Regular arrangement of collecting venules and the Kimura-Takemoto classification for the endoscopic diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: Evaluation in a Western setting.

BACKGROUND: The regular arrangement of collecting venules (RAC) and the Kimura-Takemoto classification of atrophic change (KTC) are simple and easy-to-use criteria which have been shown to reliably predict or rule out a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach. Although these features have been investigated extensively in Asia, their significance in the West has not been evaluated. METHODS: In a series of 200 consecutive gastroscopic examinations (single examiner, single center), the presence or absence of RAC and the KTC grade (open type vs closed type) were recorded prospectively. Helicobacter pylori infection was defined as a positive histology or a positive rapid urease test. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of endoscopic predictors of H. pylori infection based on the Kyoto classification of gastritis was performed. RESULTS: Two hundred patients were examined of which 57 had a H. pylori infection (28%). Both RAC and KTC had excellent negative predictive values of about 90% and sensitivity values of up to 85%. In multivariate analysis, atrophic change and diffuse redness without RAC were significantly associated with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSION: Regular arrangement of collecting venules and KTC are simple endoscopic features which should be given attention by Western endoscopists and can be easily used to rule out a H. pylori infection of the stomach.

Digital teaching with interactive case presentations of ENT diseases - discussion of utilisation and motivation of students.

Introduction: Due to the circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic, the teaching during the block internship at the Department for Otorhinolaryngology was switched to digital learning. Various online courses were created and the utilisation by the students was analyzed. Material & methods: Examination videos, surgical images and videos were created and live lectures were held. In addition, patient cases of common otorhinolaryngological diseases were reconstructed on an interactive platform. A total of 16 cases were offered in weekly rotation. These cases are provided with gap texts, open and selection questions, links and videos and thematically appropriate digression offers. The time-consuming creation was carried out as a HTML 5 learning package with the authoring program Exelearning 2.5. Each case was to be evaluated separately after being worked on by the students. Results: The direct feedback and the evaluation results of the students on the internship and case presentations were consistently positive. However, on average only 50.72% of the registered students took part in the weekly video meetings. In the course of the semester, the willingness to participate decreased. In addition, the willingness to evaluate the patient cases was low. Discussion: With the case presentation tool, concrete patient examples can be well presented, especially when patient contact is not possible (especially in an ENT clinic due to violation of distance and hygienic rules). Even though the evaluations were positive in terms of content, the frequency of utilisation and also the motivation for feedback seems disappointing. This seems to be associated above all with an increasing return to everyday life after the end of the lockdown.

Pilot study of a newly developed eLearning tool to teach CT and PET/CT in radiology and nuclear medicine.

AIM: To test the usability and user experience of a newly self-developed eLearning tool to teach PET/CT and CT to undergraduate medical students. METHODS: The eLearning tool permits to display PET and CT DICOM images web-based. It contains a healthy subject with anatomical annotations and a clinical case study. The usability and user experience of the eLearning tool was evaluated in undergraduate medical students of the medical faculty of the RWTH Aachen. We applied a survey based on different already existing and validated questionnaires such as System Usability Scale (SUS) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S) as well as specific questions regarding the eLearning tool. RESULTS: 38 volunteers (9 males) participated in our study. Applying the SUS resulted in a mean of 82.24, and a median of 83.75. This positive evaluation is supported by the results of the UEQ-S that were 2.2 with regard to the pragmatic quality, 2.3 with regard to hedonic quality and 2.3 for overall quality indicating a very positive evaluation. In the free-text answers, students emphasised easy and intuitive use of the eLearning tool that was additionally described as interesting and exciting. The students also positively mentioned the case study and the possibility of practice-based learning. Negative aspects were mainly problems with synchronisation of the PET and CT images. CONCLUSION: The positive evaluation is encouraging and form a foundation for further development of the eLearning module. It may be the basis for the implementation of a sustainable blended learning concept in the nuclear medicine curriculum.

[The teaching of nuclear medicine in Germany]. / Statuserhebung der studentischen Lehre für das Fach Nuklearmedizin in Deutschland.

