A latent class analysis of campus sexual assault.

OBJECTIVE: Campus sexual assault (CSA) is a pervasive problem among U.S. college students. Large-scale studies frequently find that between 20%-25% of women and 6%-7% of men are sexually victimized during their time at U.S. colleges and universities (Cantor et al., 2015, 2019; Fisher et al., 2000; Krebs et al., 2007; Krebs et al., 2010). The purpose of the present study is to examine individual responses to campus climate surveys in an effort to determine how students perceive their risk of being sexually assaulted and how they interact with campus policies. METHOD: The present study addresses the research gap by utilizing latent class analysis with campus climate survey data in order to identify subgroups of students based on their responses to elements of campus climate. Climate in this context is measured by the perceptions of campus constituencies and the policies of institutions of higher education. Additionally, the present study seeks to determine if latent subgroups could be predicted by victimization and gender. RESULTS: Results provided evidence for the existence of latent subgroups of students on elements of campus climate, and supported the hypothesis that latent class membership could be predicted by victimization status and gender. CONCLUSION: Implications of the present study may help institutions of higher education identify students who would benefit from focused outreach efforts to improve safety based on class membership. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for terrorism victims with very long-term emotional disorders / Efectividad de la terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma para víctimas de terrorismo con trastornos emocionales a muy largo plazo

BACKGROUND: There are no published studies on the clinical utility of psychotherapy in victims of terrorism who suffer emotional disorders many years after the attacks. METHOD: A course of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was administered to 50 victims of terrorist attacks that occurred an average of 23 years previously and who presented isolated or concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 74%), major depressive disorder (54%), panic disorder (38%), or other anxiety disorders (38%). RESULTS: According to an intention-to-treat analysis (N = 50), these percentages decreased significantly to 24% (PTSD and major depression), 16% (panic disorder) and 14% (other anxiety disorders) at 1-year follow-up. According to a complete data analysis, at posttreatment no victims (n = 31) still presented major depressive or panic disorder, only 3.2% presented PTSD and 9.7% presented other anxiety disorders, whereas at 1-year follow-up, no victims presented any disorders (n = 22). At posttreatment and at the 1-, 3-, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups, large statistically and clinically significant decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptomatology were found (d = 1.26 to 2.52 at 1-year follow-up). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that efficacious treatments for recent victims are also useful in the usual clinical practice for victims with very long-term emotional disorders

ANTECEDENTES: no hay estudios publicados sobre la utilidad clínica de la psicoterapia para víctimas del terrorismo con trastornos emocionales muchos años después del atentado. MÉTODO: se administró terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma a 50 víctimas de atentados ocurridos una media de 23 años antes y que presentaban aislada o concurrentemente trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT; 74%), depresivo mayor (54%), de angustia (38%) u otros trastornos de ansiedad (38%). RESULTADOS: según un análisis de intención de tratar, esos porcentajes disminuyeron significativamente al año a 24% (TEPT y depresión mayor), 16% (trastorno de angustia) y 14% (trastornos de ansiedad). Según un análisis con datos completos, en el postratamiento ninguna víctima (n = 31) presentaba ya trastorno depresivo mayor o de angustia y solo un 3,2% TEPT y un 9,7% otros trastornos de ansiedad, mientras que al año ninguna víctima presentaba trastornos (n = 22). En el postratamiento y en los seguimientos a 1, 3 y 6 meses y al año, hubo descensos en sintomatología de TEPT, depresión y ansiedad estadística y clínicamente significativos y grandes (d = 1.26 a 2.52 al año). CONCLUSIONES: los tratamientos eficaces para víctimas recientes también son útiles en la práctica clínica en víctimas con trastornos emocionales a muy largo plazo

Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for terrorism victims with very long-term emotional disorders.

BACKGROUND: There are no published studies on the clinical utility of psychotherapy in victims of terrorism who suffer emotional disorders many years after the attacks. METHOD: A course of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was administered to 50 victims of terrorist attacks that occurred an average of 23 years previously and who presented isolated or concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 74%), major depressive disorder (54%), panic disorder (38%), or other anxiety disorders (38%). RESULTS: According to an intention-to-treat analysis (N=50), these percentages decreased significantly to 24% (PTSD and major depression), 16% (panic disorder) and 14% (other anxiety disorders) at 1-year follow-up. According to a complete data analysis, at posttreatment no victims (n=31) still presented major depressive or panic disorder, only 3.2% presented PTSD and 9.7% presented other anxiety disorders, whereas at 1-year follow-up, no victims presented any disorders (n=22). At posttreatment and at the 1-, 3-, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups, large statistically and clinically significant decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptomatology were found (d=1.26 to 2.52 at 1-year follow-up). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that efficacious treatments for recent victims are also useful in the usual clinical practice for victims with very long-term emotional disorders.

Eficacia y utilidad clínica de los tratamientos para las víctimas adultas de atentados terroristas: una revisión Sistemática / Efficacy and clinical utility (effectiveness) of treatments for adult victims of terrorist attacks: a systematic review

Se presenta una revisión sobre la eficacia y utilidad clinica de los tratamientos para los trastornos mentales en victimas adultas del terrorismo. Una busqueda en PsycINFO, PILOTS y MEDLINE encontro ocho estudios, todos sobre el trastorno por estres postraumatico (TEPT): siete sobre la terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma y uno sobre la de exposicion en combinación con un inhibidor selectivo de la recaptacion de serotonina, pero ninguno sobre otros farmacos, otras terapias psicologicas no cognitivo conductuales u otros trastornos mentales. Los resultados sugieren que: (a) la terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma no solo es eficaz y util en la practica clínica para el tratamiento del TEPT en victimas adultas del terrorismo, sino actualmente la terapia de eleccion y (b) la investigacion futura deberia desarrollar, adaptar y probar tratamientos para los otros trastornos mentales que pueden sufrir las victimas del terrorismo (p. ej., trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad, duelo complicado) y para las victimas de los paises no desarrollados y no occidentales que son los que sufren en mayor medida el terrorismo

A review of the efficacy and clinical utility (effectiveness) of the treatments for mental disorders in adult victims of terrorism is presented. A search in PsycINFO, PILOTS and MEDLINE found eight studies, all of them on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): seven on trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy and one on exposure therapy in combination with a selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, but none on other medications, other non-cognitive-behavioral psychological therapies or other mental disorders. The results of this review suggest that: (a) trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy is not only efficacious and useful in clinical practice for the treatment of PTSD in victims of terrorism, but also currently the therapy of choice, and (b) future research should develop, adapt and test treatments for other mental disorders that victims of terrorism may suffer from (e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders, complicated grief) and for victims of non-developed, non-Western countries that are the countries that suffer most from terrorism

Posttraumatic growth among combat veterans: A proposed developmental pathway.

With the large number of combat veterans returning from war, there is an ever-increasing need to understand ways to help soldiers and veterans successfully navigate their return to life after combat. Posttraumatic growth (PTG) offers strong protective elements following combat, including reduction in suicidal ideation (Bush et al., 2011). The purpose of this study was to explore a proposed psychosocial developmental pathway between posttraumatic stress symptoms and PTG among combat veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. The indirect pathway from posttraumatic symptoms to PTG through negative psychosocial development was found to be significant and positive. It appears that psychosocial development may indeed mediate the process by which combat veterans can make meaning from their experiences, improving overall well-being.