[Perioperative inflammation]. / Perioperative Inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Surgical interventions and invasive procedures can trigger an inflammatory reaction in patients. This inflammatory reaction is an inherent response by the body and can be triggered by different stimuli, including the surgical tissue trauma itself and also by the administration of drugs commonly used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. OBJECTIVE: Immune system activation is mostly beneficial for the host defense against various exogenous pathogens during infectious disorders; however, if uncontrolled and overshooting or in the case of excessive immune system activation as a consequence of sterile inflammation, the inflammatory host response may also carry the risk for tissue and organ damage, which might severely threaten the patient. The aim of this article is to identify the causal factors of a perioperative immune reaction and to present interventional options. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An extensive MEDLINE search was carried out on the perioperative and postoperative inflammatory response in the field of clinical and basic research. RESULTS: Current publications provide essential information on how surgical patients may be affected by overshooting inflammatory responses. Thus, the choice of administered anesthetic agent and the surgical trauma itself in addition to a supportive therapy may modulate perioperative inflammation in the perioperative phase. The effects on the patient can be multifarious. CONCLUSION: This article discusses the causes and effects of inflammatory processes in the perioperative phase. Additionally, it highlights the immunomodulatory effects of perioperatively administered therapeutics and anesthetics. Knowledge of this topic enables the reader to make qualified decisions in the perioperative setting to improve the individual patient outcome.

Author Correction: Yolk sac macrophage progenitors traffic to the embryo during defined stages of development.

This article contains errors in Figs. 5 and 6, for which we apologize. In Fig. 5f, the image 'E12.5 tail' was inadvertently replaced with a duplicate of the image 'E12.5 trunk' from the same panel. In Figure 6d, the image 'E9.5/OH-TAM E8.5, embryo' was inadvertently replaced with a duplicate of the image 'E10.5/ OH-TAM E8.5, embryo' from Fig. 6b. The corrected versions of these figures appear in the Author Correction associated with this Article.

Yolk sac macrophage progenitors traffic to the embryo during defined stages of development.

Tissue macrophages in many adult organs originate from yolk sac (YS) progenitors, which invade the developing embryo and persist by means of local self-renewal. However, the route and characteristics of YS macrophage trafficking during embryogenesis are incompletely understood. Here we show the early migration dynamics of YS-derived macrophage progenitors in vivo using fate mapping and intravital microscopy. From embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) CX3CR1+ pre-macrophages are present in the mouse YS where they rapidly proliferate and gain access to the bloodstream to migrate towards the embryo. Trafficking of pre-macrophages and their progenitors from the YS to tissues peaks around E10.5, dramatically decreases towards E12.5 and is no longer evident from E14.5 onwards. Thus, YS progenitors use the vascular system during a restricted time window of embryogenesis to invade the growing fetus. These findings close an important gap in our understanding of the development of the innate immune system.

Development of Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão (1934) (Araneae, Sicariidae) genital tract.

We examined the post-embryonic development of the male and female genital apparatus of the brown spider, Loxosceles intermedia. The development of the genital apparatus for both sexes begins with the appearance of inner structures. In the male genital apparatus, formation of the testes occurs first, followed by differentiation of the duct, ampulla and vas deferens, and finally the formation of the genital opening and differentiation of the copulatory organ (secondary sexual characteristic). Similarly, the development of the female genital apparatus begins with the formation of the ovaries, followed by the appearance of oocytes in vitellogenesis, then the development of oviducts and uterus internus and, finally, the spermatheca. These data may be very important in further comparative studies on the development of the reproductive system of spiders.

Development of Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão (1934) (Araneae, Sicariidae) genital tract / Desenvolvimento do trato genital de Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão (1934) (Aranea: Sicariidae)

We examined the post-embryonic development of the male and female genital apparatus of the brown spider, Loxosceles intermedia. The development of the genital apparatus for both sexes begins with the appearance of inner structures. In the male genital apparatus, formation of the testes occurs first, followed by differentiation of the duct, ampulla and vas deferens, and finally the formation of the genital opening and differentiation of the copulatory organ (secondary sexual characteristic). Similarly, the development of the female genital apparatus begins with the formation of the ovaries, followed by the appearance of oocytes in vitellogenesis, then the development of oviducts and uterus internus and, finally, the spermatheca. These data may be very important in further comparative studies on the development of the reproductive system of spiders.

Examinamos o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário do aparelho genital masculino e feminino da aranha-marrom Loxosceles intermedia. O desenvolvimento do aparelho genital de ambos os sexos começa com o aparecimento de estruturas internas. No aparelho genital masculino a formação dos testículos ocorre primeiro, seguida pela diferenciação do ducto, ampola e vas deferens e, finalmente, a formação da abertura genital e diferenciação do órgão copulador (característica sexual secundária). Da mesma forma, o desenvolvimento do aparelho genital feminino começa com a formação dos ovários, seguida pelo aparecimento de oócitos em vitelogênese, o desenvolvimento dos ovidutos e uterus internus e, finalmente, a espermateca. Esses dados podem ser muito importantes em estudos comparativos sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema reprodutivo de aranhas.