AIM: Molecular imaging and therapy as applied in nuclear medicine represent an important contribution to modern medicine. The university curricula of medical schools permit to convey knowledge of nuclear medicine. In this study, the status quo of nuclear medicine teaching at German medical schools shall be surveyed for the first time. METHODS: In cooperation with the chairs and/or lecturers, the topics organizational conditions, scope of teaching, teaching methods, examinations, evaluations, composition of teaching staff, interest of the students in the field of nuclear medicine, as well as suggestions for improvement of teaching were recorded. RESULTS: All 36 public German medical schools participated in the survey. In these medical schools a median of 12 hours of nuclear medicine is being taught. 52 % of the teaching consists of teacher-centered learning. 18 medical schools teach additional elective courses in nuclear medicine. Nine 9 persons (median) per department are involved in the teaching. The examinations, in all but one school, follow a multiple choice format. The students' interest in nuclear medicine is perceived by the educators to be predominately medium to high. CONCLUSIONS: Potential improvement might be achieved with regard to the quantity of teaching lessons, innovative methods of teaching, design of the exams, the establishment of a nationwide e-learning platform, as well as measures to increase the motivation of teachers.

Six versus eight doses of rituximab in patients with aggressive B cell lymphoma receiving six cycles of CHOP: results from the "Positron Emission Tomography-Guided Therapy of Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas" (PETAL) trial.

Standard first-line treatment of aggressive B cell lymphoma comprises six or eight cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) plus eight doses of rituximab (R). Whether adding two doses of rituximab to six cycles of R-CHOP is of therapeutic benefit has not been systematically investigated. The Positron Emission Tomography-Guided Therapy of Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (PETAL) trial investigated the ability of [18F]-fluorodesoxyglucose PET scanning to guide treatment in aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Patients with B cell lymphomas and a negative interim scan received six cycles of R-CHOP with or without two extra doses of rituximab. For reasons related to trial design, only about a third underwent randomization between the two options. Combining randomized and non-randomized patients enabled subgroup analyses for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL; n = 544), primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL; n = 37), and follicular lymphoma (FL) grade 3 (n = 35). With a median follow-up of 52 months, increasing the number of rituximab administrations failed to improve outcome. A non-significant trend for improved event-free survival was seen in DLBCL high-risk patients, as defined by the International Prognostic Index, while inferior survival was observed in female patients below the age of 60 years. Long-term outcome in PMBCL was excellent. Differences between FL grade 3a and FL grade 3b were not apparent. The results were confirmed in a Cox proportional hazard regression model and a propensity score matching analysis. In conclusion, adding two doses of rituximab to six cycles of R-CHOP did not improve outcome in patients with aggressive B cell lymphomas and a fast metabolic treatment response.

[Development of a national competency-based learning objective catalogue for undergraduate medical education in Germany]. / Entwicklung eines kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs Nuklearmedizin für das Studium der Humanmedizin in Deutschland.

AIMS: Implementation of the guidelines on the Competency-based Learning Objective Catalogue for Undergraduate Medical Education for a Nuclear Medicine curriculum on behalf of the committee on professional training and continuing education of the German Association of Nuclear Medicine (DGN) METHODS:: In 7 domains 100 learning objectives (LOs) were subject to a prioritization in 3 categories (A, B and C) by means of a questionnaire as part of a Delphi method, in collaboration with all members of the DGN holding a "venia legendi" as experts. Category A defined the essential LOs for each medical practitioner. The prioritization was made by ranking the frequency of the A-classifications. In the 2nd step of the Delphi method, a list of LOs with the ranking positions 1-5 in each domain was presented to the first round's experts as a core curriculum, asking either for acceptance or modifications. RESULTS: The results of the 1st step of the Delphi method deliver a return rate of 29% of the questionnaires (55 out of 184). The 2nd round shows a return rate of 30.9% (57 out of 184) and full approval of the proposed LOs in all LO domains by in median 72 % of the experts consulted (61%-81%). The present final version contains 37 competency-based LOs in the LO domains "legal basis and radiation protection", "basic science", indications and contra-indications for "PET/CT", "scintigraphy and SPECT", "patient preparation", "image interpretation" as well as "therapy". CONCLUSION: The Competency-based Learning Objective Catalogue for Nuclear Medicine describes the knowledge and competencies, every physician should have at the end of his medical studies. The LO catalogue is a living document, which needs to be adapted continuously to the progress of the medical and technological development.

Visualizing the Bayesian 2-test case: The effect of tree diagrams on medical decision making.

