanas, que foi comparado à TPG. Todos os participantes preencheram a Escala de Liebowitz para Ansiedade Social (LSAS), a Escala Hamilton de Ansiedade (HAM-A) e a Escala de Impressão Clínica Global (CGI), na entrevista inicial e na 12ª semana de tratamento. Os dados foram analisados com uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Pacientes em vigência de tratamento farmacológico ou psicoterápico foram excluídos. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora na maioria das medidas. Na LSAS, os pacientes da TPG obtiveram melhora superior aos do grupo controle, ao cabo de 12 semanas (F1,28=4.84, p=0.036). Nas medidas basais dos sujeitos que completaram o estudo, não houve diferença entre os grupos em variáveis demográficas e de desfecho. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, a TPG foi superior ao tratamento placebo com credibilidade no tratamento da fobia social generalizada, em um ensaio clínico randomizado, simples-cego, de 12 semanas.

Psicoterapia psicodinâmica em grupo para fobia social generalizada / Psychodynamic group treatment for generalized social phobia

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a efetividade do tratamento psicodinâmico em grupo de pacientes com fobia social generalizada. MÉTODOS: 30 pacientes foram incluídos em um estudo randomizado, simples-cego, comparando Terapia Psicodinâmica de Grupo (TPG) com um Grupo de Controle Placebo com Credibilidade (CPC). A TPG foi conduzida em 12 sessões de terapia de orientação psicodinâmica em grupo. Os pacientes do grupo controle receberam um pacote de aulas-discussões e tratamento de apoio por 12 semanas, que foi comparado à TPG. Todos os participantes preencheram a Escala de Liebowitz para Ansiedade Social (LSAS), a Escala Hamilton de Ansiedade (HAM-A) e a Escala de Impressão Clínica Global (CGI), na entrevista inicial e na 12ª semana de tratamento. Os dados foram analisados com uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Pacientes em vigência de tratamento farmacológico ou psicoterápico foram excluídos. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora na maioria das medidas. Na LSAS, os pacientes da TPG obtiveram melhora superior aos do grupo controle, ao cabo de 12 semanas (F1,28=4.84, p=0.036). Nas medidas basais dos sujeitos que completaram o estudo, não houve diferença entre os grupos em variáveis demográficas e de desfecho. CONCLUSAO: Neste estudo, a TPG foi superior ao tratamento placebo com credibilidade no tratamento da fobia social generalizada, em um ensaio clínico randomizado, simples-cego, de 12 semanas.

[Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic criteria]. / Transtorno de estresse pós-traumático: critérios diagnósticos.

This article reviews aspects of the clinical characterization of the Postttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The disgnostic criteria used in DSM-IV and ICD-10 are presented. The Acute Reaction to Stress is defined and contrasted to the operational criteria which define the PTSD. The importance of the partial expression of the PTSD syndrome in victims of trauma is highlighted. Systematic studies within this patient population is characterized as a unmet need in public health. Addressing such a need is a major step towards the proper diagnosis and treatment of this clinical syndrome.

[Comorbidities in posttraumatic stress disorder: rule or exception?]. / Comorbidade no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático: regra ou exceção?

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly occurs in conjunction with other psychiatric disorders. The present article reviews PTSD and its comorbidities such as anxiety disorders, substance abuse, mood disorders, suicide attempts, dissociative disorder and somatoform disorder.

Cognitive-behavioral group therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to verify the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms and the intensity of overvalued ideas, as well as in improving the patient's quality of life. METHODS: Forty-seven patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were randomly assigned to either 12 weekly CBGT sessions or a waiting list (control group). Treated patients were followed for three months. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (p < 0.001), in the National Institute of Mental Health Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (p < 0.001), in the Overvalued Ideas Scale (p < 0.001), and a significant improvement in the quality of life in the four domains of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Scale: physical (p < 0.001), psychological (p < 0.017), social (p < 0.018) and environmental (p < 0.04). No significant reduction was found in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (p = 0.111) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (p = 0.271). The concomitant use of anti-obsessional medications did not influence the results. The rate of improved patients was 69.6% in the treated group and 4.2% in the control group (p < 0.001). The therapeutic gains were maintained and an additional reduction in symptoms was observed during the 3-month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that CBGT is effective in reducing the intensity of OCD symptoms and of overvalued ideas, and that it improves the OCD patient's quality of life in a short period of time.

Transtorno de estresse pós-traumático: critérios diagnósticos / Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnostic criteria

Este artigo revisa aspectos da definiçäo da síndrome clínica do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT). Säo apresentados os critérios diagnósticos empregados no DSM-IV e CID-10. Define-se a reaçäo aguda ao estresse (RAE) e contrasta-se a mesma com os critérios que definem o TEPT, salientando-se a importância da expressäo parcial dos sintomas de TEPT em vítimas de trauma. Estudos sistemáticos na populaçäo de pacientes säo caracterizados como uma necessidade a ser endereçada em saúde pública, com vistas ao estabelecimento de protocolos adequados para o diagnóstico e tratamento dessa síndrome clínica

Comorbidade no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático: regra ou exceçäo? / Comorbidities in posttraumatic stress disorder: rule or excemption?

O transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) com frequência ocorre conjuntamente com outros transtornos psiquiátricos. Este artigo revisa o TEPT e comorbidades, tais como: transtornos de ansiedade, uso de substâncias, transtorno de humor, tentativas de suicídio, transtorno dissociativo e transtorno somatoforme

Relação entre estressores, estresse e ansiedade / Stressfull life-events, stress and anxiety

Os autores apresentam uma breve revisão de literatura sobre a relação entre ansiedade, eventos estressores e estresse. São descritas as diferentes situações estressoras, a definição de evento de vida estressor e os aspectos cognitivos, comportamentais e fisiológicos da resposta frente ao estresse. A neuroanatomia e os principais neurotransmissores envolvidos na resposta fisiológica de ansiedade ao estresse são descritos. Estudos genéticos que evidenciam a relação entre os eventos de vida estressores como fator de risco para ansiedade são apresentados. A relação causal entre os eventos de vida estressores e o aparecimento de ansiedade é abordada a partir de estudos realizados com adultos e adolescentes.