Repeated peribulbar injections of triamcinolone acetonide: a successful and safe treatment for moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy.

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of peribulbar triamcinolone injections to treat inflammatory signs of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with moderate to severe GO and associated optic neuropathy (ON). METHODS: Twenty-one patients with active GO [clinical activity score (CAS) > or = 4] and systemic thyroid disease under control were enrolled in this prospective pilot study. Peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide was injected in each orbit (42 eyes), in four doses of 20 mg at 2-week intervals. Ophthalmological examination including CAS evaluation, visual field, computerized tomography (CT) scan and digital photography were performed before and after treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (11 with moderate disease, 10 with ON) were enrolled in this study and followed for at least 14 months. Initial mean CAS was 6.38 +/- 1.49, which dropped to 1.8 +/- 1.12 after 6 months of treatment (P = 0.01; mean difference of 4.57 +/- 1.56; range 1-8 score points). ON was diagnosed in 10 patients. Of these, 66% improved with peribulbar triamcinolone exclusively. A transitory increase in intraocular pressure in two patients was controlled with topic medication. CONCLUSION: Peribulbar triamcinolone injections reduce the inflammatory signs of moderate GO, as measured by the CAS, and could also be used as an alternative treatment for ON. Randomized clinical trials are needed to compare the results of triamcinolone peribulbar injections to those of other treatment modalities.

The role of cagA Helicobacter pylori strains in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of colonization by cagA-positive and cagA-negative H. pylori strains in the spectrum of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. METHODS: A total of 108 patients (50 male/58 female; mean age, 50.3 years) with dyspepsia and peptic ulcer or erosive gastritis/duodenitis were categorized into patients without reflux and patients with reflux oesophagitis graded from I to IV. All patients underwent upper endoscopy with biopsies of the antrum. H. pylori was detected by histology, urease test and polymerase chain reaction. The cagA status was diagnosed in the gastric biopsy by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of H. pylori colonization in patients with reflux was 68.6% and was 70.2% in those without oesophageal disease (P = 0.862). Colonization by cagA-positive strains was also not statistically different between the two groups (31.4% versus 40.4%, P = 0.332). However, patients with grades II-IV reflux oesophagitis were less colonized by the bacterium (36.4%) than patients with grade I oesophagitis (77.5%) (P = 0.009). H. pylori cagA-positive strains were also less likely to colonize the stomach of patients with grades II-IV oesophagitis (0%), than grade I reflux oesophagitis (40%) patients and controls (40.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Infection of the stomach by H. pylori and especially by H. pylori cagA strains may play a protective role against the development of the most severe forms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

The efficacy of endoscopic ligation for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients according to the hepatocellular function.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic variceal ligation is considered the leading therapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients. However, the efficacy of this method in cirrhotic patients with poor hepatocellular function is not well-known yet. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation for the eradication of esophageal varices, rebleeding and mortality rates, based on hepatocellular function, as graded by Child-Pugh. METHODOLOGY: Between June 1996 and December 2001, 163 consecutive cirrhotic patients were submitted to band ligation at our Department. Of these cases, 128 patients with previous variceal bleeding (mean age = 50.7 years; 90 males and 38 females) were followed-up. 55 patients were graded as Child A, 49 as Child B and 24 as Child C. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period for all groups was 17.3 months. Varices were eradicated in 82.7% (86 of 104 cases) of Child A/B cirrhotic patients and in 54.2% (13 of 24 cases) of Child C cases (p=0.0061). Eradication was achieved after a mean of 3.7 sessions, and no difference was observed among the groups. Varices recurred in 38.4% (38 of 99 cases) of the patients, presenting no difference among the different Child classes. However, there was a trend to a higher rebleeding rate among patients with variceal recurrence (21% vs. 8.2%, p=0.075). Rebleeding occurred in 20.2% (21 of 104 cases) of Child A/B cirrhotics and in 41.7% (10 of 24 cases) of Child C patients (p=0.001 log-rank test). The mortality rate was 13.5% (14 of 104 cases) among Child A/B patients and 37.5% (9 of 24 cases) among Child C cases (p=0.0135). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic variceal ligation is an effective method for the prevention of rebleeding in patients with better liver function. Child C patients had a poor response to treatment. These patients, in a statistically significant fashion, had a worse eradication rate and greater rebleeding and mortality rates than Child A/B patients.

Dilatação endoscópica de esôfago sem o auxílio de fluoroscopia: experiência en 1.358 sessões / Endoscopic dilation of esophagus without fluoroscopy: report on 1.358 procedures

Introdução e objetivos: A dilatação esofágica é considerada a terapêutica de escolha para a maioria dos casos de estenose benigna de esôfago; contudo permanece controversa a utilização da fluoroscipia neste procedimento, bem como qua a etiologia de estenose que melhor responde a esse tratamento. Neste estudo, os autores pretendem expor sua experiência coletada prospectivamente, em 1.358 sessões de dilatação endoscópica esofágica (DEE) sem auxílio fluoroscópico, e comparar os resultados deste método em pacientes de diferentes etiologias de estenose e graus de disfagia. Métodos: Entre 1992 e 2000, 241 pacientes foram submetidos à DEE sem auxílio fluoroscópico. O grau de disfagia dessses pacientes foi graduado de 0, sem disfagia a 4, quando não opto a ingerir líquidos em quantidade suficiente. A resposta de tratamento endoscópica era considerada ótima se fosse inserido um dilatador maior ou igual a 45Fr pela estemose e houvesse leve disfagia ou desaparecimento desta ( graus 0 e 1), e ruim mesmo que fosse inserido um dilatador maior ou igual a 45Fr pela estemose e houvesse disfagia (graus 2, 3 e 4). Resultados: obteve-se seguimento médio de 18,1 meses (1-82) em 207 pacientes (131 M, 76 F, idade média de 55,8 anos) que foram submetidos a 1.358 sessões de dilatação (mediana= 4, elastério de 1-75). A etiologia da estenose era pós-operatória em 125 pacientes, péptica em 46, cáustica em 16 e 20 por outras causas. O grau médio de disfagia antes do tratamento foi de 3,4 e 0,8 após a terapêutica (p=0,001). Resposta ótima ao tratamento foi obtida em 82por cento dos pacientes com estenoses pós-operatórias, em85porm cento dos casos de estenose péptica e em 61por cento dos pacientes com estenose cáustica (p= 0,08). Pacientes com estenose cáustica necessitaram de um número significante maior de sesões (mediana = 5,5) em relação aos casos de estenose pós-operatória (mediana =4) e péptica(mediana=3). Resposta ótima foi obtida em 84por cento dos pacientes que apresentavam disfagia a sólidos em em 41por cento dos casos com disfagia a líquidos à apresentação clínica (p= 0,0001)