In medicine, diagnoses based on medical test results are probabilistic by nature. Unfortunately, cognitive illusions regarding the statistical meaning of test results are well documented among patients, medical students, and even physicians. There are two effective strategies that can foster insight into what is known as Bayesian reasoning situations: (1) translating the statistical information on the prevalence of a disease and the sensitivity and the false-alarm rate of a specific test for that disease from probabilities into natural frequencies, and (2) illustrating the statistical information with tree diagrams, for instance, or with other pictorial representation. So far, such strategies have only been empirically tested in combination for "1-test cases", where one binary hypothesis ("disease" vs. "no disease") has to be diagnosed based on one binary test result ("positive" vs. "negative"). However, in reality, often more than one medical test is conducted to derive a diagnosis. In two studies, we examined a total of 388 medical students from the University of Regensburg (Germany) with medical "2-test scenarios". Each student had to work on two problems: diagnosing breast cancer with mammography and sonography test results, and diagnosing HIV infection with the ELISA and Western Blot tests. In Study 1 (N = 190 participants), we systematically varied the presentation of statistical information ("only textual information" vs. "only tree diagram" vs. "text and tree diagram in combination"), whereas in Study 2 (N = 198 participants), we varied the kinds of tree diagrams ("complete tree" vs. "highlighted tree" vs. "pruned tree"). All versions were implemented in probability format (including probability trees) and in natural frequency format (including frequency trees). We found that natural frequency trees, especially when the question-related branches were highlighted, improved performance, but that none of the corresponding probabilistic visualizations did.

[Nuclear Medicine in Germany. Updated key data and trends from official statistics]. / Nuklearmedizin in Deutschland. Aktualisierte Kennzahlen und Trends aus offiziellen Statistiken.

AIM: Updated presentation of the spectrum of nuclear medicine in-vivo examinations and therapies from officially available statistics on out-patient and in-patient care as well as trends of structural data on nuclear medicine in Germany. METHODS: Data from the German Federal Health Monitoring, from the frequency statistics of the statutory health insurance for out-patients and from the German Medical Association were used and supplemented by data from selective literature searches. RESULTS: In descending order, thyroid, bone and cardiac scans continue to be the most frequent nuclear medicine procedures. With a marked increase of PET/CT and SPECT/CT, the number of basic scintigraphies is declining. Cardiac, lung and brain scans as well as lymph scintigraphies are increasingly requested, bone and thyroid scan decrease. The consultation of nuclear medicine physicians in private practices is increasing by 4 % per year (2009: 2 164 664; 2015: 2 687 359). The number of nuclear medicine physicians in the out-patient sector rose significantly (2009: 756, 2015: 939, growth 24 %) and has remained constant due to restrictions since 2013. The specialist recognitions of women in nuclear medicine increased (proportion currently 46 %). In hospitals, more PET(/CT) scanners (2009: 97; 2015: 125) and fewer gamma cameras (2009: 594; 2015: 550) are operated. The number of non-thyroid (and also out-patient) radionuclide therapies continued to increase. CONCLUSION: With increased use of hybrid technologies, the nuclear medicine spectrum shows positive trends especially in nuclear cardiology and extra-thyroid therapy. These developments must be taken into account when amending regulations of specialist training and medical student teaching.

Octreotide LAR and Prednisone as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Patients with Primary or Locally Recurrent Unresectable Thymic Tumors: A Phase II Study.

Therapeutic options to cure advanced, recurrent, and unresectable thymomas are limited. The most important factor for long-term survival of thymoma patients is complete resection (R0) of the tumor. We therefore evaluated the response to and the induction of resectability of primarily or locally recurrent unresectable thymomas and thymic carcinomas by octreotide Long-Acting Release (LAR) plus prednisone therapy in patients with positive octreotide scans. In this open label, single-arm phase II study, 17 patients with thymomas considered unresectable or locally recurrent thymoma (n = 15) and thymic carcinoma (n = 2) at Masaoka stage III were enrolled. Octreotide LAR (30 mg once every 2 weeks) was administered in combination with prednisone (0.6 mg/kg per day) for a maximum of 24 weeks (study design according to Fleming´s one sample multiple testing procedure for phase II clinical trials). Tumor size was evaluated by volumetric CT measurements, and a decrease in tumor volume of at least 20% at week 12 compared to baseline was considered as a response. We found that octreotide LAR plus prednisone elicited response in 15 of 17 patients (88%). Median reduction of tumor volume after 12 weeks of treatment was 51% (range 20%-86%). Subsequently, complete surgical resection was achieved in five (29%) and four patients (23%) after 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. Octreotide LAR plus prednisone treatment was discontinued in two patients before week 12 due to unsatisfactory therapeutic effects or adverse events. The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal (71%), infectious (65%), and hematological (41%) complications. In conclusion, octreotide LAR plus prednisone is efficacious in patients with primary or recurrent unresectable thymoma with respect to tumor regression. Octreotide LAR plus prednisone was well tolerated and adverse events were in line with the known safety profile of both agents.

Quality management of eLearning for medical education: current situation and outlook.

INTRODUCTION: In 2008, the German Council of Science had advised universities to establish a quality management system (QMS) that conforms to international standards. The system was to be implemented within 5 years, i.e., until 2014 at the latest. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a QMS suitable for electronic learning (eLearning) domain of medical education to be used across Germany has meanwhile been identified. METHODS: We approached all medical universities in Germany (n=35), using an anonymous questionnaire (8 domains, 50 items). RESULTS: Our results (response rate 46.3%) indicated very reluctant application of QMS in eLearning and a major information deficit at the various institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Authors conclude that under the limitations of this study there seems to be a considerable need to improve the current knowledge on QMS for eLearning, and that clear guidelines and standards for their implementation should be further defined.

Neural correlates of tinnitus duration and distress: a positron emission tomography study.

Cerebral (18)F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has shown altered auditory pathway activity in tinnitus. However, the corresponding studies involved only small samples and analyses were restricted to the auditory cortex in most studies. Evidence is growing that also limbic, frontal, and parietal areas are involved in the pathophysiology of chronic tinnitus. These regions are considered to mediate perceptual, attentional, and emotional processes. Thus, the aim of the present study was the systematic evaluation of metabolic brain activity in a large sample of tinnitus patients. Ninety one patients with chronic tinnitus underwent FDG-PET. The effects of tinnitus severity (assessed by a tinnitus questionnaire score), duration and laterality were evaluated with statistical parametric mapping (SPM) in whole brain analyses. In addition, region of interest analyses were performed for primary auditory areas. Tinnitus duration correlated positively with brain metabolism in right inferior frontal, right ventro-medial prefrontal, and right posterior cingulate cortex. Tinnitus distress correlated positively with activation of left and right posterior inferior temporal gyrus as well as left and right posterior parahippocampal-hippocampal interface. Region of interest analysis demonstrated an overactivation of left in contrast to right Heschl's gyrus independently from tinnitus laterality and anatomical hemispheric differences. Tinnitus duration and distress were associated with areas involved in attentional and emotional processing. This is in line with recent findings indicating the relevance of higher order areas in the pathophysiology of tinnitus. Earlier results of asymmetric activation of the auditory cortices in tinnitus were confirmed, i.e., left-sided overactivation was found independently from tinnitus laterality.

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: distinct pattern of disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with encephalitis associated with antibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antibody (NMDAR-ab) encephalitis frequently show psychotic symptoms, amnesia, seizures and movement disorders. While brain MRI in NMDAR-ab encephalitis is often normal, abnormalities of cerebral glucose metabolism have been demonstrated by positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) in a few usually isolated case reports. However, a common pattern of FDG-PET abnormalities has not been reported. METHODS: The authors retrospectively identified six patients with NMDAR-ab encephalitis in two large German centres who underwent at least one whole-body FDG-PET for tumour screening between January 2007 and July 2010. They analysed the pattern of cerebral uptake derived from whole-body PET data for characteristic changes of glucose metabolism compared with controls, and the changes of this pattern during the course of the disease. RESULTS: Groupwise analysis revealed that patients with NMDAR-ab encephalitis showed relative frontal and temporal glucose hypermetabolism associated with occipital hypometabolism. Cross-sectional analysis of the group demonstrated that the extent of these changes is positively associated with clinical disease severity. Longitudinal analysis of two cases showed normalisation of the pattern of cerebral glucose metabolism with recovery. CONCLUSIONS: A characteristic change in cerebral glucose metabolism during NMDAR-ab encephalitis is an increased frontotemporal-to-occipital gradient. This pattern correlates with disease severity. Similar changes have been observed in psychosis induced by NMDAR antagonists. Thus, this pattern might be a consequence of impaired NMDAR function.

A visual [18F]FDG-PET rating scale for the differential diagnosis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

This study presents a visual rating scale for the assessment of cerebral [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans to characterize typical findings in dementias associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and to differentiate individual patients with FTLD compared to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A total of 43 cerebral PET scans from patients with FTLD (n = 16, mean age 58.4 years), AD (n = 16, 59.9 years) and MCI (n = 11, 57.9 years) were analysed. Every PET data set was visually rated for seven brain regions on each hemisphere (frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum). The extent of the impairment in metabolism was classified as absent, mild, medium or strong. Using this four-stage visual rating scale, characteristic profiles of metabolic impairment in FTLD, AD, MCI and the FTLD-subgroup FTD (n = 9) could be demonstrated. Patients with FTLD showed a significantly lower metabolism in the left frontal lobe and in the left basal ganglia when compared to AD and to MCI. Complementary analyses using statistical parametric mapping (SPM2) supported the findings of the visual analysis. In detecting FTLD with visual rating, sensitivity/specificity was 81/94% compared to AD and 81/64% compared to MCI. Patients with FTD were correctly attributed to a diagnosis of FTLD with a sensitivity of 89%. This visual rating scale may facilitate the differential diagnosis of FTLD in clinical routine.

GLUT1 expression is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes tumorigenesis.

Accelerated glycolysis is one of the biochemical characteristics of cancer cells. The glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT1) gene encodes a key rate-limiting factor in glucose transport into cancer cells. However, its expression level and functional significance in hepatocellular cancer (HCC) are still disputed. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression and function of the GLUT1 gene in cases of HCC. We found significantly higher GLUT1 mRNA expression levels in HCC tissues and cell lines compared with primary human hepatocytes and matched nontumor tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue microarray of 152 HCC cases revealed a significant correlation between Glut1 protein expression levels and a higher Ki-67 labeling index, advanced tumor stages, and poor differentiation. Accordingly, suppression of GLUT1 expression by siRNA significantly impaired both the growth and migratory potential of HCC cells. Furthermore, inhibition of GLUT1 expression reduced both glucose uptake and lactate secretion. Hypoxic conditions further increased GLUT1 expression levels in HCC cells, and this induction was dependent on the activation of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. In summary, our findings suggest that increased GLUT1 expression levels in HCC cells functionally affect tumorigenicity, and thus, we propose GLUT1 as an innovative therapeutic target for this highly aggressive tumor.

The impact of FDG-PET/CT on the management of head and neck tumours: the radiotherapist's perspective.

It was of interest to determine the impact of FDG-PET/CT on general therapy management and radiotherapy (RT) planning in patients with stage IV head and neck tumours. The study was conducted prospectively between March 2006 and March 2007 in 35 patients with histologically confirmed, locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Prior to primary radiochemotherapy, whole-body and head/neck FDG-PET/CT was performed. The FDG-PET information was integrated into RT planning. By comparison with anatomical imaging, the FDG-PET/CT yielded the following additional information: distant metastases in 17.1% (6/35), second primary tumours in 11.4% (4/35), and changes in nodal status based on metabolic activity, i.e. upstaging in 34.3% (12/35) or downstaging in 22.9% (8/35). As a result, treatment strategy was changed from curative to palliative in six patients, and additional curative therapy was implemented following exclusion of distant metastases in two patients with a simultaneous local second primary tumour. The discordant nodal status found with head/neck FDG-PET/CT compared with anatomical imaging led to modification of radiotherapy volume and dose in 20 patients (57.1%). From the radiotherapist's perspective FDG-PET/CT is therefore useful and justifiable in the management of stage IV head and neck tumours.

Poster exhibitions at national conferences: education or farce?

INTRODUCTION: The so-called poster exhibition is an established element of medical meetings which often receives little attention. The aim of this study was to analyze the organization, acceptance and value of poster exhibitions. METHODS: Interview based study conducted during the annual meeting of a German specialist medical conference. A total of 247 attendees, poster authors and "poster chairpersons" were interviewed. Attendance at poster exhibitions was documented, the poster review and award process analyzed, and abstracts assessed for redundancy of presentation. RESULTS: Participation in poster exhibitions was very low. Despite this, their scientific value was esteemed high by young authors and the poster chairpersons. Almost a third (29.4%) of posters had been displayed at other meetings. Several attendees (55.4%) and poster presenters (49.1%) say they would welcome the opportunity for personal one-on-one discussion at the poster in addition to poster viewing. DISCUSSION: The option of additional personal discussion with the poster presenter may lead to an increase of the rather modest participation of attendees at poster exhibitions. Poster exhibitions are of value in particular for young scientists and poster chairpersons.

Pre-treatment anterior cingulate activity as a predictor of antidepressant response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).

OBJECTIVES: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a brain stimulation technique which has received increasing attention as an antidepressant treatment. However available studies are characterized by a substantial variability in response. We hypothesized that individual patients' characteristics might contribute to such heterogeneity. Therefore we investigated whether either alterations of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) or clinical characteristics may predict antidepressant response to rTMS. DESIGN: 24 patients with major depression and stable medication received high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for two weeks as add-on treatment. ECD-Single photon emission computed tomographay (SPECT) imaging was performed 1 to 2 days before rTMS. SETTING: Tertial referral center RESULTS: After two weeks of rTMS a mean reduction of 30% of the initial Hamilton Depression Rating Score (HAMD) was observed. Using a multivariate regression model with simultaneous evaluation of the relative impact of a-priori chosen potential factors influencing treatment outcome, two variables, the pretreatment anterior cingulate rCBF and the former response to antidepressant agents proved significant. High pretreatment anterior cingulate activity and low treatment resistance to pharmacologic therapy were positive predictors for treatment response to rTMS. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment anterior cingulate activity seems to be a useful prognostic marker of rTMS treatment response, which is in line with other treatment strategies, like sleep deprivation, electroconvulsive therapy or antidepressant medication.

[Frequency and distribution pattern of distant metastases in patients with ENT tumors and their consequences for pretherapeutic staging]. / Häufigkeit und Topographie von Fernmetastasen bei Patienten mit HNO-Tumoren und ihre onsequenzen für das prätherapeutische Staging.

PURPOSE: To address the following questions: which parameters influenced the frequency of distant metastases in patients with locally advanced ear-nose-throat (ENT) tumors, which was the distribution pattern of metastases, and what were the diagnostic consequences for pretherapeutic staging? PATIENTS AND METHODS: 600 patients (526 men, 76 women, median age 56 years) with ENT tumors (squamous cell carcinoma histology) were studied retrospectively. The distribution of primary tumor site and stage (AJCC) was as follows: oropharynx: n = 161 (26.8%), hypopharynx: n = 187 (31.2%), oral cavity: n = 89 (14.8%), larynx: n = 118 (19.7%), cancer of unknown origin: n = 13 (2.2%), others: n = 32(5.3%), I: n = 24 (4%), II: n = 49 (8.2%), III: n = 89 (14.8%), IV: n = 438 (73%). 270 patients (45%) received radiochemotherapy, 330 (55%) postoperative radiotherapy. The following parameters were analyzed in association with distant metastases: tumor localization, T- and N-category, primary treatment, local tumor control, and second neoplasms. RESULTS: 114/600 patients (19%) developed distant metastases, 29/600 (4.9%) at presentation, 50% within 9.3 months after diagnosis of the primary tumor. Distant metastases were most frequent in stage IV (24.2%), carcinoma of the hypopharynx (25.7%), local recurrence (24.3%), and second neoplasm (31.7%) with the following distribution pattern: pulmonary 61/114 (53.5%), pleural 15/114 (13.1%), osseous 45/114 (39.5%), hepatic 14/114 (12.3%), cerebral 8/114 (7%), cutaneous 14/114 (12.3%). 34/114 patients (29.8%) presented monotopic, 80/114 (70.2%) polytopic metastases. 82/600 (13.6%) patients additionally had second neoplasms, 20 corresponding with synchronous or metachronous bronchial tumors. CONCLUSION: With locally advanced ENT tumor stage IVa/b, carcinoma of the hypopharynx, local recurrence or second neoplasms, at least a pretherapeutic CT of the thorax should be performed because every seventh patient (88/600) developed metastases or second primary tumors within the thoracic space during the course of disease. Regarding the side effects and costs of curative therapy, the definition of generally accepted guidelines for the systemic staging of locally advanced ENT tumors should be undertaken.

Cerebellar and thalamic metabolic changes visualized by [18]-FDG-PET in olanzapine-induced acute akathisia.

OBJECTIVES: Akathisia is a clinical important symptom, frequently induced by neuroleptic treatment. Despite its clinical importance, less is known about its pathophysiology. METHODS: Using [18]-FDG-PET, imaging patterns of cortical metabolic activity were obtained in a patient during olanzapine-induced akathisia and after recovery. RESULTS: Akathisia was characterized by a reduced metabolic activity in thalamus and cerebellum. After discontinuing medication akathisia disappeared, reflected by a recovery of metabolic activity in these brain areas. CONCLUSION: [18]-FDG-PET may be useful to identify cortical regions mediating clinical aspects of drug-induced akathisia, thereby offering a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of this serious side effect.